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KEY  AND  FLORA 


NORTHERN   AND    CENTRAL   STATES 


BY 

JOSEPH  Y.  BEEGEN,  A.M. 


REVISED   AND    ENLARGED 


GTNN  &   COMPANY 

BOSTON   .  NEW  YORK   •  CHICA(40  •   LONDON 


Copyright,  1901,  1908 
By  JOSEPH  Y.  BERGEN 


ALL  RIGHTS   RESERVED 
89.3 


GINN   &   COMPANY  •   PRO- 
PRIETORS •  BOSTON  .  U.S.A. 


PREFACE 


This  flora  is  a  considerably  enlarged  revision  of  the  one  pre- 
pared by  the  author  in  1901.  It  does  not  profess  to  describe 
all  the  conspicuous  seed  plants  of  any  locality,  but  rather  to 
comprise  a  large  number  of  the  most  available  spring-bloom- 
ing species  over  an  extensive  region.  More  than  a  hundred 
species  have  been  added  to  the  list  included  in  the  older 
edition,  mainly  of  plants  which  range  westward  to  the  moder- 
ately high  plains.  The  little  book  may  therefore  afford  a 
good  deal  of  practice  in  the  determination  of  species  to  sec- 
ondary-school pupils  in  states  even  as  far  west  as  the  Dakotas, 
Nebraska,  Kansas,  and  Oklahoma.  It  extends  south  about  to 
the  southern  boundary,  of  Kansas  on  the  west  and  to  that  of 
Virginia  on  the  east. 

In  the  matter  of  nomenclature  it  seems  best  for  those  who 
do  not  wish  to  be  hopelessly  sectional  to  follow  the  rulings  of 
the  Vienna  Congress.  The  author  deems  himself  fortunate  to 
have  been  able  in  this  connection  to  avail  himself  of  the  deci- 
sions of  the  staff  of  the  Gray  Herbarium,  as  embodied  in  the 
seventh  edition  of  Gray's  Manual  of  Botany,  and  to  get  advice 
from  the  same  source  in  regard  to  names  of  cultivated  plants 
not  described  in  the  Manual.  His  most  sincere  thanks  are 
hereby  tendered  for  this  invaluable  assistance. 

At  the  risk  of  sometimes  seeming  pedantic  the  writer  has 
adopted  the  practice  of  discarding,  for  the  most  i)art,  sucli  un- 
scientific expressions  as  ''  stemless  plants,"  ''  radical  leaves," 
"  calyx  adnate  to  the  ovary,"  and  several  others.  It  is  certain 
that  if  the  plant  descriptions  which  contain  such  terms  were 
now  being  framed  for  the  first  time  on  the  basis  of  present- 
day  morphology,  these  terms  would  not  be  used. 

Most  of  the  plants  here  described  bloom  before  the  end  of 
the  school  year,  and  it  is  believed  that  all  of  those  which  occur 
toward  tlie  southern  limits  of  the  territory  covered  will  be 
found  to  flower  there  considerably  before  the  end  of  June.    It 


iv  KEY  AND  FLORA 

may  be  found  worth  while,  in  the  case  of  some  UmbelUferce, 
Boraginacece,  and  Compositce,  to  collect  fruit  during  the  sum- 
mer before  it  is  to  be  used,  preserve  it  either  dry  or  in  pre- 
servative fluid,  as  may  seem  best,  and  use  it  with  freshly 
collected  flowers  in  the  determination  of  species. 

No  systematic  work  with  seed  plants  can  be  of  much  use 
unless  the  teacher  takes  constant  pains  to  bring  out  the  idea 
of  actual  relationship  by  descent  among  the  forms  studied, 
and  to  show,  in  the  simpler  cases  available,  some  of  the  steps 
of  evolution.  The  beginner  must  not  be  allowed  to  suppose 
that  the  flora  which  he  is  using  contains  more  than  a  small 
fraction  of  the  total  number  of  plants  even  in  the  families 
treated.  He  must  be  made  to  realize  that  the  Ruhiacece,  for 
instance,  of  which  he  has  fourteen  species  described,  really 
number  as  many  as  4500  species,  and  the  Composifa-,  instead 
of  mustering  a  few  dozen  strong,  number  in  all  at  least  12,000 
species.  For  such  comparisons  Engler's  Syllabus  der  Pflanzen- 
faviilien  will  be  found  to  contain  the  most  recent  and  compact 
summary. 

A  somewhat  complete  (phanerogamic)  flora  of  the  student's 
region  should  be  constantly  in  use.  For  this  purpose  the 
author  prefers  to  all  others  the  seventh  edition  of  Gray's 
Mamial  of  Botany.  For  the  convenience  of  those  who  may 
find  it  necessary  to  use  Britton's  Manual  of  the  Flora  of  the 
Northern  States  and  Canada,  the  generic  name  used  by  Britton 
will  generally  be  found  in  parenthesis  after  the  name  sanc- 
tioned by  the  Vienna  code.  In  cases  where  Britton's  genus 
covers  only  part  of  the  genus  as  given  in  this  book,  a  state- 
ment to  that  effect  is  made,  as  on  p.  186,  —  B.  Fl.  species  4 
(Naumburf/la).  For  suggestions  about  literature  see  Bergen 
and  Davis,  Laboratory  and  Field  Manual  of  Botany,  p.  230. 

The  novice  should  find  a  good  deal  of  help  in  understand- 
ing the  structure  of  some  of  the  more  diflicult  flowers  and 
fruits  in  the  illustrations  which  accompany  several  families. 
Most  of  these  have  been  redrawn  for  the  present  edition  by 
Mr.  E.  N.  Fischer  of  Boston. 

J.  Y.  B. 

Cambridge,  Massachusetts 


HOW  TO  USE  THE  KEY  AND  FLORA 

In  order  to  determine  an  unknown  species,  the  student  is 
first  to  make  a  careful  examination  of  the  plant  in  hand. 
After  noting  in  a  general  way  the  appearance  of  the  root, 
stem,  and  leaf,  including  a  cross  section  of  the  stem,  he 
should  study  the  number  of  the  parts  of  the  flower,  then 
make  and  draw  a  cross  section  and  a  lengthwise  section  of  it. 
The  kind  of  symmetry  of  the  calyx  and  corolla,  peculiarities 
in  the  shape,  structure,  or  operation  of  the  essential  organs, 
such,  for  instance,  as  anthers  discharging' through  chinks  in 
the  end,  should  be  noted. 

Next,  the  inquirer  should  look  carefully  through  the  key 
to  the  families.  He  is  first  to  decide  whether  the  plant  in 
question  is  a  Gymnosperm  or  an  Angiosperm ;  if  not  a  conif- 
erous tree  or  shrub,  it  will  of  course  belong  to  the  latter 
division.  He  is  then  to  settle  the  question  whether  it  is  a 
Monocotyledon  or  a  Dicotyledon ;  then  under  what  division 
of  the  group  the  plant  comes ;  and,  finally,  to  decide  upon  its 
family. 

Turning  now  to  the  page  at  which  the  family  is  described, 
a  rapid  inspection  of  the  characteristics  of  the  genera  will 
make  it  evident  to  which  one  the  species  under  examination 
belongs.  It  may  not  infrequently  prove  that  none  of  the 
genera  described  agree  with  the  plant  studied,  and  in  that 
case  the  student  must  either  consult  a  larger  flora  or  rest 
satisfied  with  having  determined  the  family  to  which  his 
specimen  belongs.     The  identification  of  the  species,  after 

1 


2  KEY  AND  FLORA 

the  genus  has  been  reached,  presents  no  difficulty  in  a  little 
flora  like  the  present  one. 

A  single  example  may  suffice  to  illustrate  more  in  detail 
the  manner  of  determining  species.  Suppose  the  student  to 
have  in  hand  a  flowering  specimen  of  lily  of  the  valley.  Turn- 
ing to  the  key,  page  5,  it  is  evident  from  the  statements  con- 
cerning Gymnosperms  that  the  plant  does  not  belong  under 
that  head.  Under  Angiosperms  it  is  clear,  from  the  numerical 
plan  of  the  flower  (in  threes)  and  the  parallel-veined  leaves, 
that  the  plant  is  a  Monocotyledon.  Among  Monocotyledons 
three  general  groups  are  designated  by  as  many  numbers  in 
parenthesis.  The  flower  in  hand  belongs  under  (3)  "  Flowers 
not  on  a  spadix."  Under  this  head  the  choice  is  first  be- 
tween (a)  "Carpels  numerous  and  separate"  and  (b)  ''Carpels 
united."  In  the  lily  of  the  valley  they  are  united.  The  next 
choice  is  between  "  *  Perianth  hypogynous  "  and  "  **  Peri- 
anth not  hypogynous."  This  flower  is  hypogynous.  The 
families  with  hypogynous  perianth  are  grouped  under  three 
divisions  (distinguished  by  t?  tt?  ttt  respectively),  and  of 
these  the  last,  with  its  "Perianth  actinomorphic,  its  divi- 
sions all  alike  or  nearly  so,  petal-like,"  corresponds  to  the 
flower  under  examination  and  refers  the  student  to  "10.  Lily 
Family,  page  6."  Turning  to  the  key  to  the  genera  of  the 
Lily  family,  page  31,  two  subfamilies  are  found.  Since  the 
plant  is  not  a  climber  it  belongs  to  "  Subfamily  I.  Liliaceae 
Proper." 

This  subfamily  is  divided  into  five  groups  designated  by 
capital  letters.  The  lily  of  the  valley  has  an  undivided  style 
and  springs  from  a  rootstock,  therefore  it  belongs  to  group  B. 
Reading  the  descriptions  under  B,  none  is  found  to  agree  with 
the  plant  in  hand  until  the  next  to  the  last  is  reached  :  "  Leaves 
only  2,  dicectly  from  the  rootstock.  Flowers  in  a  raceme,  bell- 
shaped,  white,  sweet-scented,  Convallaria.'^ 


HOW  TO   USE  THE  KEY  AND  FLORA  3 

Referring  now  to  the  genus,  it  is  found  that  there  is  only 
qne  species  and  that  one  agrees  with  the  speoimen  in  hand. 
It  is  therefore  Convallaria  majalis,  and  the  name  (as  indi- 
cated by  the  L.  which  follows  it)  was  given  by  the  great 
Swedish  naturalist,  Linna^us.^ 

The  author  does  not  believe  in  spending  much  of  the  school 
time  of  a  class  upon  identifying  species,  but  would  rather 
recommend  comparative  studies  of  as  many  plants  of  a  group 
as  are  accessible,  and  mak-ing  these  studies  thorough  enough 
to  bring  out  fully  the  idea  of  the  family,  the  genus,  and  the 
species.^  The  descriptions  in  this  flora  may  be  used  as  a 
check  on  the  cruder  ones  which  the  pupil  is  first  to  frame  for 
himself. 

1  It  will  ijreatly  simplify  matters  if  the  teacher  throughout  selects  for 
examination  only  such  species  as  are  described  in  the  tlora. 

-  The  teacher  will  tind  abundant  suggestions  for  such  a  course  in  Spalding's 
Introduction  to  Botany,  pp.  152-200. 


KEY  TO  THE  FAMILIES  OF  FLOWERING  PLANTS 
DESCRIBED  IN  THIS  FLORA 

CLASS  I 

GYMNOSPERMS.    Ovules  not  inclosed  in  an  ovary. 

Trees  or  shrubs.  Leaves  usually  evergreen  and  needle-shaped,  awl-shaped, 
or  scale-like.  Flowers  monoecious  or  dioecious.  Fruit  a  scaly  cone,  or 
sometimes  appearing  berry-like.  1.  Pine  Family,  page  13 

CLASS  II 

ANGIOSPERMS.    Ovules  inclosed  in  an  ovary. 

SUBCLASS   I.  —  MONOCOTYLEDONS.     Flowers  usually  with  their 
parts  in  threes,  never  in  fives.    Leaves  usually  parallel-veined.    Cotyledon  1. 

(1)  Flowers  inclosed  by  chaffy  bracts.  -^  ^ 

^   '  J  J  Family  Page 

Flowers  2-bracted.  licaves  2-ranked.  Stem  cylin- 
drical  •  .    4.  Grass    ....  22 

Flowers  1-bracted.  Leaves  3-ranked.  Stem  trian- 
gular   5.  Sedge  .     .     .     .23 

(2)  Flowers  on  a  spadix. 

Spadix  slender,  hairy,  and  bristly 2.  Cat-Tail     ...    20 

Spadix  fleshy C.  Arum  ....  24 

(8)  Flowers  not  on  a  spadix. 

(a)  Carpels  usually  numerous  and  nearly  or  entirely 

separate 3.  Water  Plantain  .  21 

(li)  Carpels  united. 

*  Perianth  hypogynous  or  nearly  so. 

t  Perianth  actinomorphic,  its  parts  similar,  green, 

or  chaffy 9.  Rush     ....    30 

1 1  Perianth  of  2  sets,  one  sepal-like,  the  other  petal- 
like. 
Style  and  stigma  1.    Petals  3  or  2,  soon  disap- 
pearing     7.  Spider  wort    .     .  26 

5 


6  KEY  AND  FLORA 

styles  or  stigmas  3,  separate.  Petals  3,  lasting  Family  Page 

several  days.    Leaves  netted-veined      .      .     10.  {Trillium)  Jjily  .      30 
Style  1,  stigma  3-lobed  or  6-tootlied. 
Corolla  not  actinomorphic.    Aquatic  herbs 

with  parallel-veined  leaves 8.  Pickerel  Weed  .     28 

1 1 1  Perianth  actinomorphic,  its  divisions  all  alike 

or  nearly  so,  petal-like 10.  Lily      ....      30 

**  Perianth  not  hypogynous. 

Anthers  6 11.  Amaryllis     .     .     43 

Anthers  3 12.  Iris       ....     45 

Anthers  1  or  2 13.  Orchis      ...     47 

SUBCLASS  II.  —  DICOTYLEDONS.    Flowers  usually  with  their  parts  in 
lives  or  fours.    Leaves  netted-veined.    Cotyledons  2. 

I.   Apetalous  Division.    Flowers  without  a  corolla  or  without  either  calyx  or 
corolla.i 

A 

Flowers  monoecious  or  dicecious,  one  or  both 
sorts  in  catkins. 

(1)  Staniinate  flowers  in  catkins,  the  pistillate  ones 

solitary  or  clustered. 

Leaves  pinnately  compound 16.  \Yalnut     ...      52 

Leaves  simple 18.  Beech  ....      58 

(2)  Both  kinds  of  flowers  in  catkins, 
(a)  Leaves  alternate. 

Ovaries  in  fruit  becoming  fleshy  and  com- 
bining into  an  aggregate  fruit      .     .      .20.  Mulberry      .     .     64 

Fruit  1-seeded,  a  drupe  or  minute   nut. 
Aromatic  shrubs 15.  Bay  berry      .     .     51 

Fruit  a  capsule,  seeds  with  silky  hairs  .      .     14.  Willow      ...      48 

Fruit  a  minute  nut  or  akene.  Mostly  large 
shrubs  or  trees,  not  very  aromatic     .      .     17.  Birch  ....      54 
(6)  Leaves  opposite,  small  parasitic  shrubs  .      .     23.  Mistletoe  ...     68 

6 

Flowers  not  in  catkins,  both  calyx  and  co- 
rolla wanting    45.  Sycamore      .     .   113 

1  When  only  one  floral  envelope  is  present,  this  is  said  to  be  the  calyx  and 
the  corolla  is  considered  to  he  missing. 


KEY 


Flowers    not    in    catkins ;    calyx   present, 
sometimes  petal-like. 

(1)  Trees  or  shrubs. 

Flowers  not  hypogynous  ;  plants  not  climbing    . 

Flowers  not  hypogynous  ;  climbing  plants    . 

Flowers  hypogynous. 
Style  single,  not  cleft,  fruit  a  key  (Fraxinus) 
Style  single,  not  cleft,  fruit  a  drupe 
Styles  2  or  2-cleft,  fruit  1-celled        .... 
Styles  2  or  2-cleft,  fruit  2-celled        .... 
Styles  3,  each  2-cleft.    Ovary  3-celled    .      .      . 

(2)  Herbs. 

Flowers  not  hypogynous  ;  ovary  fi-celled  .      .      . 
Flowers  not  hypogynous  ;  ovary  1-celled  ;  flowers 

in  umbel-like  clusters 

Flowers  hypogynous. 
(a)  Ovary  1-celled. 

Stamens  many 

Stamens  few. 

Stipules  sheathing  the  joints 

Stipules  wanting. 

Rather  fleshy  herbs 

Not  fleshy. 
Ovules  on  a  free  central  placenta ;  deli- 
cate, soft-leaved  herbs.  {Stellaria)  . 

Ovule  single,  coarse  herbs 

(6)  Ovary  several-celled. 

Small  prostrate  herb  ;  leaves  spatulate,whorled 
Stipules  present,  not  sheathing. 

Style  single 

Styles  2 ... 

Flowers  hypogynous,  ovary  3-celled       .... 

Flowers  hypogynous,   ovary  5-10-celled ;   fruit  a 

berry  


Family 


74.  Dogwood  . 
24.  Dutchman's  V 


70.  Olive 
38.  Laurel 
19.  Elm  . 
59.  Maple 
54.  Spurge 


24.  Dutchman's  1 
22.  Sandalwood 


33.  Buttercup  . 

25.  Buckwheat 

26.  Goosefoot  . 


31.  Pink      . 
27.  Amaranth 

20.  Ice  Plant 


21.  Nettle    . 
20.  Mulberry 
54.  Spurge  . 


Page 


.   175 

pe     08 

180 

95 

62 

151 

145 

ipe     68 

.     67 

,  .  83 
.  .  60 
,     .     72 


77 
74 

70 

66 

64 

145 


28.  Pokeweed 


8  KEY  AND  FLORA 

II.  ChoripetalOUS  Division.    Calyx  and  corolla  both  present,  the  petals  not  united. 


Stamens  more  than  10. 

(1)  Trees,  shrubs,  or  woody  vines, 
(a)  Leaves  alternate. 

*  Ovary  1,  simple. 

Fruit  a  drupe 

**  Ovary  1,  compound  ;  fruit  dry. 

Ovary  5-celled,  1-2-seeded  at  maturity    . 

Ovary  3-celled,  many-seeded 

***  Ovary  1,  compound;  fruit  fleshy      .      .      .      . 
****  Ovaries  numerous. 

t  Leaves  with  stipules. 

Stamens  inserted  ou  the  receptacle     . 
Stamens  many,  monadelphous 
Stamens  inserted  on  the  calyx 
tt  Leaves  not  with  stipules. 

Small  trees 

(fc)  Leaves  opposite  ;  fruit  dry. 

Ovary  single,  3-5-celled 

Ovaries  several,  inclosed  by  the  calyx  tube 

(2)  Herbs. 

(a)  Ovary  single,  simple  ;  fruit  a  berry     .... 

(b)  Ovaries  several,  simple. 

Stamens  inserted  on  the  receptacle 
Stamens  inserted  on  the  calyx 

(c)  Ovary  compound. 

Aquatic  herbs,  leaves  flat 

Marsh  herbs,  leaves  tubular 

Terrestrial  herbs. 
*  Ovary  1-celled. 

Placentae  central,  juice  watery 
Placentae  parietal,  juice  milky  or  colored 

Placentae  2,  parietal 

Placentae  3  or  more,  parietal. 

Leaves  alternate 

Leaves  opposite 

Leaves  apparently  wanting;  stems  fleshy 

*  *  Ovary  several-celled ;  stamens  monadelphous 
•**  Ovary  3-celled;  stamens  not  much  if  at  all 

monadelphous  ;  stems  fleshy,  juice  acid    . 


Family 


46.  Rose      . 

64.  Linden  . 
69.  Begonia 
46.   Rose     . 


35.  Magnolia 
65.  Mallow . 
46.  Rose      . 


37.  Papaw  . 


44.  Saxifrage  . 
36.  Calycanthus 

34.  Barberry   . 

33.  Buttercup  . 
46.  Rose      .     . 


32.  Water  Lily     . 
43.  Pitcher  Plant 


30.  Purslane 
39.  Poppy  . 
41.  Caper    . 


42.  Mignonette     . 
66.  St.  John's-wort 
70.  Cactus  .     .     . 
65.  Mallow .     .     . 

69.  Begonia     .     . 


Page 


113 

157 
164 
113 


92 
158 
113 

94 

109 
94 

91 

83 
113 

82 
108 


76 

96 

107 

108 
160 
166 
158 

164 


KEY 


B 

Stamens  not  more  than  10, 

Faaiily  Page 

(1)  Trees,  shrubs,  or  woody  vines. 

(a)  Fruit  a  drupe. 

Stamens  2,  rarely  3-4 79.  Olive       ....    189 

Stamens  as  many  as  the  petals. 
Flowers  bisexual. 
Stamens  4,  alternate  with  the  petals  .      .     74.  Dogwood    .      .      .    175 
Stamens  5,  alternate  with  the  petals    .      .     65.  Sumac  ....    148 
Stamens  4-5,  opposite  the  petals    .     .     .02.  Buckthorn      .     .154 

(b)  Fruit  a  berry. 

Stamens  alternate  with  the  petals. 

Inserted  on  the  calyx,  leaves  simple       .      .     44.  Saxifrage   .      .      .    109 

Inserted  on  a  disk  surrounding  the  ovary; 

leaves  compound 72.  Ginseng      .     .     .   160 

Stamens  opposite  the  petals 63.  Grape  or  Vine     .    155 

(c)  Fruit  a  2-seeded  capsule  or  a  key. 

Leaves  compound 52.  Rue 144 

(rf)  Fruit  a  2-celled,  many-seeded  capsule;  flowers 

large,  yellow 79.  Olive      ....   189 

(e)  Fruit  a  3-5-celled  capsule;  flowers  small,  green- 
ish, or  brown-purple;  leaves  simple     .      .      .    57.  Wahoo  .     .     .      .    150 

(/)  Fruit 5-lobed,  the  5  carpels  separating  when  ripe; 
flowers  rather  large,  white,  or  of  showy  colors ; 
leaves  simple 48.  Geranium  .     .     .  140 

(g)  Fruit  a   1-3-celled  capsule,   leaves  compound, 

flowers  zygomorphic 00.  Buckeye    .     .     .   152 

(h)  Fruit  a  3-celled  bladdery  capsule,  leaves  com- 
pound, flowers  actinomorphic   58.  Bladder  Nut  .      .151 

(i)  Fruit  a  legume 47.  Pea  or  Pulse  .     .126 

(2)  Herbs. 

(a)  Ovary  single,  1-celled,  simple  or  compound. 
*  Corolla  actinomorphic  or  nearly  so. 

Sepals  and  petals  4-5 ;  stamens  5,  10,  or  12, 

distinct. 
Leaves  alternate. 

Stigma  single 47.  Pea  or  Pulse  .     .   126 

Stigmas  4  or  2 44.  Saxifrage  .     .     .   109 

Leaves  opposite,  punctate,  flowers  yellow  .     06.  St.  Johu's-wort   ,    160 

Leaves  opposite,  flowers  white  or  red     .      .     31.  l*ink       ....      77 

Sepals  and  petals  4-5  ;  stamens  5,  united  .      .     68.  Passion  Flower  .    163 

Sepals  2,  petals  4-5 30.  Purslane    ...     76 


10  KEY  AND  FLORA 

Sepals  6,  stamens  hypogynous,  opposite  the  Family  Page 

petals 34.  Barberry    ...     91 

**  Corolla  zygomorphic. 

Fruit  a  legume 47.  Pea  or  Pulse  .     .  126 

Fruit  a  capsule. 

Stamens  5 67.  Violet    .     .     .     .161 

Stamens  6,  in  2  sets 39.  Poppy    ....      96 

(6)  Ovary  single,  2-5-celled,  fruit  usually  dry. 
*  Ovary  2-celled  (or  2  carpels  nearly  separate). 

Flowers  in  umbels,  stamens  5 73.  Parsley       .      .      .170 

Flowers  not  in  umbels,  petals  4  or  0,  stamens  6  40.  Mustard  ...  99 
Flowers  not  in  umbels,  petals  5,  stamens  10  .  44.  Saxifrage  .  .  .  109 
Flowers  not  in  umbels,  petals  3,  stamens  G  or  8    53.  Polygala     .      .      .    145 

**  Ovary  a  4-celled  capsule 71.  Evening  Primrose  168 

***  Ovary  of  3  nearly  distinct  lobes,  which  become 

thick  and  fleshy  in  fruit 50.  Indian  Cress  .      .    142 

****  Ovary  a  5- celled  capsule, 
t  Leaves  simple. 

Parasitic  white  or  yellowish  herbs,  or  ever- 
green herbs,  not  parasitic,  capsule  many- 
seeded      75.  Pyrola  ....   177 

Terrestrial,  not  much  if  at  all  fleshy,  capsule 

5-10-seeded 48.  Geranium  .     .     .   140 

Terrestrial,  stem  fleshy  and  translucent,  cap- 
sule elastic,  several-seeded 61.  Balsam.      .     .     .   153 

tt  Leaves  of  3  leaflets 49.  Wood  Sorrel  .     .   142 

(c)  Ovary  of  5  principal  cells,  each  more  or  less  divided 
by  a  partition  into  2  cells  ;  seeds  flattish,  with  a 

mucilaginous  coating 51.  Flax       ....    143 

(rf)  Ovary  single,  2-5-celled  ;  fruit  a  berry   ....    72.  Ginseng       .      .      .   169 
(e)  Ovaries  2,  seeds  hairy-tufted 82.  Milkweed  .      .      .194 

III.  Sympetalous  Division.    Calyx  and  corolla  both  present,  tlie  petals  appearing 

more  or  less  united. 
(1)  Trees,  shrubs,  or  woody  vines, 
(a)  Leaves  alternate. 

*  Fruit  splitting  open. 

Fruit  a  legume 47.  Pea  or  Pulse  .     .   146 

Fruit  a  5-celled  capsule 76.  Heath    ....    179 

**Fruit  not  splitting  open,  a  drupe 56.  Holly     ....    149 

***  Fruit  a  berry. 


KEY  11 

Family  Page 

Ovary  superior;  seeds  few,  large       .      .      .  78.  Ebony  ....   188 

Ovary  superior ;  seeds  many,  small  .      .      .  89.  Nightshade  .      .   214 

Ovary  inferior 76.  Heath    .     .  .     .179 

(6)  Leaves  opposite. 

*  Fruit  a  2-celled,  2-seeded  capsule     ....  95.  Madder       .  .      .    227 
**  Fruit  a  2-celled,  many-seeded  capsule. 

Seeds  large,  winged 91.  Bignonia    .     .  .  222 

Seeds  not  winged  except  in  Z)tfryi//rt,- shrubs  96.  Honeysuckle.  .    230 

***  Fruit  a  5-celled  capsule 76.  Heath    ....    179 

««««  Fruit  a  drupe  or  berry. 

Fruit  1-2-seeded  (in  Forsijthia  many-seeded) ; 

stamens  2 79.  Olive     .     .     .  .189 

Fruit  1-4-seeded ;  stamens  4 87.  Verbena     .      .  .    207 

Fruit  1-5-seeded ;  stamens 5 96.  Honeysuckle.  .  230 

(2)  Herbs, 
(a)  Ovary  superior,  flowers  regular. 

*  Ovary  separating  into  2  distinct  follicles. 

Style  single,  stamens  distinct       ....     81.  Dogbane     .      .      .    192 

Styles  2,  stamens  united 82.  Milkweed  .      .      .    194 

**  Ovary  1-celled. 

Fruit  a  legume '   .    47.  Pea  or  Pulse  .     ,   126 

Fruit  a  capsule. 
Leaves  alternate. 
Stamens  opposite  the  lobes  of  the  corolla    77.  Primrose    .      .      .    184 
Stamens  alternate  with  the  lobes  of  the 

corolla 85.  Waterleaf .     .     .201 

Leaves  opposite 80.  Gentian     .       .      .   191 

Leaves  all  reduced  to  mere  scales,  plants 

never  green,  root  parasites       .      .      .     92.  Broom  Kapc   .      .    223 
*  *  *  *  Ovary  2-several-celled. 

Stamens  2  or  4 94.  Plantain     .     .     .   225 

Stamens  5,  cells  of  the  ovary  1-2-seeded. 
Fruit  separating  into  4  nutlets        .      .      .     86.  Borage.      .      .      .    203 

Fruit  a  capsule 83.  Morniiig-Glory    .   197 

Stamens  5,  cells  of  the  ovary  several-seeded. 

Stigma  1 89.  Nightshade     .     .214 

Stigmas  3 84.  Phlox    ....   199 

.(6)  Ovary  superior,  flowers  zygomorphic. 

*  Ovary  1-celled. 

Fruit  a  legume 47.  Pea  or  Pulse  .     .126 


12  KEY  AND  FLORA 

**  Ovary  2-4-celled.  Family  Pa(;e 

t  Cells  each  1-seeded. 

Ovary  deeply  4-lobed 88,  Mint       .      .      .      .209 

Ovary  not  deeply  lobed. 

Stamens  2  or  4 87.  Verbena     .     ,     .  207 

Stamens  8 53.  Polygala    .     .     .145 

1 1  Cells  each  2-several-seeded. 

Corolla  lohes  imbricate  in  the  bud         .      .      .     90.  Figwort      .      .      .   217 
Corolla  lobes  convolute  in  the  bud        .      .      .     93.  Acanthus    .      .      .    224 
(c)  Ovary  inferior. 

Flowers  in  an  involucrate  head 100.  Composite        .      .   239 

Flowers  not  in  heads. 
Stamens  3. 

Leaves  opposite 97.  Valerian    .     .     .   235 

Leaves  alternate 98.  Gourd   ....  236 

Stamens  4-5. 

Leaves  alternate 99.  Campanula     .     .  237 

Leaves  opposite  or  whorled 95.  Madder       .      .      .   227 


CLASS  I.   GYMNOSPERMS 

Plants  destitute  of  a  closed  ovary,  style,  or  stigma.  Ovules 
generally  borne  naked  on  a  carpellary  scale,  which  forms  part 
of  a  cone.    Cotyledons  often  several  (Fig.  1). 

1.  PINACE^.     Pine  Family 

Trees  or  shrubs  with  wood  destitute  of  ducts,  with  resinous 
and  aromatic  juice.  Leaves  generally  evergreen,  and  needle- 
shaped  or  awl-shaped.  Flowers  destitute  of  floral  envelopes, 
monoecious  or  dioecious,  the  staminate  ones  consisting  of 
catkin-like  spikes  of  stamens  and  the  pistillate  ones  consist- 
ing of  ovule-bearing  scales,  arranged  in  spikes,  which  ripen 
into  cones. 

A 
Each  scale  of  the  cone  home  in  the  axil  of  a  hract.    Seeds  2,  with  toings. 
Leaves  evergreen,  in  bundles  of  2-5,  Pinus,  I 

Leaves  evergreen,  solitary,  sessile,  keeled  on  both  surfaces. 

Picea,  II 
Leaves  evergreen,  solitary,  petioled,  flat.  Tsuga,  III 

Leaves  soHtary,  evergreen,  flat  above,  keeled  below.     Abies,  TV 
Leaves  clustered,  deciduous,  flat.  Larix,  V 


Scales  of  the  cone  ivithout   bracts,  cone  becoming  globular  and  icoody. 
Leaves  linear. 

Leaves  alternate,  deciduous.  Taxodium,  VI 

13 


14  KEY  AND  FLORA 

C 

Scales  of  the  cone  feiv,  ivitliout  bracts.    Leaves  evergreen,  generally  scale- 
like or  awl-shaped. 

Cones  dry  and  thin-scaled.  Thuja-,  VII 

Cones  berry-like.  Juniperus,  YIII 

I.    PINUS    L. 

Sterile  flowers  somewhat  resembling  inconspicuous  catkins, 
borne  at  the  base  of  the  young  shoot  of  the  season,  each  flower 
consisting  of  pollen-scales  in  spiral  groups  (Fig.  1,  2).  Fertile 
flower  spikes  consisting  of  spirally  arranged  carpel  scales,  each 
scale  springing  from  the  axil  of  a  bract  and  bearing  at  its  own 
base  two  ovules  (Fig.  1,  3).  Fruit  a  cone,  formed  of  the  thick- 
ened carpellary  scales,  ripening  the  second  autumn  after  the 
flower  opens.  Primary  leaves,  thin  and  chaffy  bud  scales,  from 
the  axils  of  which  spring  the  bundles  of  2-5  nearly  persistent, 
needle-like,  evergreen  leaves,  1-15  in.  long  (Fig.  1). 

1.  P.  Strobus  L.  White  Pine.  A  tall  tree,  75-160  ft.  high,  much 
branched  and  spreading  when  growing  in  open  ground,  but  often 
with  few  or  no  living  branches  below  the  height  of  100  ft.  when 
growing  in  dense  forests.  Leaves  clustered  in  fives,  slender,  3-4  in. 
long,  smooth  and  pale  or  with  a  whitish  bloom.  Cones  5-6  in.  long, 
not  stout.  The  wood  is  soft,  durable,  does  not  readily  warp,  and  is 
therefore  very  valuable  for  lumber.    In  light  soil,  commonest  N. 

2.  P.  TaBda  L.  Loblolly  Pine,  Oldfield  Pine.  A  large  tree  ; 
bark  very  thick  and  deeply  furrowed,  becoming  flaky  with  age;  twigs 
scaly.  Leaves  in  threes,  6-10  in.  long,  slender,  very  flexible ;  sheaths 
f-1  in.  long.  Cones  solitary,  oblong-conical,  3-5  in.  long  ;  scales 
thickened  at  the  apex,  the  transverse  ridge  very  prominent  and 
armed  with  a  short,  stout,  straight  or  recurved  spine.  Common,  and 
often  springing  up  in  old  fields  ;  trunk  containing  a  large  proportion 
of  sapwood;  timber  of  little  value  for  outside  work.*i 

3.  P.  rigida  Mill.  Northern  Pitch  Pine.  A  stout  tree,  30-80  ft. 
high,  with  rough,  scaly  bark.  Leaves  in  threes,  3-5  in.  long,  stiff  and 
flattened.  Cones  ovoid-conical,  2-3  in.  long,  their  scales  tipped  with 
a  short,  abruptly  curved  spine.  Wood  hard,  coarse,  and  resinous, 
mainly  used  for  fuel.    Poor,  sandy  soil,  especially  eastward. 

1  Descriptions  followed  by  an  asterisk  are  taken  (more  or  less  simplified) 
from  Professor  Tracy's  flora  iu  the  Southern  States  Edition. 


PINE  FAMILY 


15 


4.  P.  virginiana  ^lill.  Scrub  Pine.  A  small  tree,  usually  20-30  ft. 
high,  but  sometimes  much  taller;  bark  of  the  trunk  rough,  nearly 
black;    twigs  smooth  and  with  a' bloom.    Leaves  in  twos,  1-2  in. 


Scotch  pine  [Pinus  sylvestris) 


1,  a  twig  showing:  a,  staminate  catkins;  b,  pistillate  catkins;  c,  a  cone;  il, 
needles.  2,  an  anther:  a,  side  view;  b,  outer  surface.  8,  a  carpel  scale: 
a,  umer'  surface:  b,  outer  surface.  4,  a  a  cone  scale,  b  a  seed  wing,  and 
c  a  seed.  5,  section  of  a  seed,  showing  the  embryo.  1  is  natural  size; 
parts  2,  a,  and  5  are  magnified  by  the  amount  indicated  by  comparison 
with  the  vertical  line  alongside  each.    (After  Wossidlo) 

long,  rigid,  sheaths  very  short.  Staminate  catkins  dull,  yellowish- 
purple,  \  in.  long.  Cones  solitary,  short-peduncled,  often  reflexed, 
ellipsoid-conic,  about  2  in.  long;  scales  thickened  at  the  apex  and 


16  KEY  AND  FLORA 

armed  with  a  slender,  straight  or  recurved  prickle.    On  dry,  sandy- 
soil  ;  wood  light,  soft,  weak,  and  of  little  value.* 

5.  P.  sylvestris  L.  Scotch  Ppne  (wrongly  called  Scotch  Fir).  A 
medium-sized  tree,  with  the  older  bark  reddish  and  scaly.  Leaves  in 
twos,  lh-2h  in.  long.  Cones  rather  small  and  tapering  (Fig  1,  1,  c). 
Cultivated  from  Europe. 

6.  P.  resinosa  Ait.  Red  Pine,  Norway  Pine.  A  tall,  rather 
slender  tree,  with  bark  reddish-brown  and  moderately  smooth. 
Leaves  in  twos,  slender,  and  5-6  in.  long.  Cones  borne  at  the  ends 
of  the  branches,  smooth,  about  2  in.  long.  A  valuable  timber  tree, 
which  often  grows  in  small,  scattered  clumps;  wood  firm,  pale  red, 
and  not  very  resinous ;  used  in  house  and  bridge  building,  and  for 
masts  and  spars. 

7.  P.  palustris  Mill.  Long-Leaved  Pine.  A  large  tree  ;  bark 
thin-scaled,  wood  very  resinous,  old  trees  with  only  a  few  spreading 
branches  near  the  top.  Leaves  in  threes,  10-15  in.  long.  Sheaths 
1-1 1  in.  long,  crowded  near  the  ends  of  very  scaly  twigs.  Staminate 
catkins  2-3  in.  long,  bright  purple,  conspicuous.  Cones  terminal, 
ellipsoid-conical,  6-10  in.  long,  diameter  2-o  in.  before  opening,  4-6 
in.  when  fully  opened ;  scales  much  thickened  at  the  apex  and  armed 
with  a  short  recurved  spine  at  the  end.  The  most  common  tree  in  the 
pine  barrens  ;  wood  hard,  strong,  and  durable,  especially  valuable  for 
floors  and  inside  work.* 

II.   PICEA    Link 

Sterile  flowers  generally  axillary  (sometimes  terminal), 
borne  on  the  twigs  of  the  preceding  year.  Fertile  flowers 
terminal.  Fruit  a  nodding,  thin-scaled  cone,  ripening  in  the 
first  autumn.  Leaves  evergreen,  needle-shaped,  four-angled, 
scattered  or  spirally  arranged. 

1.  P.  mariana  BSP.  Black  Spruce.  A  small  tree,  usually  only 
20  or  30  ft.  high,  often  less.  Leaves  strongly  4-angled,  bluish-green, 
and  glaucous,  ^-|  in.  long.  Cones  ovoid,  pointed,  ^-1+  in.,  usually 
about  1  in.  long,  persisting  sometimes  for  20-30  years.  Wood  of 
little  value  except  for  paper  pulp.  The  tree  is  especially  abundant 
northward  and  is  of  common  occurrence  in  peat  bogs. 

2.  P.  rubra  Dietrich.  Red  Spruce.  A  large  tree,  70-80  or  even 
100  or  more  feet  high,  of  strict  conical  habit.  Leaves  dark  green  or 
yellowish  and  glossy,  ^-f  in.  long.  Cones  ovoid-oblong,  acute,  usually 
l|-2  in.  long,  mostly  falling  the  first  year.  This  is  the  principal 
timber  spruce  of  the  northeastern  United  States,  and  furnishes  much 
rather  tough  lumber  for  use  in  floor  joists,  scantling,  and  similar 
purposes. 


PINE  FAMILY  17 

3.  P.  canadensis  BSP.  White  Spruce,  Skunk  Spruce,  Cat 
Spruce.  A  tall,  rather  conical  tree,  60-70  ft.  high.  Leaves  pale  and 
with  a  bloom  sometimes  |  in.  long.  Cones  cylindrical,  with  rounded 
ends,  about  2  in.  long,  falling  inside  of  one  year.  A  handsome  tree, 
valuable  for  timber,  ranging  far  northward. 

4.  P.  Abies  Karst.  Norway  Spruce.  A  large  tree.  Leaves  dark 
green,  f-1  in.  long.    Cones  5-7  in.  long.    Cultivated  from  Europe. 

III.   TSUGA    Carriere 

Sterile  flowers,  clusters  of  stamens  springing  from  the  axils 
of  leaves  of  the  preceding  year.  Cones  terminal,  on  twigs  of 
the  preceding  year,  drooping,  thin-scaled,  ripening  the  first 
year.  Leaves  minutely  petioled,  short,  flat,  w^iite  beneath, 
2-ranked. 

1.  T.  canadensis  Carriere.  Hemlock.  A  large  tree,  in  age  branch- 
less below  when  growing  in  dense  woods.  AVhen  young  the  spray  is 
very  graceful  and  abundant.  Leaves  short-linear.  Cones  |  in.  or 
less  in  length.  The  wood  is  coarse  and  splintery,  but  useful  for 
fences  and  other  rough  work.  The  thick  reddish  bark  is  of  great 
value  for  tanning. 

IV.   ABIES    Hill 

Sterile  flowers  from  axils  of  leaves  of  the  preceding  year. 
Cones  erect,  on  the  sides  of  the  branches,  with  deciduous 
scales,  ripening  the  flrst  year.  Leaves  scattered,  but  on  hori- 
zontal branches  appearing  2-ranked,  flat  above,  silvery,  and 
with  a  prominent  midrib  below. 

1.  A.  balsamea  Mill.  Balsam  Fir.  A  slender  tree,  50-60  ft.^ 
occasionally  80  ft.,  high,  with  dense  foliage.  Leaves  narrowly  linear, 
less  than  1  in.  long.  Cones  violet-colored  until  old,  cylindrical,  2-4 
in.  long.  The  bark  contains  many  large  blisters,  filled  with  the  well- 
know  Canada  balsam.    The  wood  is  brittle  and  of  little  value. 


V.   LARIX    Adans. 

Flower  spikes  short,  opening  in  early  spring,  before  the 
leaves  ;  the  fertile  ones,  while  still  young,  of  a  beautiful  crim- 
son color.  Fruit  a  small  cone,  with  thin  scales.  Leaves  none 
of  them  scaly,  but  all  needle-shaped,  soft,  deciduous,  very 
numerous,  in  little  brush-like  bundles. 


18  KEY  AND  FLORA 

1.  L.  laricina  Koch.  American  Larch,  Tamarack,  Hackma- 
tack (wrongly,  but  quite  generally,  called  Cypress  and  Juniper). 
A  tall,  slender  tree,  30-100  ft.  high.  Leaves  slender  and  less  than 
1  in.  long,  very  pale  bluish-green.  Cones  ^-|  in.  long,  few-scaled. 
Wood  hard,  tough,  and  heavy,  of  considerable  use  for  shipbuilding. 

2.  L.  decidua  Mill.  European  Larch.  Leaves  bright  green  and 
longer.  Cones  longer  than  in  the  preceding  species  and  many-scaled. 
Cultivated  from  Europe. 

VI.   TAXODIUM    Richard 

Trees.  Leaves  spreading  so  as  to  appear  2-ranked,  decidu- 
ous. Flowers  monoecious,  appearing  before  the  leaves  ;  stami- 
nate  ones  numerous,  globose,  forming  long,  terminal,  drooping, 
panicled  spikes ;  anthers  2-5-celled.  Pistillate  flowers  single 
or  in  pairs,  bractless,  the  peltate  scales  2-ovuled.  Cone  globose  ; 
the  very  thick  woody  scales  angular,  separating  at  maturity. 
Seeds  3-angled,  j)yramidal.* 

1.  T.  distichum  Richard.  Bald  Cypress.  A  very  large  tree  ;  bark 
dark  brown,  rough,  fibrous ;  many  of  the  twigs  deciduous  with  the 
leaves.  Leaves  alternate,  opposite,  or  whorled,  2-ranked,  flat,  linear, 
|-|  in.  long.  Cones  terminal,  globose,  about  1  in.  in  diameter ;  ends 
of  the  scales  much  thickened,  wrinkled,  and  with  a  distinct  trian- 
gular marking.  Common  in  swamps  and  on  the  borders  of  streams ; 
wood  reddish,  soft,  light ;  specially  valued  for  shingles  and  fence 
posts,  and  for  boat  building.* 

VII.   THUJA    L. 

Flowers  small,  terminal,  monoecious,  on  different  branches. 
Stamens  each  consisting  of  a  scale-like  portion  bearing  4 
anther-like  cells.  Pistillate  flowers  consisting  of  a  few  overlai> 
ping  scales  which  ripen  into  a  small,  loose  cone.  Leaves  ever- 
green, opposite,  and  closely  overlajjping  on  the  stem,  of  two 
kinds,  those  on  the  more  rapidly  growing  twigs  awl-shaped, 
the  others  mere  scales. 

1.  T.  occidentalis  L.  Arbor  Yit.e,  Cedar.  A  small  tree,  20-50 
ft.  high, with  soft,  fibrous  bark.  Leaves  mostly  awl-shaped  and  blunt. 
Cones  ellipsoidal,  their  scales  2-seeded.  Grows  on  rocky  ledges,  but 
reaches  its  greatest  size  in  cool  cedar  swamps.  Wood  soft,  yellowish, 
fragrant,  durable,  prized  for  shingles  and  fence  posts. 


PINE  FAMILY  19 

VIII.  JUNIPERUS    L. 

Elowers  very  small,  lateral,  difficious,  or  sometimes  moncje- 
cious.  Scales  of  the  staminate  flower  shield-shaped,  with  3-6 
anther  cells.  Fertile  flowers  with  3-6  fleshy  scales  which 
unite  into  a  berry-like,  1-3-seeded  fruit.  Leaves  awl-shaped 
or  scale-shaped. 

1.  J.  communis  L.  Juniper.  A  low,  spreading  shrub  (one  variety 
prostrate  in  circular  masses).  Leaves  linear-awl-shaped,  with  needle- 
like points,  each  marked  with  a  distinct  stripe  of  bloom  along  the 
center  of  the  upper  surface,  borne  in  whorls  of  three.  Fruit  a  dark 
blue  aromatic  berr}^  \  in.  or  more  in  diameter.  Grows  in  dry  pas- 
tures and  on  sterile  hillsides  N. 

2.  J.  virginiana  L.  Red  Cedar,  Savin.  Ranges  in  size  and 
shape  from  a  low,  rather  erect  shrub,  to  a  conical  tree  90  ft.  high. 
Leaves  of  two  kinds,  those  on  the  rapidly  growing  shoots  awl-shaped 
and  pointed,  those  on  the  shortest  twigs  scale-shaped,  obtuse,  or 
nearly  so,  and  closely  appressed  to  the  stem.  Fruit  small,  bluish, 
with  a  white  bloom.  Found  all  the  way  from  British  America  to 
Florida.  Wood  soft,  fragrant,  reddish,  exceedingly  durable  in  the 
ground,  valued  for  the  manufacture  of  moth-proof  chests  and  espe- 
cially for  lead  pencils. 


20  KEY  AND  FLORA 


CLASS  II.   ANGIOSPERMS 

Plants  with  a  closed  ovary,  in  which  the  seeds  are  matured. 
Cotyledons  1  or  2. 

SUBCLASS  I.  MONOCOTYLEDONOUS  PLANTS 

Stems  with  the  fibrovascular  bundles  scattered  among  the 
parenchyma  cells  ;  in  perennial  plants  no  annual  rings  of  wood. 
Leaves  usually  parallel-veined,  alternate,  nearly  always  entire. 
Parts  of  the  flower  generally  in  threes  (never  in  fives).  Coty- 
ledon 1. 

2.  TYPHACE^.     Cat-Tail  Family 

Perennial  marsh  or  aquatic  plants.  Rootstock  stout,  creep- 
ing;  stem  simple,  cylindrical,  erect.  Leaves  simple,  strap- 
shaped,  sheathing  at  the  base,  nerved  and  striate.  Flowers 
monoecious,  in  a  single  terminal  spike,  staminate  part  of  the 
spike  uppermost,  each  part  subtended  by  spathe-like  deciduous 
bracts.  Perianth  of  fine  bristles.  Staminate  flowers  sessile, 
stamens  2-7;  filaments  connate,  subtended  by  minute  bracts. 
Pistillate  flowers  short-pediceled.  Ovary  1-2-celled;  styles 
1-2.    Fruit  small,  nut-like.* 

TYPHA    L. 

Characters  of  the  family. 

1.  T.  latifolia  L.  Cat-Tail.  Stem  erect,  jointed  below,  5-8  ft. 
high.  Leaves  nearly  as  long  as  the  stem,  about  1  in.  wide,  netted 
and  with  a  bloom.  Spike  cylindrical,  dark  brown  or  black ;  staminate 
portion  above  the  pistillate,  usually  without  any  interval  between 
them,  each  4-8  in.  long  and  about  1  in.  in  diameter.  Fruit  furrowed. 
Common  in  marshes  and  shallow  ponds.* 


WATER  TLANTAIN   FAMILY  21 

3.  ALISMACE^.     Water  Plantain  Family 

Annual  or  perennial  marsh  herbs,  usually  with  creeping  run- 
ners or  rootstocks.  Stems  scape-like.  Leaves  long-petioled, 
sheathing  at  the  base  ;  petiole  rounded  ;  blade  nerved,  netted, 
or  sometimes  wanting.  Flowers  in  racemes  or  panicles,  bisex- 
ual, monoecious  or  dioecious  ;  pedicels  in  bracted  whorls.  Sepals 
3,  persistent ;  petals  3  or  wanting.  Stamens  6  or  more.  Ovaries 
few  or  many,  1-celled,  1-seeded ;  style  short  or  none.  Fruit  a 
1-seeded  akene."^ 

I.  SAGITTARIA    L 

Perennial ;  rootstocks  mostly  knobby  or  tuber-bearing. 
Scapes  erect  or  decumbent.  Leaves  long-petioled,  sheathing 
at  the  base,  the  blade  round  and  netted,  or  wanting.  Flowers 
monoecious  or  dioecious,  racemed  in  3-bracted  whorls  of  threes, 
the  upper  flowers  usually  staminate.  Sepals  3,  persistent; 
petals  3,  withering-persistent  or  deciduous.  Stamens  few  or 
many.  Ovaries  in  globose  heads,  1-ovuled;  style  short,  per- 
sistent.   Fruit  a  subglobose  head  of  flattened  akenes.* 

1.  S.  latifolia  Willd.  Broad-Leaved  Arrowhead.  Leaves  very 
variable  in  size  and  shape,  from  broadly  sagittate  to  linear,  those 
growing  on  the  drier  soil  being  usually  the  broader;  petioles  6-o0 
in,  long.  Scape  smooth  or  slightly  downy,  6-36  in.  high  ;  bracts 
acute.  Flowers  monoecious  or  sometimes  dicecious,  white,  1  in.  or 
more  in  width ;  pedicels  of  the  staminate  flowers  twice  the  length  of 
those  of  the  fertile  flowers.  Filaments  long,  smooth,  and  slender. 
Akenes  with  beak  nearly  horizontal.    Ditches  and  nuiddy  places,* 

2.  S.  graminea  Michx.  Grass-Leaved  Sagittaria.  Leaves 
long-petioled,  lanceolate,  or  elliptical,  and  acute  at  each  end,  3-5- 
nerved,  or  often  linear,  the  earlier  often  reduced  to  flattened  petioles. 
Scape  slender,  usually  longer  than  the  leaves,  simple,  weak,  often 
prostrate  in  fruit ;  bracts  small,  ovate,  connate  at  the  base.  Flowers 
monoecious  or  dioecious,  on  long,  thread-like  pedicels,  about  ^  in.  wide. 
Stamens  10-20,  filaments  downy.  Akenes  nearly  beakless.  In  ditches 
and  shallow  pools.* 

II.   ALISMA    L. 

Annual  or  perennial  herbs.  Leaves  erect  or  floating,  blades 
prominently   ribbed  and   netted,   or  even  pinnately  veined. 


9-7 


KEY  AND  FLORA 


f/ 


Scapes  erect,  becoming  longer  than  the  leaves,  cylindrical^ 
spongy.    Flowers  bisexual,  in  paniculate,  o-bracted  umbels, 

small,  white  or  pink. 
Stamens  6-9.  Ovaries 
numerous  in  one  or  more 
whorls  on  a  flat  recepta- 
cle. Fruit  1-seeded  akenes 
which  are  ribbed  on  the 
back  and  sides.* 

1.  A.  Plantago-aquatica  L. 
Water  Plantain.  Peren- 
nial ;  root  fibrous.  Leaves 
ovate  or  somewhat  cordate, 
5-7-nerved  when  erect,  float- 
ing leaves  narrower  and 
sometimes  linear.  Scapes 
usually  single ;  panicle  1-2 
ft.  long  ;  flowering  branches 
whorled,  subtended  by  three 
narrow,  striate  bracts ;  pedi- 
cels slender,  elongated.  Ova- 
ries 15-20  in  a  single  whorl ; 
base  of  the  short  style  per- 
sistent, forming  a  beak  at 
the  inner  angle  of  the  akene. 
Akenes  obliquely  obovate, 
2-3 -keeled  on  the  back. 
Common  in  ponds  and 
muddy    places.* 


Fig.  2.  Diagrammatic 
representation  of  a 
several-flowered 
grass  spikelet 


Fig.  3.  Spike-like 
panicle  of  ver- 
nal grass  {An- 
thoxanthum) 


4.  GR AMINES. 
Family 


Grass: 


Mostly  herbs,  with  usu- 


g,  g\  the  glumes;  p, 
p',  thepalets;  I,  lod- 
icules;  /,  a  flower. 
The  axis  is  much 
lengthened,  to  sep- 
arate the  flowers,  a,  mature  anthers,  ally  hollow  stems,  closed 
(Af.e.Schimper)  (Slightly  enlarged)      ^,,3  enlarged  at  the  nodes. 

Leaves  alternate,  in  two  ranks,  with  sheathing  bases,  which 
are  split  open  on  the  side  opposite  the  blade.  Flowers  nearly 
or  quite  destitute  of  floral  envelopes,  solitary,  and  borne  in 
the  axils  of  scaly  bracts,  which  are  arranged  in  two  ranks 


SEDGE  FAMILY 


23 


overlapping  each  other  on  1 -many-flowered  splkelets ;  these 
are  variously  grouped  in  spikes,  panicles,  and  so  on.    Fruit 


Fig.  4.  Vernal  grass  (Anthoxanthum) 

A,  a  one-flowered  spikelet :  a,  b,  the  outer  empty  glumes.  B,  a  spikelet  with  the 
outer  glumes  removed :  c,  c,  the  inner  empty  glumes  (neuter  flowers)  with 
long,  bristle-shaped  appendages ;  d,  e,  palets ;  anth.,  anthers ;  stlg.,  stigmas. 
C,  diagram  of  cross  section  of  a  spikelet:  a,  glume;  d,  palet.  D,  a  fruit. 
(All  magnified.)    (After  Cosson  and  De  Saint-Pierre) 

a  grain.  (The  family  is  too  difficult  for  the  beginner,  but  the 
structure  and  grouping  of  the  flowers  may  be  gathered  from  a 
careful  study  of  Figs.  2,  3,  4.) 


5.  CYPERACE^.     Sedge  Family 

Grass-like  or  rush-like  herbs,  with  solid,  usually  triangular, 
stems,  growing  in  tufts.  The  sheathing  base  of  the  generally 
3-ranked  leaves,  wdien  present,  is  not  slit  as  in  grasses.  The 
flowers  are  usually  somewhat  less  inclosed  by  bracts  than 
those  of  grasses ;  the  perianth  is  absent  or  rudimentary ; 
stamens  generally  3 ;  style  2-cleft  or  3-cleft. 


24 


KEY  AND  FLORA 


The  flower  cluster  and  the  flower  of  a  sedge  may  be  under- 
stood from  an  inspection  of  Fig.  5. 

The  species  are  even  more  diflicult  to  determine  than  those 
of  grasses. 


Fig.  5.  Inflorescence,  flower,  and  seed,  of  a  sedge 
(Great  Bulrush,  Scirpus  lacustris) 

A,  magnified  flower,  surrounded  by  a  perianth  of  hypogynous  bristles;  B,  the 
seed ;  C,  section  of  the  seed,  showing  the  small  embryo  inclosed  in  the  base 
of  the  endosperm.    (After  Lindley) 

6.  ARACE^.     Arum  Family 
Perennial  herbs,  with  pungent  or  acrid  juice.   Leaves  often 
netted-veined.    Small,  unisexual  or  bisexual  flowers,  clustered 


ARUM  FAMILY  25 

along  a  peculiar  fleshy  spike  called  a  sjKidix,  and  frequently 
more  or  less  covered  by  a  large,  hood-like  bract  called  a  spathe. 
Perianth,  when  present,  of  4-6  parts ;  often  wanting.  Fruit 
usually  a  berry. 

I.   ARIS^MA    Martius 

Perennial  herbs,  springing  from  a  corm  or  a  tuberous  root- 
stock.  Spathe  rolled  up  at  base.  Summit  of  spadix  naked,  the 
lower  part  flower-bearing ;  staminate  flowers  above,  pistillate 
ones  below.    Stigma  flat.    Ovary  1-celled.    Berry  1-few-seeded. 

1.  A.  triphyllum  Schott.    Indian  Turnip,  Jack-in-the-Pulpit. 

Leaves  generally  2,  each  of  3  elliptical-ovate,  pointed  leaflets.  Spadix 
club-shaped,  bearing  usually  only  one  kind  of  fully  developed  flowers ; 
that  is,  fidl-sized  pistillate  and  rudimentary  staminate  ones,  or  the 
reverse.  Spathe  much  longer  than  the  spadix,  and  covering  it  like  a 
hood.  Corm  tuTnip-like,  but  much  wrinkled,  very  starchy,  and  filled 
with  intensely  burning  juice. 

2.  A.  Dracontium  Schott.  Green  Dragon,  Dragon  Root.  Leaf 
usually  single,  divided  into  7-li  rather  narrow,  pointed  leaflets ; 
spadix  tapering  to  a  long,  slender  point,  often  bearing  fully  developed 
staminate  and  pistillate  flowers. 

II.   SYMPLOCARPUS    Salisb.    (SPATHYEMA) 

Eootstock  very  stout,  with  many  long,  cylindrical  roots. 
Leaves  clustered,  very  large,  and  entire.  Spathe  shell-shaped, 
very  thick.  Spadix  globular,  thickly  covered  with  bisexual  flow- 
ers. Sepals  4.  Stamens  4.  Style  4-angled.  Fruit  globular  or 
ellipsoidal,  with  the  seeds  slightly  buried  in  the  enlarged  spadix. 

Coarse,  stemless  herbs,  with  a  powerful  scent  like  that  of 
the  skunk  and  of  onions. 

1.  S.  foetidus  Nutt.  Skunk  Cabbage.  Leaves  mam\  slightly 
petioled,  1-2  ft.  long,  appearing  after  the  flowers.  The  latter  are 
usually  seen  before  the  ground  is  wholly  free  from  frost,  often  earlier 
than  any  other  flower.    Bogs  and  wet  meadows,  very  common  N. 

III.   ACORUS    L. 

Rootstocks  horizontal,  long,  and  moderately  stout,  aromatic. 
Leaves  long,  upright,  sword-shaped.    Spathe  much   like  the 


26 


KEY  AND  FLORA 


leaves.  Spadix  projecting  from  the  edge  of  the  spathe,  con- 
sisting of  numerous  bisexual  flowers.  Sepals  6.  Stamens  6. 
Ovarv  2-3-celled,  with  numerous  ovules.    Fruit  1 -few-seeded. 


Fig.  G.  Acorns  Calamus 

A,  spadix;  B,  a  single  flower,  enlarged;   C,  diagram  of  flower,  enlarged. 
(After  Schimper) 

1.  A.  Calamus  L.  Sweet  Flag.  Scape  with  a  long,  leaf -like  pro- 
longation (spathe)  beyond  the  green,  very  closely  flowered  spadix. 
Along  borders  of  brooks  and  swamps. 

The  rootstocks  furnish  the  well-known  calamus  or  "  sweet  flag 
root "  sold  everywhere  by  druggists. 


7.  COMMELINACE^.     Spiderwort  Family 

Herbs,  with  slimy  or  mucilaginous  juice ;  stems  somewhat 
succulent,  jointed,  leafy,  simple  or  branched.  Leaves  simple, 
succulent,  narrow,  entire,  sheathing  at  the  base,  sheaths  entire 


SPIDERWORT   FAMILY  27 

or  split.  Flowers  in  terminal  cymes  or  umbels,  bisexual,  often 
zygomorphic.  Sepals  3,  persistent,  foliaceous  or  colored.  Petals 
3,  soon  falling  or  liquefying.  Stamens  6  or  fewer,  often  some 
of  them  abortive.  Ovary  2-3-celled ;  style  single;  stigma 
entire  or  3-lobed.  Fruit  a  2-3-celled,  2-3-valved  capsule;  seeds 
solitary  or  several  in  each  cell.* 

I.   TRADESCANTIA    L. 

Perennial,  stem  simple  or  branched.  Leaves  very  narrow. 
Flowers  in  terminal  and  axillary  bracted  umbels,  actinomor- 
phic,  1  in.  broad.  Sepals  3,  herloaceous.  Petals  3,  soon  fall- 
ing, or  liquefying  to  jelly.  Stamens  6,  sometimes  3  shorter 
than  the  others  ;  filaments  bearded  or  smooth.  Ovary  3-celled, 
with  2  ovules  in  each  cell ;  pedicels  recurved  in  fruit.  Capsule 
S-celled,  3-valved,  3-6-seeded.* 

1.  T.  virginiana  L.  Spiderwort.  Stem  erect,  stout,  smooth,  or 
with  long,  soft  hairs,  1-2  ft.  high.  Leaves  linear,  keeled,  often 
purple-veined,  long,  taper-pointed,  1  ft.  or  more  in  length.  Bracts 
similar  to  the  leaves.  Umbels  sessile,  2-many-flowered,  flowers  in  2 
rows  in  the  bud.  Petals  blue  or  purple,  twice  as  long  as  the  sepals. 
Stamens  blue,  filaments  densely  bearded.  Capsule  ovoid  or  oblong. 
On  dry,  sandy  soil.* 

2.  T.  pilosa  Lehm.  Hairy  Spiderwort.  Stem  stout,  erect  or 
zigzag,  branched,  with  long,  soft  hairs,  or  nearly  smooth,  1-2  ft. 
high.  Leaves  linear -oblong,  taper-pointed  at  the  apex,  narrowed  at 
the  base,  hairy  on  both  sides.  Umbels  axillary  and  terminal,  many- 
flowered.  Pedicels  and  sepals  with  soft,  glandular  hairs.  Flowers 
blue  or  purple,  |-1  in.  wide.    Seeds  pitted.    In  rich  soil.* 

II.   COMMELINA    L. 

Annual  or  perennial,  stem  branching,  erect  or  procumbent, 
smooth  or  downy.  Leaves  petioled  or  sessile,  entire,  the  floral 
ones  heart-shaped,  folded,  and  forming  a  spatlie  inclosing  the 
base  of  the  cymes.  Flowers  not  actinomorphic.  Sepals  mostly 
colored,  1  of  them  smaller.  Petals  blue,  unequal,  2  of  them 
kidney-shaped  and  long-clawed,  the  third  one  smaller.  Stamens 
6,  only  3  of  them  fertile;  filaments  smooth.  Capsule  1-3-celled; 
seeds  1-2  in  each  cell.* 


28  KEY  AND  FLORA 

1.  C.  virginica  L.  Virginia  Dayflower.  Stem  erect,  downy, 
1-2  ft.  high.  Leaves  lanceolate  to  oblong-lanceolate,  taper-pointed, 
3-5  in.  long,  somewhat  rough  above ;  sheaths  inflated,  hairy,  the  open- 
ing often  fringed.  Spathes  containing  a  slimy  secretion.  Flowers 
1  in.  wide,  the  odd  petal  lanceolate.  Capsule  3-seeded,  the  dorsal 
cell  not  splitting  open.    On  moist,  sandy  soil.* 

III.   ZEBRINA    Schnizl. 

Trailing  or  slightly  climbing  herbs.  Leaves  often  striped. 
Flowers  usually  in  pairs.  Calyx  with  a  short  tube,  regularly 
or  irregularly  3-parted.  Corolla  nearly  actinomorphic,  with 
tube  longer  than  the  calyx.  Filaments  naked  or  bearded. 
Ovary  3-celled,  3-6-ovuled. 

1.  Z.  pendula  Schnizl.  Wandering  Jew.  Stems  perennial,  pros- 
trate or  nearly  so,  branching  freely,  rooting  easily  at  the  nodes. 
Leaves  somewhat  succulent,  lance-ovate  or  oblong,  crimson  beneath, 
green  or  dark  purplish  above,  often  with  two  wide  silvery  stripes. 
Cultivated  from  Mexico. 


8.  PONTEDERIACE^.     Pickerel-Weed  Family 

Perennial  marsh  or  aquatic  herbs,  stems  simple  or  branched, 
succulent.  Leaves  simple,  alternate.  F'lowers  solitary  or 
spiked,  each  subtended  by  a  leaf-like  spathe,  perfect,  mostly 
not  actinomorphic.  Perianth  corolla-like,  6-parted.  Stamens 
3  or  6,  unequal,  inserted  irregularly  in  the  tube  or  throat  of 
the  perianth.  Ovary  superior,  1-  or  3-cened ;  style  single ; 
stigma  entire  or  toothed.    Fruit  a  1-seeded  utricle.* 

PONTEDERIA    L. 

Stem  erect,  from  a  thick,  creeping  rootstock,  bearing  a 
single  leaf  above  the  middle  and  several  sheathing,  bract-like 
leaves  at  its  base.  Eadical  leaves  numerous,  thick,  parallel- 
veined.  Petiole  long,  from  a  sheathing  base.  Flowers  in  ter- 
minal spikes.  Perianth  2-lipped,  lobes  of  the  upper  lip  ovate, 
of  the  lower  oblong,  spreading.  Stamens  6,  the  3  upper  short 
and  often  imperfect,  the  3  lower  protruding.    Ovary  3-celled, 


RUSH   FAMILY 


29 


Rushes 


A,  plant  of  Jitnciis  tenuis,  one  half  natural  size ;  B,  flower  of  same,  magnified  ; 
C,  fruit  magnified;  Z>,  flower  of  wood  rush  {Luzida),  magnified.  {D,  after 
Warming) 


so  KEY  AND   FLORA 

but  only  1  cell  ovule-bearing;  the  1-seeded  utricle  inclosed 
by  the  base  of  the  perianth.* 

1.  P.  cordata  L.  Pickerel  Weed.  Stem  stout,  erect,  2-4  ft.  high. 
Leaves  long,  from  heart-shaped  to  lanceolate  and  often  halberd- 
shaped  ;  apex  and  basal  lobes  obtuse,  finely  nerved.  Spike  dense, 
2-4  in.  long  ;  peduncles  inclosed  by  the  -spathe.  Perianth  hairy,  bhie, 
the  upper  lip  with  2  yellow  spots ;  tube  6-ribbed,  curved,  rather  longer 
than  the  lobes.    Ovary  oblong.    In  ponds  and  slow  streams.* 


9.  JUNCACE^.     EusH  Family 

Grass-like  perennial  or  annual  herbs,  mostly  growing  on 
wet  soil.  Stems  mostly  erect  but  sometimes  creeping,  simple 
or  branched,  naked  or  leafy  and  jointed.  Leaves  cylindrical, 
sheathing  at  the  base,  very  slender  and  pointed  or  flattened 
and  grass-like.  Flowers  in  cymes  or  panicles,  which  may  be 
very  loose  and  spreading,  or  so  compact  as  to  form  a  head, 
sometimes  with  a  rigid  scape  prolonged  beyond  the  flower 
cluster.  Flowers  usually  bracted.  Perianth  of  6  nearly  equal, 
scale-like,  persistent  divisions.  Stamens  3  or  6,  inserted  on 
the  base  of  the  perianth.  Ovary  free,  1-  or  3-celled,  many- 
ovuled ;  style  single  ;  stigmas  3,  usually  hairy.  Fruit  a  1-  or 
3-celled,  3-many-seeded  capsule.  [Most  species  flower  late  in 
the  season,  and  their  identification  is  too  difficult  for  one 
without  considerable  experience.]* 

10.  LILIACE^.     Lily  Family 

Mostly  herbs.  Flowers  actinomorphic.  Perianth  free  from 
the  ovary.  Stamens  nearly  always  6,  one  before  each  division 
of  the  perianth.  Ovary  usually  3-celled ;  fruit  a  pod  or  berry, 
few-many-seeded. 

Except  in  the  genus  Trillium  the  divisions  of  the  perianth 
are  colored  nearly  alike. 


LILY  FAMILY  31 

SUBFAMILY  I.    LILIACE^  PROPER 

Not  tendril  climbers,  rarely  dicecious. 

A 

Styles  or  sessile  stigmas  3,  more  or  less  separate. 

Leaves  flat,  lanceolate,  or  spatulate.    Flowers  dioecious,  showy. 

Clianiieliriuni,  I 
Leaves  grass-like.    Flowers  bisexual,  showy.        Amianthium,  II 
Leaves  3-ranked,  strongly  nerved  and  plaited.    Flowers  some- 
what monoecious,  small.  Yeratrum,  III 
B 

Style  imdirided  (in  No.  XXIII,  3  sessile  stig7nas').    Plants  from  root- 
stocks. 

Leaves  perfoliate.    Flowers  solitary,  drooping,  yellow. 

Uvularia,  IV 

Leaves  broad,  clasping.    Flowers  solitary  or  nearly  so,  drooping, 

yellow.  Oakesia,  Y 

Leaves  scale-like.    Thread-like  branches  borne  in   their  axils. 

Flowers  small,  bell-shaped.  Asparagus,  XYIII 

Leaves    several-many,  sessile    or  clasping,   alternate.     Flowers 

small,    6-parted,   white,   in   a  terminal  simple   or   compound 

raceme.  Smilacina,  XIX 

Leaves  only  2-3,  sessile  or  slightly  petioled.    Flowers  very  small, 

4-parted,  solitary  or  in  a  small  terminal  cluster. 

Maianthemum,  XX 

Leaves  clasping.    Flowers  solitary  or  in  pairs,  greenish-white  or 

rose-purple,  borne  on  pedicels  abruptly  bent  near  the  middle. 

Streptopus,  XXI 
Leaves    nearly    sessile    or    partly    clasping.     Flowers    axillary, 
greenish,  on  pedicels  jointed  near  the  flower, 

Polygonatum,  XXII 
Leaves  only  2,  directly  from  the  rootstock.    Flowers  in  a  raceme, 
bell-shaped,  white,  sweet-scented.  Convallaria,  XXIII 

Leaves  3,  netted-veined.    Flower  single,  large,  terminal. 

Trillium,  XXIV 


32  KEY  AND  FLORA 

C 

Style  undivided.    Plants  from  jihrous  roots. 

Flowers  yellow  or  orange.  Hemerocallis,  VIII 

Flowers  white.  Yucca,  XVII 

D 

Style  usually  undivided.    Plants  from  coated  or  solid-looking  bulbs. 

Leafy-stemmed  plants.    Flowers  large,  solitary,  or  apparently 

iimbeled.  Fritillaria,  X 

Apparently  stemless  plants. 

(rt)  Plants  with  the   smell  of  onions   or  garlic.    Flowers 

umbeled.  Allium,  VI 

(b)  Plants  scentless.  Flowers  umbeled.   Nothoscordum,  VII 

(c)  Flower  solitary,  erect,  large.  Tulipa,  XII 

(d)  Flower  solitary,  nodding.  Erythronium,  XI 

(e)  Flowers   racemed.     Perianth    w^ith    hardly    any    tube. 

Stigma  a  single  knob.  Scilla,  XIII 

(/)  Flowers   racemed.     Perianth    with    hardly    any   tube. 
Stigma  3-cleft.  Camassia,  XIV 

(g)  Flowers  corymbed.    Perianth    with   hardly  any  tube. 
Leaves  linear.  Ornithogalum,  XV 

(Ji)  Flowers  racemed.    Perianth  with  a  tube.    Leaves  lance- 
linear.  Hyacinthus,  XVI 
E 

Style  undivided.    Plants  from  scaly  bulbs.  Lilium,  IX 

SUBFAMILY  II.    SMILACE^ 
Climbers,  often  tendril-bearing.    Flowers  dioecious.  Smilax,  XXV 

L  CHAMiELIRIUM  Willd. 

Eootstock  short  and  thick,  bitter.  Stem  simple,  erect,  leafy, 
smooth.  Lower  leaves  spatulate  to  obovate,  the  stem  leaves 
narrower.  Flowers  small,  white,  in  a  spike-like  raceme,  dioe- 
cious. Perianth  of  6  linear-spatulate  segments.  Stamens  6,  fil- 
aments longer  than  the  perianth.  Ovary  3-celled ;  styles  3. 
Fruit  an  ovoid,  3-angled,  many-seeded  capsule.* 


LILY  FAMILY  38 

1.  C.  luteum  Gray.  Unicorn  Root,  Devil's  Bit.  Stem  furrowed, 
stamiiiate  plants  1-2  ft.  high,  pistillate  taller,  often  3  ft.  or  more. 
Lower  leaves  obovate,  clustered,  the  upper  small  and  bract-like.  Stam- 
inate  racemes  slender  and  drooping,  the  pistillate  erect.  Flowers  short- 
pediceled.  Capsule  3-valved,  seeds  linear-oblong,  winged  at  the  ends- 
On  low  ground.* 

II.   AMIANTHIUM   Gray.    (CHROSPERMA) 

Stem  simple,  glabrous,  erect  from  a  bulbous  base.  Leaves 
long  and  slender.  Flowers  Avhite,  in  a  simple  terminal  raceme, 
bisexual.  Perianth  of  6  segments  which  are  sessile  and  gland- 
less.  Stamens  6,  somewhat  perigynous.  Ovary  3-lobed,  3-celled; 
fruit  a  dehiscent,  3-lobed  capsule,  the  lobes  becoming  awl- 
shaped  by  the  persistent  style  bases  ;  cells  few-seeded.* 

1.  A.  muscaetoxicum  Gray.  Fly  Poison.  Bulb  ovoid  or  oblong. 
Stem  somewhat  angled  below,  1-3  ft.  high.  Lower  leaves  strap-shaped, 
channeled,  the  upper  small  and  bract-like.  Raceme  dense,  cylin- 
drical, pedicels  from  the  axils  of  minute  ovate  bracts.  Perianth  seg- 
ments ovate,  white,  becoming  greenish,  nearly  as  long  as  the  slender 
stamens.  Styles  spreading.  Capsule  with  divergent  lobes ;  seeds  ovoid, 
red.   In  rich  woods.* 

III.  VERATRUM    L. 

Simple-stemmed  perennials.  Roots  fibrous,  from  the  thick- 
ened base  of  the  stem,  poisonous,  emetic.  Leaves  3-ranked, 
plaited,  and  veiny.  Flowers  panicled,  greenish  or  brownish. 
Sepals  6,  spreading,  nearly  hypogynous.  Stamens  shorter  than 
the  perianth,  and  somewhat  perigynous.  Ovary  of  3  carpels 
united  at  base.  Fruit  a  few-seeded  capsule,  splitting  into 
3  parts. 

1.  V.  viride  Ait.  White  Hellebore,  Indian  Poke.  Stem  stout, 
2-7  ft.  high,  very  leafy.  Flowers  very  numerous,  in  a  panicle,  com- 
posed of  spike-like  racemes.  Sepals  yellowish-green.  Wet  meadows 
and  brooksides. 

2.  V.  Woodii  Robbins.  Stem  slender,  2-5  ft.  high,  not  very  leafy. 
Flowers  in  a  long,  narrow  panicle.  Sepals  greenish-purple  or  almost 
black.    Woods  and  dry  hillsides. 

IV.  UVULARIA    L. 

Rather  low  plants  with  short  rootstocks.  Leaves  alternate, 
broad,    and   parallel-veined.     Flowers    yellow    or   yellowish. 


34  KEY  AXD   FLORA 

•drooping,  borne  singly  at  the  end  of  the  forking  stem. 
Perianth  of  6  similar  and  separate  narrow  spatulate  sepals, 
each  grooved  and  nectar-bearing  inside  toward  the  base. 
Stamens  6,  with  linear  anthers,  which  are  much  longer  than 
the  filaments.    Style  3-cleft.    Pod  3-lobed,  3-celled,  few-seeded. 

1.  U.  perfoliata  L.  Mealy  Bellwort.  Leaves  much  as  in  the 
preceding  species.  Flowers  very  pale  yellow,  with  shiniug  grains  on 
the  inner  surfaces  of  the  twisted  sepals  ;  anthers  sharp-pointed. 
Plant  about  two-thirds  the  size  of  the  preceding. 

2.  U.  grandiflora  Sm.  Larger  Bellwort.  Leaves  oblong,  with 
the  base  clasping  the  stem  so  as  to  make  it  appear  to  run  through 
the  leaf  a  little  way  from  the  base.  Flowei's  greenish-yellow,  1|  in. 
long;  anthers  obtuse.    A  leafy  plant,  1-2  ft.  high. 

V.   OAKESIA    Wats. 

Plants  with  much  the  aspect  of  the  preceding  genus,  but 
^ith  merely  sessile  leaves,  triangular  winged  pods,  and  plen- 
•der,  creeping  rootstocks. 

1.  0.  sessilifolia  Wats.  Wild  Oats,  Straw  Lilies.  Stem  slen- 
der, zigzag.  Leaves  lance-oval,  thin,  smooth,  pale  beneath,  1-1|-  in. 
long.    Flower  cream  color,  nearly  1  in.  long. 

VI.   ALLIUM    L. 

Herbs  appearing  stemless  from  coated  bulbs  with  the 
•characteristic  odor  of  onions.  Bulbs  solitary  or  clustered. 
Leaves  narrowly  linear  or  slender-tubular,  with  a  bloom. 
Flowers  small,  on  slender  pedicels,  in  terminal  umbels  on 
naked  scapes,  the  umbels  often  bracted  or  inclosed  in  a 
spathe.  Perianth  6-parted,  persistent ;  stamens  6,  somewhat 
perigynous,  filaments  filiform  or  dilated  below.  Ovary  sessile, 
3-celled ;  style  thread-like,  jointed ;  stigma  entire.  Fruit  a 
•3-celled,  3-valved,  few-seeded  capsule.  Flowers  sometimes 
changed  into  bulblets.* 

1.  A.  reticulatum  Don.  Resembling  A.  NuttaUii,  but  with  larger 
bulbs.  Leaves  narrowly  linear.  Scape  slender;  bracts  usually  2.  taper- 
pointed  ;  pedicels  slender,  ^-^  in.  long.  Flowers  white  or  pink;  seg- 
ments of  the  perianth  thin.    Capsule  crested.    W. 

2.  A.  Nuttallii  Wats.  Bulbs  ovoid,  their  coats  with  a  fibrous  net- 
work.   Leaves  basal,   narrowly  linear.     Scape  4-8  in.  high ;  bracts 


LILY  FAMILY  35 

3  or  2  ;  pedicels  ^-|  in.  long.  Flowers  rose  color  or  white,  the  seg- 
ments of  the  perianth  becoming  rigid  in  the  fruit.  On  prairies  W. 
and  S.AV. 

3.  A.  canadense  L.  ]\Ieadow  Garlic.  Bulbs  ovoid,  the  outer 
coats  of  white  and  thin,  dry,  netted  fibers.  Leaves  narrowly  linear, 
flat,  or  concave  above.  Scape  cylindrical,  1  ft.  high.  Bracts  of  the 
umbel  2-3,  ovate,  acuminate  ;  umbel  consisting  mostly  of  sessile  bulb- 
lets.  The  few  flowers  long-pediceled,  rose-colored.  Perianth  about 
as  long  as  the  stamens.  Filaments  dilated  below.  Caj^sule  shoi-ter 
than  the  perianth,  6-toothed,  ovules  2  in  each  cell.     On  moist  soil.* 

4.  A,  mutabile  Miclix,  Wild  Onion,  Bulbs  ovoid,  their  coats 
with  a  very  prominent  fibrous  network.  Leaves  basal,  channeled, 
narrowly  linear.  Scape  1-2  ft.  high,  bracts  taper-pointed,  pedicels 
almost  1  in.  long.  Umbel  rarely  bearing  bulblets.  Flowers  pink, 
rose  color,  or  white;  segments  of  the  perianth  thin.  In  moist  soil 
S.  and  W. 

5.  A,  vineale  L.  Field  Garlic,  Bulb  mostly  solitary.  Leaves 
cylindrical,  hollow,  very  slender.  Scape  slender,  sheathed  below  the 
middle  by  the  bases  of  the  leaves.  Umbels  often  crowded  with 
bulblets,  A  troublesome  weed  in  moist  meadows  and  fields  eastward, 
giving  milk  a  strong  flavor  of  onions  or  garlic,  Naturalized  from 
Europe, 

VII.   NOTHOSCORDUM    Kunth 

Scape-bearing  herbs  resembling  Allium,  but  with  no  odor  of 
onions.  Flowers  yellow  or  yellowish-green,  in  a  loose,  erect 
umbel,  with  2  bracts, 

1,  N.  bivalve  Britton.  Bulb  small,  often  with  little  bulbs  at  its 
base.  Leaves  narrowly  linear.  Scape  not  exceeding  1  ft.  high,  the 
umbel  2-bracted,  pedicels  thread-like,  at  length  1-2  in.  long.  Flowers 
^  in.  long  or  less,  the  perianth  segments  narrowly  oblong,  thin.  On 
prairies  and  in  open  woods. 

VIII.   HEMEROCALLIS    L. 

Perennial,  from  a  fascicle  of  fleshy  roots.  Stem  erect,, 
branched,  smooth.  Leaves  mostly  basal  and  linear.  Flowers 
on  branching  scapes,  large,  yellow  or  orange,  solitary  or 
corymbed.  Perianth  funnelform,  with  a  spreading  limb  much 
longer  than  the  tube.  Stamens  6,  inserted  in  the  top  of  the 
tube,  shorter  than  the  lobes,  curved  upward.  Ovary  3-celled, 
many-ovuled  ;  style  longer  than  the  stamens,  curved  upward  j, 
stigma  knobbed.    Fruit  a  .3-celled,  3-angled  capsule.* 


36  KEY  AND  FLORA 

*. 

1.  H.  fulva  L.  Day  Lily.  Scapes  stout,  branched  above,  with  a 
few  bract-like  leaves,  smooth,  3-5  ft.  high.  Leaves  very  long,  strap- 
shaped,  acute,  channeled.  Flowers  short-pediceled,  tawny-yellow ; 
perianth  lobes  oblong,  netted-veined,  lasting  only  one  day.  Intro- 
duced from  Asia  and  common  in  old  gardens.* 

IX.   LILIUM    L. 

Perennial,  from  scaly  bulbs ;  stem  erect,  leafy,  usually  tall 
and  slender.  Leaves  sessile,  scattered  or  whorled.  Flowers 
large,  erect  or  drooping.  Perianth  corolla-like,  deciduous ; 
segments  6,  spreading  or  recurved  above,  sessile  or  clawed, 
each  with  a  nectar-bearing  groove  near  the  base.  Stamens  6, 
elongated ;  anthers  linear,  versatile.  Ovary  3-celled,  many- 
ovuled ;  style  long  and  slender ;  stigma  3-lobed.  Fruit  a  3- 
celled,  dehiscent,  many-seeded  capsule. 

1.  L.  longiflorum  Thunb.  Long-Flowered  White  Lily.  Stem 
1-3  ft.  high.  Leaves  thick,  lanceolate,  scattered.  Flower  single, 
pure  white,  funnel-shaped,  5-6  in.  long.  Var.  eximium,  the  Easter 
lily,  bears  several  very  showy  and  sweet-scented  flowers.  Cultivated 
from  China  and  Japan. 

2.  L.  philadelphicum  L.  Wild  Red  Lily.  Stem  2-3  ft.  high. 
Leaves  linear-lanceolate,  the  upper  ones  generally  w^horled.  Flower 
usually  solitary  (sometimes  2  or  3),  erect,  reddish-orange,  with 
tawny  or  purplish  spots  inside.  Sepals  with  claws.  Dry  or  sandy 
ground,  borders  of  thickets,  etc. 

Var.  andinum  Ker.  Western  Red  Lily.  Stem  rather  slender. 
Leaves  linear,  all  alternate  or  the  upper  ones  whorled.  Flowers  1-3, 
erect.  Segments  of  the  perianth  red,  orange,  or  yellow,  spotted 
beneath,  the  claw  shorter  than  the  blade.    In  dry  soil  W. 

3.  L.  canadense  L.  AVild  Yellow  Lily,  Meadow  Lily.  Stem 
2-5  ft.  high.  Leaves  lanceolate,  3 -nerved,  the  margins  and  nerves 
roughish  with  short  hairs,  whorled.  Flowers  usually  3,  sometimes 
more  numerous,  all  nodding,  on  peduncles  3-6  in.  long,  yellow  or 
orange,  with  dark  purple  or  brown  spots  inside.  Sepals  without 
claws,  recurved.    Moist  meadows  and  borders  of  woods. 

X.  FRITILLARIA    L. 

Leafy-stemmed  perennials,  from  scaly  or  coated  bulbs. 
Flowers  single  or  several,  nodding.  Perianth  bell-shaped,  a 
nectar-bearing  spot  above  the  base  of  each  division.  Stamens 
as  long  as  the  petals. 


LILY  FAMILY  37 

1.  F.  Meleagris  L.  Guinea-Hex  Flower.  Stem  1  ft.  high.  Leaves 
linear,  alternate,  channeled.  Flower  usually  single,  large,  purplish, 
checkered  with  blue  and  purple  or  yellow.    Cultivated  from  Europe. 

2.  F.  imperialis  L.  Crown  Imperial.  Stem  ;3-4  ft.  high.  Leaves 
abundant  in  whorls  about  the  middle  or  lower  part  of  the  stem,  lan- 
ceolate or  lance-oblong.  Flowers  several,  large,  yellow  or  red,  in  an 
umbel-like  cluster  beneath  the  terminal  crown  of  leaves.  Cultivated 
from  Europe. 

XL   ERYTHRONIUM    L. 

Nearly  stemless  herbs,  arising  from  rather  deeply  buried 
bulbs.  Leaves  2,  long  and  smooth,  with  underground  petioles. 
Scape  arising  from  between  the  bases  of  the  leaves.  Flower 
commonly  single,  nodding. 

1.  E.  americanum  Ker.  Y'ellow  Adder's-Tongue.  Leaves  mot- 
tled. Flowers  handsome.  Perianth  light  yellow.  Style  club-shaped  ; 
stigmas  united. 

2.  E.  albidum  Nutt.  White  Dogtooth  Violet.  Leaves  not  much 
mottled.    Perianth  bluish-white.    Stigmas  3,  short  and  spreading. 

XII.  TULIPA    L. 

Herbs  appearing  stemless,  from  coated  bulbs.  Leaves  sessile. 
Scape  simple.  Flower  solitary,  erect.  Perianth  bell-shaped. 
Stamens  short,  awl-shaped,  with  broadly  linear  anthers.  Style 
short ;  stigma  thick,  3-lobed ;  ovary  and  pod  triangular. 

1.  T.  Gesneriana  L.  Common  Tulip.  Leaves  o-G,  ovate-lanceo- 
late, close  to  the  ground.  Flower  large,  on  a  smooth  peduncle,  color 
red,  yellow,  white,  or  variegated.  Cultivated  from  Asia  Minor.  Many 
garden  varieties  exist. 

XIII.  SCILLA    L. 

Perennial  herbs,  appearing  stemless,  from  coated  bulbs. 
Leaves  linear.  Flowers  racemed  on  a  scape,  generally  blue. 
Divisions  of  the  perianth  1-nerved,  parted  almost  to  the  base. 
Filaments  6,  often  broad  at  the  base.  Style  slender,  with  a 
knob-like  stigma.    Ovary  3-angled,  3-celled. 

1.  S.  sibirica  Andr.  Siherian  Squill.  Scapes  3-8  in.  high,  sev- 
eral from  each  bulb,  2-3 -flowered.  Leaves  2-4,  narrowly  strap-shaped. 
Flowers  intense  blue,  short-peduncled,  often  nodding.  Cultivated  from 
Russia  and  Sil)eria. 


38  KEY  AND  FLORA 

XIV.   CAMASSIA  Lindl.    (QUAMASIA) 

Herbs  appearing  stemless,  from  coated  bulbs.  Leaves  linear. 
Flowers  racemed  on  a  scape.  Perianth  of  6  blue  or  purple 
spreading  sepals.  Stamens  with  thread-like  filaments,  slightly 
perigynous.  Style  thread-like,  ending  in  a  knobbed  stigma. 
Capsule  3-angled,  3-celled,  several-seeded. 

1.  C.  esculenta  Robinson.  Wild  Hyacinth.  Leaves  keeled,.weak, 
shorter  than  the  scape.  Flowers  in  a  long-bracted  raceme,  pale  blue. 
River  bottoms  and  other  damp,  rich  soil. 

XV.   ORNITHOGALUM    L. 

Herbs  appearing  stemless,  from  coated  bulbs.  Leaves  linear, 
fleshy.  Scape  erect.  Flowers  in  corymbs  or  racemes,  bracted. 
Perianth  segments  6,  white,  nerved,  persistent.  Stamens  6, 
hypogynous,  slender ;  filaments  flattened.  Ovary  sessile,  3- 
celled,  few-ovuled.  Fruit  a  roundish,  3-angled  capsule,  seeds 
black.* 

1.  0.  umbellatum  L.  Star  of  Bethlehem.  Bulb  ovoid,  mem- 
branous-coated. Leaves  numerous,  linear,  fleshy;  mid-vein  nearly 
white,  as  long  as  the  scape.  Scape  slender,  6-12  in.  high.  Flowers 
opening  in  sunshine,  long-pediceled.  Bracts  linear-lanceolate,  about 
as  long  as  the  pedicels.  Perianth  segments  oblong-lanceolate,  white 
with  a  green  stripe  on  the  back,  twice  the  length  of  the  stamens. 
Introduced  from  Europe ;  very  common  about  old  gardens.* 

XVI.   HYACINTHUS    L. 

Herbs  appearing  stemless,  from  coated  bulbs.  Leaves  linear, 
fleshy.  Flowers  in  an  erect  spike,  pediceled,  bracted.  Perianth 
tubular  below,  lobed  and  spreading  above.  Stamens  short,  in- 
cluded. Style  short ;  stigma  knobbed ;  ovary  3-celledy  many- 
ovuled.* 

1.  H.  orientalis  L.  Hyacinth.  Leaves  lance-linear,  thick  and 
fleshy,  smooth.  Scape  erect,  many-flowered.  Segments  united  about 
half  their  length,  white,  blue,  or  red.  Filaments  very  short.  Ovary 
rarely  maturing  seed.    Common  in  cultivation.* 

XVII.   YUCCA    L. 

Plants  with  woody  and  leafy  stems.  Leaves  numerous,  rigid, 
spine-pointed,  persistent.    Flowers  in  large  terminal  racemes 


LILY  FAMILY  39 

or  panicles,  bracted,  nodding.  Perianth  bell-shaped ;  segments 
6,  nearly  alike,  deciduous.  Stamens  (3 ;  filaments  thickened 
above,  often  papillose ;  anthers  small.  Ovary  sessile,  3-celled 
or  becoming  6-celled,  3-angled,  many-ovuled.  Fruit  an  ob- 
long, 3-angled,  many-seeded,  dehiscent  capsule,  or  fleshy  and 
indehiscent.* 

1.  Y.  glauca  Nutt.  Bear  Grass,  Soap  Weed.  Stem  very  short. 
Leaves  basal,  long,  straight  and  slender,  stiff,  sharp-pointed,  the 
margins  white  and  with  a  few  thread-like  filaments,  |-^  in.  wide. 
Flowers  racemed,  greenish-white,  globose  or  oblong,  bell-shaped. 
Style  green ;  capsule  large,  oblong,  six-sided.    Dry  soil  W. 

2.  Y.  filamentosa  L.  Spanish  Dagger.  Stem  stout,  4-12  in.  high. 
Leaves  linear  or  linear-lanceolate,  slender-pointed,  narrowed  above 
the  spreading  and  clasping  base,  spreading  or  recurved,  smooth,  with 
loose,  thread-like  filaments  on  the  margins.  Panicle  elongated,  with 
bract-like  leaves  on  the  scape,  widely  branched,  downy-hairy  above, 
3-6  ft.  high.  Perianth  white,  bell-shaped,  2  in.  wide.  Capsule  oblong, 
angles  rounded,  sides  furrowed,  at  length  o-valved  and  dehiscent.  In 
sandy  soil,  and  often  cultivated  for  ornament.* 

XVIII.   ASPARAGUS    L. 

Stem  from  fleshy,  fibrous  roots,  erect,  branched  ;  branches 
slender,  w^ith  thread-like  branchlets  in  the  axils  of  scales  which 
take  the  place  of  leaves.  Flowers  small,  solitary  or  racemed. 
Perianth  6-parted ;  segments  distinct  or  slightly  united.  Sta- 
mens 6,  perigynous  ;  filaments  thread-like.  Ovary  3-celled,  6- 
ovuled ;  style  short,  slender ;  stigmas  3,  recurved.  Fruit  a 
berry.* 

1.  A.  officinalis  L.  Asparagus.  Stem  succulent  and  simple,  with 
fleshy  scales  when  young ;  becoming  taller,  more  woody,  and  widely 
branched,  when  old.  Flowers  axillary,  solitary,  or  2  or  o  together  on 
slender,  jointed,  drooping  pedicels,  greenish  ;  segments  linear.  Berry 
red,  few-seeded.  Introduced  from  Europe,  common  in  cultivation, 
and  often  escaped.* 

XIX.   SMILACINA    Desf.    (VAGNERA) 

Perennial,  simple-stemmed  herbs,  wuth  rootstocks.  Leaves 
usually  sessile,  nerved,  alternate.  Flowers  w^hite,  in  a  terminal 
raceme.  Perianth  spreading,  6-parted.  Stamens  6,  somewhat 
perigynous;  filaments  slender;  anthers  short,  facing  inward. 


40  KEY  AND  FLORA 

Ovary  3-celled,  6-ovuled ;  style  short  and  stout,  with  a  some- 
what 3-lobed  stigma.    Fruit  a  1-2-seeded  berry. 

1.  S.  racemosa  Desf.  False  Spikenard.  A  showy  plant  with 
curved  stem  1-3  ft.  high,  downy  throughout.  Leaves  abundant,  oval 
or  ovate-lanceolate,  taj)er-j)ointed.  Flowers  small,  in  a  compound 
raceme.  Berries  pale  red,  speckled  with  dark  red  or  purple.  Moist 
thickets. 

2.  S.  stellata  Desf.  Plant  1  ft.  or  less  in  height,  nearly  smooth. 
Leaves  broadly  lanceolate,  acute,  clasping.  Flowers  few,  larger  than 
in  No.  1,  in  a  simple  raceme.  Berries  very  dark  red.  Along  river 
banks. 

XX.   MAIANTHEMUM    Wiggers.    (UNIFOLIUM) 

Stem  low.  Leaves  2-3,  lanceolate  or  ovate,  with  a  heart- 
shaped  base.  Flowers  small,  white,  solitary  or  in  a  sim- 
ple raceme.  Perianth  4-parted.  Stamens  4.  Ovary  2-celled; 
stigma  2-lobed. 

1.  M.  canadense  Desf.  Two-Leaved  Solomon's  Seal,  Wild 
Lily  of  the  Valley.  Plant  3-6  in.  high.  Leaves  very  short- 
petioled.  Fruit  a  globular  or  ovoid  berry,  whitish,  with  brownish- 
red  blotches.    Woods  and  shaded  banks  N. 

XXI.   STREPTOPUS    Micbx. 

Herbs  with  forking  stems  from  a  creeping  rootstock.  Leaves 
clasping.  Flowers  small,  borne  singly  or  in  pairs  on  peduncles 
which  arise  above  the  leaf  axils  and  which  are  sharply  bent 
or  twisted  near  the  middle.  Anthers  arrow-shaped.  Ovary 
3-celled,  ripening  into  a  red,  many-seeded  berry. 

1.  S.  amplexifolius  DC.  Liver  Berry.  Stem  smooth,  2  ft.  or 
more  high.  Leaves  smooth-margined.  Flowers  greenish-white.  Damp 
woods. 

2.  S.  roseus  Michx.  Liver  Berry,  Jacob's  Ladder.  Branches 
with  a  few  bristly  hairs.  Lower  leaves  margined  with  fine  bristles. 
Flowers  reddish  or  purplish.    Cold,  damp  woods  N. 

XXII.   POLYGON ATUM    Hill.    (SALOMONIA) 

Kootstock  creeping,  jointed,  scarred.  Stems  simple,  erect, 
scaly  below,  leafy  above.  Leaves  alternate,  oval  or  oblong. 
Flowers  on  axillary,  1-4-flowered,  drooping,  jointed  peduncles. 


LILY   FAMILY  41 

Perianth  tubular,  6-cleft.  Stamens  6,  included,  inserted  about 
the  middle  of  the  tube ;  anthers  arrow-shaped.  Ovary  3- 
celled,  many-ovuled ;  style  slender ;  stigmas  knobbed  or  3- 
lobed.    Fruit  a  few-seeded  berry.* 

1.  P.  biflorum  Ell.  Hairy  Solomon's  Seal.  Stem  simple,  erect, 
arched,  nearly  naked  below,  1-2  ft.  high.  Leaves  2-ranked,  sessile 
or  clasping,  3-7 -nerved,  smooth  above,  pale  and  downy  beneath. 
Peduncles  short,  1-4,  often  2-flowered.  Perianth  greenish,  1-2  in. 
long.  Filaments  thread-shaped,  roughened.  Berry  dark  blue.  Shady 
banks.* 

2.  P.  commutatum  Dietrich.  Smooth  Solomon's  Seal.  Stem 
simple,  stout,  curving  above,  3-8  ft.  high.  Leaves  lanceolate  to  ovate, 
many-nerved,  partly  clasping,  smooth  on  both  sides.  Peduncles 
nearly  half  as  long  as  the  leaves,  2-6 -flowered.  Perianth  greenish- 
yellow,  f  in.  long.  Filaments  smooth.  Berry  blue,  |  in.  in  diameter. 
In  rocky  woods  and  along  streams.* 

XXIII.   CONVALLARIA    L. 

Low^,  smooth,  apparently  stemless,  perennial  herbs.  Leaves  2, 
oblong,  with  long  petioles,  from  a  slender,  creeping  rootstock. 
Scape  slender,  angled,  inclosed  at  the  base  by  the  leafstalks. 
Flowers  racemed,  white,  drooping.  Perianth  bell-shaped,  with 
recurved  lobes.  Stamens  borne  on  the  base  of  the  perianth. 
Ovary  3-celled,  ripening  into  a  few-seeded  red  berry. 

1.  C.  majalis  L.  Lily  of  the  Valley.  A  familiar  garden  flower, 
cultivated  from  Europe,  and  also  found  wild  in  mountain  woods  from 
Virginia  to  Georgia. 

XXIV.   TRILLIUM    L. 

Low  herbs,  with  the  stem  springing  from  a  short  rootstock. 
Leaves  3,  large,  netted-veined,  in  a  whorl.  Flower  large,  ter- 
minal. Perianth  of  6  parts,  the  3  sepals  unlike  the  3  petals 
in  color  and  in  texture.  Stamens  6,  with  the  linear  anthers 
usually  opening  inward,  longer  than  the  filaments.  Stigmas 
3,  sessile,  spreading  at  the  tips  ;  ovary  3-  or  6-angled,  3-celled, 
many-seeded.    Fruit  a  roundish,  many-seeded  purple  berry. 

1.  T.  sessile  L.  Rootstock  erect  or  ascending,  corm-like.  Stem 
slender,  1-8  in.  high.  Leaves  broadly  oval,  obtuse  or  acute  at  the 
apex,  rounded  and  sessile  at  the  base,  3-5-nerved,  smooth,  bright 


42  KEY  AND  FLORA 

green,  not  mottled.  Flowers  sessile ;  sepals  lanceolate,  |-1  in.  long ; 
petals  purple,  elliptical,  about  the  length  of  the  sepals.  Stamens  half 
the  length  of  the  petals.    Styles  elongated,  straight.    In  rich  woods.* 

2.  T.  erectum  L.  Squawroot,  Bexjamix.  Rootstock  rather  up- 
right, large  and  stout.  Leaves  broadly  diamond-shaped,  tapering  to 
a  short  point.  Pedicel  1-3  in.  long,  not  quite  erect.  Petals  ovate  to 
lanceolate,  much  broader  than  the  sepals,  of  a  rich  brownish-jDurple 
or  sometimes  white  or  pale.  Stigmas  distinct,  stout,  and  spreading. 
The  disagreeable  scent  of  the  flower  has  given  rise  to  several  absurd 
popular  names  for  it.    In  rich  woods. 

3.  T.grandiflorumSalisb.  Large-Flowered Wake-Robix.  Root- 
stock  horizontal,  stem  slender,  12-18  in.  high.  Leaves  rhombic- 
ovate,  taper-pointed  at  the  apex,  rounded  and  sessile  or  slightly 
peduncled  at  the  base,  smooth  and  with  a  bloom,  5-7 -nerved,  bright 
green.  Peduncle  longer  than  the  erect  or  slightly  declined  flower. 
Sepals  lanceolate-acute,  1-H  in.  long.  Petals  white,  fading  to  pink, 
longer  than  the  sepals.  Stamens  less  than  half  the  length  of  the 
petals.  Style  short ;  stigmas  recurved.  Fruit  a  black,  roundish  berry, 
In  rich  woods.* 

4.  T.  cernuum  L.  Nodding  Trillium.  Stem  8-20  in.  high. 
Leaves  broadly  rhombic  or  rhombic-ovate,  2-4  in.  Made,  taper- 
pointed,  sessile  or  nearly  so.  Peduncle  recurved  beneath  the  leaves. 
Petals  white  or  pink,  wavy,  somewhat  recurved,  as  long  as  the 
sepals  or  a  little  longer.  Stamens  with  filaments  about  equaling  the 
anthers.    Stigmas  stout,  recurved.    Rich  moist  woods. 

5.  T.  nivale  Riddell.  Dwarf  White  Trillium.  Stem  2-4  in. 
high.  Leaves  petioled,  oval  to  ovate.  Flower  white,  erect.  Petals 
^-li  in.  long,  ovate-spatulate.  Rich,  damp  woods,  blooming  with 
the  very  earliest  spring  flowers. 

6.  xi^undulatum  Willd.  Painted  Trillium.  Stem  8-12  in.  high. 
Rootstock  oblique  to  the  rest  of  the  stem,  rather  small ;  roots  long 
and  fibrous.  Leaves  ovate,  taper-pointed.  Petals  white,  penciled  at 
the  base,  with  purple  stripes,  lance-ovate,  somewhat  recurved,  wavy. 
Cold  woods,  especially  N. 

XXV.   SMILAX    L. 

Mostly  woody  vines,  usually  with  prickly  stems,  climbing 
by  tendrils.  Rootstock  often  large  and  tuberous.  Leaves  alter- 
nate, prominently  nerved,  netted-veined,  petioled ;  stipules  re- 
placed by  persistent  tendrils.  Flowers  regular,  dioecious,  small, 
greenish,  in  axillary  umbels.  Perianth  bell-shaped,  segments 
6.  Stamens  6,  distinct.  Ovary  3-celled,  3-6-ovuled ;  stigmas 
1-3,  sessile  or  nearly  so.    Fruit  a  1-6-seeded  globose  berry. 


AMARYLLIS   FAMILY  43 

1.  S.  herbacea  L.  Carrion  Flower.  Stem  herbaceous,  erect, 
simple  or  branched,  not  prickly,  1-3  ft.  high.  Leaves  few,  ovate, 
acute,  and  mucronate  at  the  apex,  somewhat  heart-shaped  at  the 
base,  5-7 -nerved,  thin,  smooth  above,  downy  below,  the  upper  some- 
times whorled  and  the  lower  bract-like;  petiole  short.  Peduncles  as 
long  as  the  leaves,  growing  from  below  the  petiole.  Umbel  many- 
flowered,  flowers  carrion-scented.  Berry  blue-black,  2-4-seeded.  Dry, 
fertile  soil.* 

2.  S.  Walteri  Pursh.  Grekx-Brier.  Stem  low,  with  few  prickles, 
2-5  ft.  long;  branches  slightly  4-angled,  unarmed.  Leaves  oblong- 
lanceolate  to  oval,  obtuse  or  acute  at  the  apex,  rounded  or  cordate 
at  the  base,  5-ribbed,  smooth.  Peduncles  flattened,  about  as  long  as 
the  petioles  and  pedicels.  Berry  bright  red,  ripening  the  first  year. 
Wet  pine  barrens.* 

3.  S.  rotundifolia  L.  Green-Brier,  Cat-Brier,  Dog-Brier, 
Horse-Brier,  Wait-a-Bit.  Stem  green,  strong;  branchlets,  and 
sometimes  the  branches,  -I-angled,  armed  with  stout  hooked  prickles. 
Leaves  ovate  or  round-ovate,  with  a  slightly  heart-shaped  base  and 
an  abruptly  pointed  tip.  Berries  black,  with  a  bloom.  Thickets,  the 
commonest  species  N.  E. 

4.  S.  glauca  Walt.  Green-Brier.  Stem  cylindrical,  slender, 
with  scattered  prickles,  branches  angled  and  usually  without  prickles. 
Leaves  ovate  or  subcordate,  pointed  at  the  apex,  mostly  5-nerved, 
smooth,  white  beneath,  with  a  bloom,  margin  entire.  Peduncle  flat- 
tened, 2-3  times  as  long  as  the  petiole,  few-flow^ered.  Berry  black, 
3 -seeded.    Margin  of  swamps.* 

5.  S.  Bona-nox  L.  Bamuoo  Vine.  Stem  stout,  cylindrical  or 
slightly  angled,  scurfy  when  young,  armed  with  numerous  stout 
prickles.  Branches  4 -angled,  usually  unarmed.  Leaves  triangular, 
ovate,  or  often  halberd-shaped,  5-7-ribbed,  smooth  on  both  sides 
and  often  discolored ;  margins  usually  fringed  with  fine  prickles. 
Peduncles  twice  as  long  as  the  petioles,  flattened.  Umbels  many- 
flowered  ;  pedicels  short.  Berries  8-20  in  a  cluster,  black,  1 -seeded. 
In  swamps  and  thickets,* 


11.  AMARYLLIDACE^.     Amaryllis  Family 

Mostly  smooth  perennial  herbs,  from  bulbs.  Leaves  basal, 
with  no  distinction  between  petiole  and  blade.  Flowers  borne 
on  a  scape,  nearly  or  quite  actinomorphic.  Stamens  6.  Style  1. 
Limb  of  the  6-parted,  corolla-like  perianth  epigynous.  Ovary 
3-celled.    Capsule  3-celled,  several-many-seeded. 


44  KEY  AND  FLORA 

I.  NARCISSUS    L. 

Scapes  with  1-several  flowers  from  a  thin,  dry  spathe. 
Flowers  with  a  cup-shaped  or  other  crown  on  the  throat  of 
the  perianth ;  tube  of  the  perianth  somewhat  cylindrical,  the 
6  divisions  of  the  limb  Avidely  spreading.  Stamens  6,  inserted 
in  the  tube. 

1.  N.  Psuedo-Narcissus  L.    Daffodil,  Daffy,  Easter  Flower. 

Scape  short,  bearing  1  large  yellow  flower ;  tube  of  perianth  short 
and  wide,  crown  with  a  crimped  margin.    Cultivated  from  Europe. 

2.  N.  Tazetta  L.,  var.  orientalis.  Chinese  Sacred  Lily.  Bulb 
large,  often  with  many  smaller  ones  attached  to  its  base.  Scape  1  ft. 
or  more  high.  Flowers  several,  umbeled,  fragrant.  Perianth  white 
or  nearly  so,  the  crown  rather  spreading,  finely  scalloped,  yellow  or 
orange.    Cultivated  from  China. 

3.  N.  poeticus  L.  Poet's  Narcissus.  Scape  1-flowered.  Perianth 
pure  white,  the  crown  very  narrow,  edged  with  pink.  Cultivated  from 
S.  Europe. 

II.   ZEPHYR ANTHES    Herb.    (ATAMOSCO) 

Stemless,  from  a  coated  bulb.  Leaves  linear,  fleshy.  Scape 
erect,  1-few-flowered.  Flowers  large,  erect,  or  declined,  sub- 
tended by  a  1-2-leaved  spathe.  Perianth  6-parted,  naked  in 
the  throat ;  tube  short,  segments  petal-like,  spreading.  Stamens 
free,  anthers  versatile.  Ovary  3-celled,  many-ovuled;  style 
elongated,  declined ;  stigma  3-cleft.  Fruit  a  many-seeded,  3- 
valved  capsule ;  seeds  black,  compressed,  or  angled.* 

1.  Z.  Atamasco  Herb.  Atamasco  Lily.  Bulbs  about  1  in.  in 
diameter.  Leaves  narrow,  concave  above,  smooth,  usually  longer 
than  the  scape.  Scape  6-12  in.  high,  1-flowered.  Spathe  1-leaved, 
2-cleft.  Flowers  2-3  in.  long,  white,  tinged  with  pink  or  purple, 
bell-shaped,  short-peduncled.  Stamens  longer  than  the  tube,  shorter 
than  the  style.  Capsule  depressed-globose,  seeds  angled.  In  rich, 
damp  soil,  often  cultivated.* 

ni.   HYPOXIS    L. 

Small,  apparently  stemless  herbs.  Leaves  grass-like,  hairy, 
from  a  solid  bulb.  Scapes  thread-like,  few-flowered.  Perianth 
6-parted,  wheel-shaped,  the  3  outer  divisions  greenish  on  the 
outside,  the  whole  perianth  withering  on  the  pod.  Seeds 
numerous. 


IRIS  FAMILY  45 

1.  H.  hirsuta  Coville.  Star  Grass.  Leaves  longer  than  the  scape, 
both  sparsely  set  with  long,  soft  hairs.  Scape  3-8  in.  high.  Flowers 
1-4:,  about  ^  in.  across,  yellow.    Common  in  meadows  and  dry  woods. 

12.    IRIDACEiE.    Iris  Family 

Perennial  herbs  from  bulbs,  conns,  or  rootstocks.  Leaves 
2-ranked,  equitant.  Flow^ers  bisexual,  often  actinomorpliic, 
each  subtended  by  tw^o  bracts.  Perianth  6-parted,  the  seg- 
ments epigynous  in  2  series  of  3  each,  equal,  or  the  inner 
ones  smaller.  Stamens  3,  distinct  or  united,  opposite  the 
outer  segments.  Ovary  forming  a  3-celled,  3-angled,  3-valved, 
many-seeded,  dehiscent  capsule."* 

I.   CROCUS    L. 

Leaves  springing  from  the  conn.  Flowers  sessile  on  the 
corm.  Tube  of  the  perianth  very  long  and  slender,  its  divi- 
sions all  alike  or  nearly  so.    Stigmas  3-cleft. 

1.  C.  vernus  All.  Spring  Crocus.  Leaves  linear.  Stigmas  short. 
Flowers  white,  blue,  or  purple.  Our  earliest  garden  flower.  Culti- 
vated from  Europe. 

II.  mis  L. 

Pootstock  thick,  creeping,  branching,  horizontal,  sometimes 
tuberous.  Stems  erect,  simple  or  branched.  Leaves  linear  or 
sword-shaped.  Flowers  showy,  the  outer  perianth  segments 
spreading  or  recurved,  often  bearded  within,  the  inner  seg- 
ments usually  smaller  and  erect.  Stamens  inserted  in  the  base 
of  the  outer  segments.  Style  deeply  3-parted  (Fig.  8),  the 
divisions  broad  and  petal-like,  covering  the  stamens.  Fruit  an 
oblong  or  oval,  3-  or  6-angled,  many-seeded  capsule  (Fig.  9).* 

1.  I.  versicolor  L.  Large  Blue  Flag.  Rootstock  thick,  liorizon- 
tal.  Stem  cylindrical,  smooth,  simple  or  branched,  leafy,  2-3  ft.  high. 
Leaves  linear,  sword-shaped,  finely  nerved,  with  a  bloom,  the  lower 
li-2  ft.  long,  the  upper  shorter.  Bracts  longer  than  the  pedicels. 
Flowers  terminal,  single  or  few  together,  blue  variegated  with  white, 
yellow,  and  purple  ;  perianth  segments  not  bearded,  the  inner  ones 
smaller.  Ovary  3-angled,  longer  than  the  inflated  perianth  tube.  Cap- 
sule oblong,  slightly  lobed ;  seeds  2  rows  in  each  cell.    In  wet  places.* 


46 


KEY  AND  FLORA 


Fig.  8.    Iris 

I,  flower.   II,  seed,  longitudinal  section.   Ill,  flower  with  outer  segments  of 
perianth  removed:  stlg.,  stigma,  ov.,  ovary 


l(\^/)) 


a 


Fig.  9.   Iris 

I,  flower,  longitudinal  section:  ov.,  ovary.  II,  diagram  showing  stigmas 
opposite  the  stamens;  III,  capsule,  splitting  between  the  partitions 


ORCHIS  FAMILY  47 

2.  I.  prismatica  Piirsh.  Slender  Blue  Flag.  Rootstock  rather 
slender,  \vitli  tuber-like  thickened  portions.  Stem  slender,  cylin- 
drical, usually  unbranched,  1-3  ft.  high.  Leaves  2-3  in  number,  nar- 
rowly linear,  f.-|  in.  wide.  Flowers  slender-peduncled,  solitary  or  in 
twos,  blue  with  yellow  veins,  the  perianth  tube  beardless  and  crest- 
less.  Ovary  3-angled ;  capsule  sharply  3-aiigled.  Marshy  soil  near 
the  coast. 

3.  I.  fulva  Ker.  Yellow  Flag.  Rootstock  fleshy.  Stem  simple 
or  branched,  grooved,  1 -angled  below,  bearing  2-3  leaves,  2-3  ft. 
high.  Leaves  linear,  sword-shaped,  with  a  bloom,  shorter  than  the 
stem ;  bracts  small.  Pedicels  short,  flowers  axillary  and  terminal, 
dull  yellow  or  reddish-brown,  variegated  with  blue  and  green,  peri- 
anth segments  not  bearded.  Style  branches  but  little  exceeding  the 
stamens ;  ovary  about  as  long  as  the  inflated  perianth  tube ;  capsule 
ovate,  6-angled.    Swamps  and  wet  places.* 

4.  I.  germanica  L.  Fleur-de-Lis.  Rootstock  thick,  matted.  Stem 
stout,  branched,  leafy,  2-3  ft.  high.  Leaves  strap-shaped,  acute,  erect, 
shorter  than  the  stem;  bracts  scarious.  Flowers  sessile,  large  and 
showy,  blue  variegated  with  white  and  yellow,  sometimes  nearly  all 
white ;  outer  segments  large,  recurved,  bearded,  the  inner  narrower, 
erect,  or  arched  inward.  Introduced  from  Europe ;  common  in  gar- 
dens and  naturalized  in  many  places.* 


m.    SISYRHINCHIUM    L. 

Small,  grass-like  perennials.  Stems  erect,  flattened,  or 
winged.  Roots  fibrous.  Leaves  linear  or  lanceolate.  Flowers 
small,  blue,  quickly  withering,  in  terminal  2-bracted  umbels. 
Perianth  corolla-like,  of  6  bristle-pointed  segments ;  tube 
nearly  or  wholly  lacking.  Stamens  3,  completely  monadel- 
phous.  Stigmas  3,  thread-like.  Fruit  a  nearly  globular, 
3-angled  capsule.  Species  too  difficult  for  the  beginner ;  all 
commonly  known  as  Blue-Eyed  Grass. 

13.    ORCHIDACE^.    Orchis  Family 

Perennial  herbs  with  simple  stems,  often  arising  from  bulbs 
or  tubers.  Leaves  simple,  usually  alternate  and  entire.  Flow- 
ers bisexual,  generally^  showy,  epigynous,  zygomorphic,  and 
often  of  extraordinary  shapes.  Perianth  of  G  divisions.  Sta- 
mens 1  or  2,  united  with  the  pistil ;  pollen  of  comparatively 


48  KEY  AND   FLORA 

few  grains,  held  together  in  masses  by  cobweb-like  threads. 
Ovary  1-celled,  containing  many  (sometimes  more  than  a  mil- 
lion) very  minute  ovules. 

The  family  is  a  difficult  one,  and  most  of  the  genera  are  so 
rare  that  specimens  should  not  be  collected  in  large  numbers 
for  class  study.  Two  of  the  most  familiar  genera  are  Cypri- 
peclium,  or  Lady's  Slipper,  and  Sjji}'a7ithes,  or  Lady's  Tresses. 
Many  of  the  genera  are  tropical  air  plants. 

SUBCLASS  IL   DICOTYLEDONOUS   PLANTS 

Stems  composed  of  bark,  wood,  and  pith ;  the  fibro-vascular 
bundles  in  rings ;  in  woody  stems  w^hich  live  over  from  year 
to  year,  the  wood  generally  in  annual  rings,  traversed  at  right 
angles  by  medullary  rays.  Leaves  netted-veined.  Parts  of  the 
flower  usually  in  fours  or  fives.    Cotyledons  2  (rarely  none). 

14.  SALICACE.3E.     Willow  Family 

Dioecious  trees  or  shrubs,  with  flowers  in  catkins,  destitute 
of  floral  envelopes.  Fruit  a  1-celled  pod,  with  numerous  seeds, 
provided  with  rather  long  and  silky  down,  by  means  of  which 
they  are  transported  by  the  wind. 

I.   SALIX    L. 

Shrubs  or  trees,  branches  usually  very  slender.  Buds  with 
single  scales.  Leaves  usually  long  and  narrow  ;  stipules  some- 
times leaf-like  or  often  small  and  soon  deciduous.  Bracts  of 
the  catkins  entire.  Staminate  catkins  erect  or  drooping 
(Fig.  10);  staminate  flowers  with  2-10,  mostly  2,  distinct  or 
united  stamens.  Pistillate  catkins  usually  erect  (Fig.  10) ; 
flowers  with  a  small  gland  on  the  inner  side  of  the  bract; 
stigmas  short,  2-lobed.    Capsule  2-valved.'* 

[Thirty  or  more  species  of  willow  are  found  growing  wild  in  the 
northeastern  and  north  central  states,  but  they  are  very  hard,  even 
for  botanists,  to  identify.] 


WILLOW  FAMILY 


49 


1.  S.  nigra  IMarsh.  Black  Willow.  A  small  tree  with  very- 
brittle  branches.  Leaves  elliptical  or  narrowly  lanceolate,  acute  at 
each  end,  serrate,  short-petioled,  downy  when  young  and  becoming 
smooth  with  age,  2-3  in.  long ;  stipules  persistent  or  deciduous. 
Staminate  catkins  1-2  in.  long;  the  pistillate  2-4  in.  long.  Stamens 
3-7,  distinct ;  filaments  soft-hairy  below.  Capsule  twice  the  length 
of  the  pedicel,  ovate,  taper-pointed,  pointed  by  the  prominent  style. 
Along  streams  and  borders  of  marshes.* 

2.  S.  lucida  Muhl.  Shining  AVillow.  A  large  shrub  or  some- 
times a  bushy  tree  20  ft.  high,  with  smooth  bark,  yellowish-brown 
and  shining  on  the  twigs.  Leaves  varying  from  ovate  to  lanceolate, 
usually  with  very  slender 
tapering  points,  sharply 
and  finely  serrate,  firm, 
green,  and  glossy  on  both 
sides,  3-5  in.  long;  stip- 
ules small,  oblong,  usually 
persistent.  Catkins  borne 
on  short  leafy  branches, 
the  staminate  ones  stout, 
1-1^  in.  long,  the  pistil- 
late ones  slender,  15^-2 
in.  long,  lengthening  in 
fruit  to  3-4  in.  Stamens 
usually  5.  Capsule  nar- 
rowly ovoid  or  cylindrical, 
pointed,  smooth,  and  shin- 
ing. Banks  of  streams, 
lakes,  and  swamps.  One 
of  the  most  beautiful  wil- 
lows from  the  showiness 
of  the  staminate  catkins 
and  the  large  glossy  leaves. 

3.  S.  alba  L.  White 
Willow,  Yellow  Wil- 
low. A  spreading  tree 
50-80  ft.  high,  with  rough 
gray  bark,  yellowish-green  on  the  twigs.  Leaves  lanceolate,  narrowed 
at  the  base,  with  long  tai:>ering  points,  gray  or  silky-downy  on  both 
sides  when  young,  the  upper  surface  (especially  in  Var.  vitellina) 
becoming  smooth  when  old,  2-4  in.  long ;  stipules  ovate-lanceolate, 
deciduous.  Catkins  on  short  leafy  branches,  the  pistillate  ones  slen- 
der, cylindrical,  l|-3^  in.  long.  Stamens  usually  2.  Capsule  ovoid, 
pointed.     Cultivated    from    Europe    (especially  A"ar.   vitellina),    and 


Fig.  10.  White  willow  (Salix  alba) 

staminate  catkin,  natural  size;  B,  pistillate 
catkin,  natural  size ;  C,  a  staminate  flower, 
ma.ijnified;  D,  a  pistillate  flower,  magni- 
fied.   (After  Cossou  and  De  Saint-Pierre) 


50  KEY  AXD  FLORA 

occasionally  escaped  from  cultivation  along  streams.    Very  variable 
and  with  many  hybrids. 

4.  S.  babylonica  L.  Weeping  Willow.  A  spreading  tree,  some- 
times 60  ft.  or  more  in  height,  with  drooping  branches.  Leaves  nar- 
rowly lanceolate,  taper-pointed,  serrate,  slightly  downy  when  young 
and  becoming  smooth  with  age,  green  above,  pale  beneath,  often  5-7 
in.  long;  petioles  short,  glandular.  Catkins  on  short  lateral  branches. 
Stamens  2.  Style  almost  none.  Capsule  sessile,  smooth.  Introduced 
and  cultivated  for  ornament. 

5.  S.  cordata  Muhl.  Heart-Leaved  Willow.  A  shrub  4-10  ft. 
high,  with  twigs  finely  downy  or  smooth.  Leaves  oblong-lanceolate, 
taper-pointed,  finely  and  sharply  serrate,  often  tapering  but  frequently 
obtuse  or  somewhat  heart-shaped  at  the  base,  finely  downy  when 
young  (especially  on  the  midrib)  but  smooth  when  old ;  sometimes 
5  in.  long;  stipules  usually  large  and  conspicuous,  unequal-sided, 
finely  serrate,  generally  persistent.  Catkins  with  bracts  at  the  base, 
opening  earlier  than  the  leaves,  the  staminate  ones  very  silky,  less 
than  1  in.  long,  the  fertile  ones  in  fruit  1^--^  in.  long.  Capsules  nar- 
rowly ovoid,  pointed.  In  wet  soil  and  along  streams,  very  variable 
and  wddely  distributed. 

6.  S.  discolor  ]\Iuhl.  Glaucous  Willow^,  Pussy  Willow.  A 
low  tree,  sometimes  20  ft.  or  more  in  height,  with  light  greenish- 
brown  or  reddish-brown  bark.  Leaves  oblong-lanceolate,  tapering  at 
both  ends,  finely  and  irregularly  toothed  or  nearly  entire,  on  slender 
petioles,  smooth  and  firm,  bright  green  above,  smooth  or  silvery 
white  below,  3-5  in.  long;  stipules  often  leaf-like,  unsymmetrical, 
usually  deciduous.  Staminate  catkins  very  white  and  silky,  oblong- 
cylindrical,  1  in.  or  more  long,  appearing  much  eai-lier  than  the 
leaves ;  pistillate  catkins  l5~2^  in.  or  more  long.  Stamens  2,  with 
long,  slender  filaments.  Capsule  cylindrical  or  nearly  so,  long-beaked. 
Common  in  w^et  meadows  or  along  streams  and  swamps. 

II.   POPULUS    L. 

Trees  with  prominent  scaly  buds,  twigs  more  or  less  angled. 
Leaves  usually  long-petioled. 

Flowers  borne  in  long,  drooping  catkins,  which  appear 
before  the  leaves ;  scales  of  the  catkins  irregularly  cut  toward 
the  tip.  Stamens  8-30  or  more.  Stigmas  2-4.  Capsules  open- 
ing early  by  2-4  valves. 

1.  P.  alba  L.  Silver-Leaved  Poplar,  White  Poplar.  A  large 
tree,  sometimes  more  than  100  ft.  high,  with  smooth  greenish-gray 
bark.    Leaves  broadly  ovate,  rhombic-oval  or  nearly  orbicular,  lobed 


BAYBERRY  FAMILY  51 

or  very  coarsely  toothed,  densely  white-downy  beneath.    Cultivated 
as  a  shade  tree  and  sometimes  found  growing  spontaneously. 

2.  P.  tremuloides  Michx.  American  Aspen,  Quaking  Asp.  A 
tree  'JO-OO  ft.  high,  with  greenish-white  bark.  Leaves  roundish, 
heart-shaped,  abruptly  pointed,  with  small  regular  teeth.  Leafstalk 
long,  slender,  and  flattened  at  right  angles  to  the  broad  surfaces  of 
the  leaf,  causing  it  to  sway  edgewise  with  the  least  perceptible 
breeze.    Common  especially  N". 

3.  P.  grandidentata '  Michx.  Large-Toothed  Poplar.  A  tree 
60-80  ft.  high,  witli  rather  smooth  gray  bark.  Leaves  3-5  in.  long, 
roundish-ovate  and  irregularly  sinuate-toothed ;  when  young  com- 
pletely covered  with  white  silky  wool,  which  is  shed  as  soon  as  the 
leaf  matures.  The  petiole  is  somewhat  flattened,  but  not  nearly  as 
much  so  as  that  of  the  preceding  species.    Rich  w^oods  X. 

4.  P.  heterophylla  L.  Swamp  Poplar.  Branches  only  slightly 
angled.  Leaves  ovate,  mostly  obtuse  at  the  apex,  rounded  or  sub- 
cordate  at  the  base,  serrate  with  obtuse  teeth,  densely  woolly  when 
young,  but  becoming  smooth  with  age ;  petioles  cylindrical.  Pistil- 
late catkins  smooth,  erect  or  spreading,  loosely  flowered.  Capsule 
ovoid,  usually  shorter  than  the  pedicel.  Common  in  river  swamps. 
A  large  tree  with  soft  light  wood,  which  is  often  used  in  making 
cheap  furniture.* 

5.  P.  deltoides  ^Nlarsh.  Cottonwood.  A  large  and  very  rapidly 
growing  tree,  75-100  ft.  or  more  high,  often  with  a  markedly  excur- 
rent  trunk.  Leaves  large  and  broadly  triangular,  with  crenate-serrate 
margins  and  long,  tapering,  acute  tips ;  petioles  long  and  considera- 
bly flattened.  The  numerous  pediceled  capsules  are  quite  conspicu- 
ous when  mature,  and  the  air  is  filled  with  the  downy  seeds  at  the 
time  when  the  capsules  open.  Common  W.,  especially  along  streams,, 
and  planted  as  a  shade  tree. 

15.  MYRICACE^.     Bayberry  Family 

Shrubs  with  alternate,  simple,  resinous-dotted  leaves  ;  monoe- 
cious or  dia3cious.  Flowers  in  short,  bracted  catkins  ;  perianth 
none.  Staminate  flowers  2-10,  stamens  liypogynous  ;  pistillate 
flowers  surrounded  by  2-6  scales.   Ovary  1-celled ;  style  short ; 

stigmas  2. 

I.   MYRICA    L. 

Shrubs  or  small  trees  with  the  branches  clustered  at  the 
end  of  the  growth  of  the  previous  season.  Leaves  short- 
petioled,  entire,  lobed  or  toothed,  the  margin  usually  re  volute^ 


52  KEY  AND  FLORA 

without  stipules.  Perianth,  none.  Staminate  flowers  in  oblong 
or  cylindrical  catkins  ;  stamens  2-10,  with  the  filaments  united 
below.  Pistillate  flowers  surrounded  by  a  cup  of  2-6  scales; 
ovary  solitary,  becoming  a  1-celled,  roundish  drupe  or  nut,  often 
covered  with  waxy  grains.  Whole  plant  usually  fragrant.* 

1.  M.  Carolinensis  Mill.  Waxberry,  Bayberry.  A  spreading 
shrub  or  small  tree  ;  young  branches  downy.  Leaves  lanceolate  or 
oblong-lanceolate,  entire  or  sometimes  serrate  near  the  mostly  obtuse 
apex,  smooth  or  downy  on  the  veins  beneath,  tapering  into  a  short 
petiole.  Flowers  mostly  dioecious.  Staminate  catkins  numerous, 
stamens  4.  Pistillate  catkins  small,  bracts  slightly  3-lobed,  scales  of 
the  ovary  4,  fringed  with  hairs ;  stigmas  2.  Fruit  very  abundant, 
incrusted  with  white  wax,  i-i  in.  in  diameter,  sometimes  persistent 
for  2  or  3  years.    Common  on  wet  soils,  especially  near  the  coast.* 

2.  M.  asplenifolia  L.  Sweet  Fern.  A  shrub  2  ft.  or  less  in 
height,  with  brown  twigs.  Leaves  fern-like,  linear-lanceolate,  20-30- 
lobed,  3-5  in.  long  and  very  fragrant.  Often  monoecious.  Staminate 
catkins  cylindrical;  pistillate  catkins  globular.  Ovary  surrounded 
by  8  long,  linear,  awl-shaped,  hairy  and  glandular  scales  which 
encircle  the  rij)ened  fruit.  Nut  nearly  ovoid,  smooth,  small,  but 
eaten  by  children. 

16.  JUGLANDACE^.     Walnut  Family 

Trees  with  alternate,  odd-pinnate  leaves  without  stipules. 
Flowers  monoecious,  the  staminate  in  long  and  drooping  cat- 
kins ;  stamens  few  or  many  ;  calyx  2-6-parted.  Fertile  flowers 
solitary  or  in  small  clusters ;  calyx  3-5-lobed,  minute  petals 
sometimes  present.  Ovary  inferior,  1-celled  or  incompletely 
2-4-celled.  Fruit  (strictly  speaking  a  drupe)  with  a  dry  husk 
inclosing  a  bony  nut.* 

I.  JUGLANS    L. 

Staminate  catkins  cylindrical,  solitary,  borne  on  wood  of 
the  previous  year;  stamens  numerous,  filaments  short;  calyx 
4-6-parted.  Pistillate  flowers  single  or  a  few  together  on  a 
short  peduncle  at  the  base  of  the  growth  of  the  season.  Calyx 
4-parted.  Petals  4,  minute,  epigynous.  Styles  2,  short,  plumose. 
Fruit  large,  roundish  or  oval,  husk  fibrous-fleshy,  becoming 
dry,  indehiscent ;  nut  bony,  very  rough.*  • 


AVALNUT   FAMILY  53 

1.  J.  cinerea  L.  Butternut.  Leaflets  15-19,  ovate-lanceolate, 
taper-pointed  at  the  apex,  rounded  or  slightly  unsynimetrical  at  the 
base,  serrate,  downy  beneath ;  petioles,  branchlets,  and  fruit  clothed 
with  short,  sticky  hairs.  Fruit  often  somewhat  in  clusters,  oblong, 
large.  More  common  northward.  Wood  less  valuable  and  nut  less 
oily  than  the  black  walnut.  The  English  walnut  (/.  regia)  is 
occasionally  seen  in  cultivation.  It  has  7-11  leaflets  and  a  nearly 
smooth  nut.* 

2.  J.  nigra  L.  Black  Walnut.  Leaflets  13-21,  ovate-lanceolate, 
serrate,  taper-pointed,  somewhat  cordate  or  oblique  at  the  base, 
nearly  smooth  above,  downy  beneath;  petioles  minutely  downy. 
Fruit  usually  single,  roundish,  about  2  in.  in  diameter.  On  rich  soil, 
rare  near  the  coast.  One  of  the  most  valuable  of  our  native  trees, 
the  wood  being  very  durable  and  highly  prized  for  cabinet  work.* 

II.   CARYA    Nutt.    (HICORIA) 

Leaflets  serrate.  Staminate  catkins  usually  in  threes  on  a 
common  peduncle,  or  sometimes  sessile  at  the  base  of  the 
growth  of  the  season  ;  calyx  2-3-parted ;  stamens  3—10,  fila- 
ments short.  Pistillate  flowers  2-5  in  terminal  clusters ; 
calyx  4-parted ;  petals  none ;  styles  2  or  4,  fringed.  Fruit 
somewhat  globular,  husk  separating  more  or  less  completely 
into  4  valves ;  nut  smooth  or  angled.* 

1.  C.  illinoensis  K.  Koch.  Pecan.  A  large  tree  with  rough  gray 
bark,  young  twigs  and  leaves  downy,  nearly  smooth  when  mature. 
Leaflets  11-15,  oblong-lanceolate,  acuminate,  serrate,  scythe-shaped. 
Staminate  catkins  nearly  sessile,  5-6  in.  long.  Husk  of  fruit  thin ; 
nut  oval  or  ol)long,  thin-shelled.  River  bottoms.  Rarely  native  east 
of  the  ]Mississippi  River,  but  widely  planted  for  its  fruit.* 

2.  C.  ovata  K.  Koch.  Shellbark  Hickory.  A  large  tree  Mitli 
bark  scaling  off  in  long  plates;  young  twigs  and  leaves  downy,  becom- 
ing smooth  with  age.  Leaflets  5,  the  lower  ones  oblong-lanceolate,  the 
upper  one  longer  and  obovate,  taper-pointed  at  the  apex,  narrowed 
to  the  sessile  base.  Inner  bud  scales  becoming  large  and  conspicu- 
ous. Staminate  catkins  in  threes.  Fruit  globose,  husk  thick,  split- 
ting into  four  sections  ;  nut  white,  compressed,  4-angled,  pointed, 
thin-shelled.  On  rich  soil ;  more  common  N.  Wood  strong  and 
elastic,  but  not  durable  when  exposed.* 

3.  C.  laciniosa  Loud.  Big  Shellbark,  King  Nut,  Bull  Nut.  A 
tree  7()-0()  ft.  high,  with  shaggy  bark.  Leaflets  7  or  9,  the  terminal 
one  nearly  sessile.  Fruit  large,  ovoid  or  nearly  so,  4-grooved  toward 
the  outer  end,  the  husk  very  thick,  nut  pointed  at  each  end,  1^-2  in. 


54  KEY  AND  FLORA 

long,  thick-shelled,  with  a  very  sweet  kernel.   Wood  hard  and  hea'\'y. 
Common  in  rich,  damp  soil  W. 

4.  C.  alba  K.  Koch.  Mocker  Nut,  White-Heart  Hickory,  A 
large  tree  70-100  ft.  high,  with  close,  rough  bark ;  catkins,  twigs, 
and  under  surfaces  of  the  leaves  downy  and  resinous-scented  when 
young.  Leaflets  7-9,  oblong-lanceolate  or  obovate-lanceolate,  taper- 
pointed.  Fruit  globose  or  nearly  so,  with  a  very  thick,  hard  husk;  nut 
with  4  ridges  toward  the  apex,  very  thick-shelled,  with  a  small,  sweet 
kernel.    On  rich  hillsides.    Wood  much  like  that  of  C.  ocata. 

5.  C.  cordiformis  K.  Koch.  Pignut,  Swamp  Hickory.  A  me- 
dium-sized tree,  with  rather  smooth  bark.  Leaflets  7-11,  lanceolate 
or  oblong-lanceolate.  Fruit  not  large,  husk  thin  ;  nut  globular,  with 
a  short  point,  very  thin-shelled;  kernel  extremely  bitter.  Moist  soil, 
common  in  the  Middle  States. 


17.  BETULACE^.    Birch  Family 

Trees  or  shrubs  with  alternate,  simple,  petioled  leaves,  with 
usually  deciduous  stipules.  Flowers  monoecious  in  cylindrical 
or  subglobose  catkins.  Staminate  catkins  drooping  ;  flowers 
1-3  in  the  axil  of  each,  bract;  calyx  none  or  membranous 
and  2-4-parted ;  stamens  2-10,  distinct.  Pistillate  catkins 
drooping,  spreading,  or  erect  and  spike-like ;  flowers  with  or 
without  a  calyx  ;  ovary  solitary,  1-2-celled ;  ovules  1-2  in  each 
cell.    Fruit  a  1-celled  nut  or  a  key.* 

I.   CORYLUS   L. 

Shrubs  with  prominently  veined,  cut-toothed  leaves,  which 
are  folded  lengthwise  in  the  bud.  Flowers  expanding  before 
the  leaves.  Staminate  flowers  in  slender,  drooping  catkins  ; 
stamens  8,  anthers  1-celled.  Fertile  flowers  several  in  a 
cluster  or  in  very  short  catkins  at  the  ends  of  the  twigs  of 
the  season  ;  ovary  incompletely  2-celled  ;  style  short;  stigmas 
2 ;  bractlets  2,  becoming  enlarged  and  inclosing  the  single 
bony  nut  at  maturity.* 

1.  C.  americana  Walt.  Hazelnut.  A  shrub  2-5  ft.  high;  young 
twigs  and  petioles  covered  with  brownish,  stiff  hairs.  Leaves  not 
very  thin,  round-cordate,  acute  or  slightly  taper-pointed,  irregularly 
toothed,  nearly  smooth  above,  downy  below.    Involucre  longer  than 


BIRCH  FAMILY  55 

the  nut  and  partially  inclosing  it,  glandular-hairy.  Nut  subglobose, 
pointed,  edible.  On  rich  soil,  borders  of  meadows  and  fields,  and 
in  oak  openings. 

2.  C.  rostrata  Ait.  Beaked  Hazelnut.  A  shrub  4-8  ft.  high. 
Young  twigs  near  ends  smooth.  Leaves  thin,  little  if  at  all  heart- 
shaped,  doubly  serrate  or  incised,  taper-pointed,  stipules  linear- 
lanceolate.  Involucre  completely  covering  the  nut  and  prolonged 
into  a  beak  beyond  it.  Common  N.  [The  latter  species  is  not 
nearly  as  widely  distributed  as  the  former ;  they  cannot  be  readily 
distinguished  from  each  other  until  the  fruit  is  somewhat  mature. 
The  principal  points  of  difference  discernible  before  the  fruit  is 
nearly  mature  are  the  hairy  twigs  of  No.  1  and  the  smooth  ones  of 
No.  2,  and  the  fact  that  No.  1  has  buds  rounded  at  the  apex  and 
more  slender  and  longer  staminate  catkins,  while  No.  2  has  buds 
acute  at  the  apex  and  thicker  and  shorter  staminate  catkins.] 

II.  OSTRYA    Scop. 

Small  trees  with  gray  bark  and  very  hard  wood.  Leaves 
open  and  concave  in  the  bud  and  somewhat  plaited  on  the 
veins.  Staminate  flowers  on  slender,  drooping  catkins,  sessile 
at  the  end  of  the  growth  of  the  previous  season ;  stamens 
3-12,  subtended  by  a  bract;  filaments  forked;  anthers  hairy. 
Pistillate  flowers  surrounded  by  a  tubular  bractlet,  which 
becomes  large  and  bladder-like  at  maturit3^  Fruit  a  small, 
pointed,  smooth  nut;  mature  catkins  hop-like.* 

1.  0.  virginiana  K.  Koch.  A  small  tree  with  brownish,  furrowed 
bark.  Leaves  ovate,  acute,  doubly  serrate,  often  inequilateral  at  the 
base,  short-petioled.  Staminate  and  fertile  catkins  2-3  in.  long.  In 
rich  woods.    Often  known  as  "  ironwood  "  and  "  leverwood."  * 


III.   CARPINUS    L. 

Trees  with  thin,  straight-veined  leaves,  which  are  folded 
in  the  bud.  Flowers  appearing  before  the  leaves.  Staminate 
flowers  in  slender,  drooping  catkins,  sessile  at  the  end  of  the 
growth  of  the  previous  season  ;  stamens  3-12,  subtended  by  a 
bract ;  filaments  forked ;  anthers  hairy.  Pistillate  catkins 
spike-like,  each  pair  of  flowers  subtended  by  a  deciduous  bract, 
and  each  flower  by  a  persistent  bractlet,  which  becomes  large 
and  leaf-like  in  fruit ;  ovary  2-celled,  2-ovuled ;  stigmas  2, 
thread-like.    Fruit  a  small,  angular  nut.* 


66  KEY  AND  FLORA 

1.  C.  caroliniana  Walt.  Hornbeam.  A  small  tree  with  smooth 
and  close  gray  bark;  twigs  slender.  Leaves  ovate-oblong,  acute  or 
taper-pointed,  sharply  and  doubly  serrate,  the  straight  veins  termi- 
nating in  the  larger  serrations ;  downy  when  young  and  soon  be- 
coming smooth.  Staminate  catkins  l-li  in.  long.  Pistillate  catkins 
long-peduncled,  8-12-flowered  ;  bractlets  becoming  nearly  1  in.  long, 
cut-toothed,  the  middle  tooth  much  longer  than  the  others.  In  rich, 
moist  woods.    Often  known  as  "blue  beech  "  and  "ironwood."* 

IV.   BETULA    L. 

Trees  with  slender,  aromatic  twigs,  and  thin,  usually  straight- 
veined  leaves.  Staminate  catkins  drooping,  flowers  usually  3 
in  the  axil  of  each  bract ;  stamens  4,  short ;  anthers  1-celled. 
Pistillate  catkins  erect,  flowers  2  or  3  in  the  axil  of  each  bract ; 
ovary  sessile,  2-celled  ;  styles  2  ;  bracts  3-lobed ;  perianth  none. 
Nut  broadly  winged.* 

1.  B.  lenta  L.  Cherry  Birch.  Leaves  ovate  or  oblong-ovate, 
acute,  heart-shaped,  finely  and  doubly  serrate,  silky  when  young ; 
petioles  about  h  in.  long.  Staminate  catkins  clustered,  3-4  in.  long. 
Pistillate  catkins  sessile,  about  1  in.  long ;  cylindrical  bracts  spread- 
ing, acute,  smooth.  River  banks,  especially  N.  A  large  tree,  with 
aromatic  twigs.  The  oil  contained  in  the  bark  and  twigs  is  distilled 
and  used  as  a  substitute  for  wintergreen.* 

2.  B.  lutea  Michx.  f.  Yellow  Birch.  A  large  forest  tree,  some- 
times 60-90  ft.  high,  with  yellowish  or  silver-gray  bark,  which  peels 
off  in  extremely  thin  layers.  Leaves  ovate  or  nearly  so,  usually  taper- 
pointed,  rounded  or  sometimes  almost  heart-shaped  at  the  base, 
sharply  and  finely  serrate,  somewhat  downy  on  the  veins  beneath. 
3-5  in.  long.  Staminate  catkins  3-3|  in.  long;  pistillate  catkins 
about  I  in.  long.    Rich  woods  N.,  also  southward  in  the  mountains. 

3.  B.  nigra  L.  River  Birch,  Red  Birch.  A  medium-sized  tree 
with  reddish-brown  bark.  Leaves  rhombic-ovate,  acute  at  the  apex, 
acute  or  obtuse  at  the  base,  sharply  and  doubly  serrate,  white-downy 
below,  becoming  smoother  with  age,  petioles  short.  Staminate  catkins 
2-3  in.  long.  Pistillate  catkins  1-1|  in.  long,  peduncles  short,  bracts 
nearly  equally  3 -cleft,  woolly.    River  banks,  especially  S.  and  W.* 

4.  B.  populifolia  Marsh.  Gray  Birch.  A  tall  shrub  or  slender, 
straggling  tree,  15-30  ft.  high,  seldom  growing  erect,  often  several 
trunks  springing  from  the  ground  almost  in  contact  and  slanting 
away  from  each  other.  Leaves  triangular,  with  a  long  taper  point 
and  truncate  base,  unevenly  twice  serrate,  with  rather  long,  slender 
petioles,  which  allow  the  leaves  to  quiver  like  those  of  the  aspen. 


BIRCH  FAMILY 


57 


Bark  scaling  off  in  white  strips  and  layers,  but  not  in  nearly  as 
large  sheets  as  that  of  the  rarer  canoe  birch  (B.  pajv/rifera).  The 
commonest  birch  of  New  England. 

5.  B.  alba  L.  European  White  Birch,  Cut-Leaved  Birch. 
A  tree  50-60  ft.  high,  often  with  drooping  branches.  Leaves 
triangular-ovate,   truncate,    rounded   or   somewhat  heart-shaped  at 


Fig.  11.  Gray  birch  (Betula  popullfoUa) 

A,  catkins,  natural  size :  s,  staminate ;  p,  pistillate.  B,  cluster  of  ripened 
fruits;  C,  bract  witb  three  staminate  Howers;  JJ,  bract  with  three  pistil- 
late flowers;  E,  fruit.    (B,  C,  D,  E,  somewhat  magnified) 

the  base,  not  strongly  taper-pointed  except  in  the  cut-leaved  form. 
Commonly  cultivated  from  Europe.  Resembles  No.  3,  but  has  Avhiter 
bark  and  (the  weeping  form)  much  more  slender  branches. 

Var.  papyrifera.  Caxoe  Birch,  Paper  Birch.  A  large  tree, 
often  60-70  ft.  high,  with  chalky-white  papery  bark,  peeling  off  in 
large  thin  sheets.  Leaves  ovate,  acute  or  taper-pointed,  coarsely 
serrate  or  dentate,  but  entire  at  the  base,  dark  green  and  usually 
without  glands  on  the  upper  surface,  on  the  lower  surface  light 
yellowish-green  and  nearly  smooth,  but  with  tufts  of  hairs  in  the 


58  KEY  AND  FLORA 

forks  of  the  veins  and  numerous  black  glands,  2-3  in.  long,  with 
slender  petioles.  Staminate  catkins  3-4  in.  long;  pistillate  catkins 
1-1 1  in.  long,  peduncles  2-bi'acted.  Rich  soil  on  hillsides,  along 
streams,  and  near  lakes  and  swamps,  N.  and  N.E.  The  beautiful 
bark  is  much  used  by  the  Indians  for  canoes,  for  basket  making, 
and  for  other  purposes. 

V.   ALNUS    Hill 

Shrubs  or  small  trees.  Leaves  petioled,  serrate.  Flower 
buds  stalked,  appearing  the  previous  season ;  staminate  cat- 
kins racemed,  drooping ;  flowers  3-6  in  the  axil  of  each  bract, 
subtended  by  1-2  bractlets;  perianth  4-parted;  stamens  4;  fila- 
ments short.  Pistillate  catkins  erect ;  flowers  2-3  in  the  axil 
of  each  bract ;  perianth  replaced  by  2-4  minute  bractlets  which 
are  adherent  to  the  bract.  Ovary  2-celled ;  styles  2.  Fruit  a 
winged  or  angled  nut ;  bracts  of  the  pistillate  flowers  some- 
what fleshy,  persistent,  becoming  woody  in  fruit.* 

1.  A.  incana  Mcench.  Speckled  Alder.  A  shrub  8-20  ft.  high. 
Leaves  broadly  oval  or  ovate,  rounded  at  the  l)ase,  sharply  (some- 
times doubly)  serrate,  white  and  usually  downy  beneath.  Fruit 
round.    Forming  thickets  by  streams,  very  common  X. 

2.  A.  rugosa  Spreng.  Smooth  Alder.  A  shrub  or  small  tree  with 
smooth  bark.  Leaves  obovate,  rounded  or  obtuse  at  the  apex,  acute 
at  the  base,  sharply  and  minutely  serrate,  smooth  above,  downy  be- 
neath, petioled;  stipules  oval,  deciduous.  Staminate  catkins  2-4  in. 
long  ;  fruiting  catkins  ovoid,  short-peduncled.  Fruit  ovate,  wingless. 
Banks  of  streams  and  borders  of  marshes,  ranging  far  S.  Leaves 
often  persistent  during  the  winter.* 


18.  FAGACE.Si.    Beech  Family 

Trees  or  shrubs.  Leaves  alternate,  simple,  pinnately  veined  ; 
stipules  deciduous.  Flowers  monoecious,  the  staminate  in  heads, 
or  in  drooping,  spreading,  or  erect  catkins  ;  calyx  minute  ;  petals 
none  ;  stamens  4-20.  Pistillate  flow^ers  solitary  or  in  small 
clusters,  each  flower  subtended  by  more  or  less  united  bracts, 
which  at  maturity  form  a  cup  or  bur  ;  calyx  minutely  toothed ; 
petals  none  ;  ovary  2-7-celled,  but  becoming  1-celled.  Fruit  a 
1-seeded  nut.* 


BEECH  FAMILY  69 

I.  FAGUS    L. 

Trees  with  smooth,  close,  ash-gray  bark,  and  slender,  often 
horizontal,  branches.  Staminate  flowers  in  long,  slender-pedun- 
cled,  ronndish  clusters  ;  calyx  bell-shaped,  4-6-cleft ;  stamens 
8-12  ;  anthers  2-celled.  Pistillate  flowers  solitary  or  more  often 
in  pairs,  ])eduncled,  surrounded  by  a  4-lobed  involucre  and 
numerous  linear  bracts  ;  ovaries  3-celled,  with  2  ovules  in  each 
cell,  but  usually  only  1  ovule  maturing  in  each  ovary  ;  styles  3, 
thread-shaped.    Fruit  a  thin-shelled,  3-angled  nut.* 

1.  F.  grandifolia  Ehrh.  Beech.  Large  trees.  Leaves  oblong-ovate, 
taper-pointed  at  the  apex,  serrate,  straight-veined,  very  white-silky 
when  young,  nearly  smooth  with  age.  Involucre  densely  covered  with 
short  recurved  spines.  Nuts  thin-shelled,  edible.  Common  on  damp 
soil  everywhere.  The  wood  is  very  hard,  tough,  and  close-grained, 
and  is  especially  valuable  for  the  manufacture  of  small  tools.* 

2.  F.  sylvatica  L.  The  European  beech  is  occasionally  found 
planted  as  a  shade  tree.  The  variety  known  as  the  copper  beech 
is  most  usual,  and  is  readily  recognized  by  its  dark,  crimson-purple 
leaves. 

II.   CASTANEA    Hill 

Trees  or  shrubs  with  rough,  gray,  rather  close  bark.  Leaves 
straight-veined,  undivided,  prominently  toothed.  Flowers  ap- 
pearing later  than  the  leaves.  Staminate  catkins  erect  or 
spreading,  loosely  flowered,  flowers  several  in  the  axil  of  each 
bract ;  calyx  4-6-parted ;  stamens  8-16.  Pistillate  flowers  at 
the  base  of  the  staminate  catkin  or  in  small  separate  clus- 
ters, usually  3  in  each  involucre ;  ovary  4-celled,  surrounded 
by  5-12  abortive  stamens.  Fruit  a  1-celled  nut  inclosed  in 
the  greatly  enlarged  and  very  prickly  involucre.* 

1.  C.  dentata  Borkh.  American  Chestnut.  A  large  tree,  bark 
somewhat  rough,  and  splitting  into  longitudinal  plates.  Leaves 
oblong-lanceolate,  taper-pointed  at  the  apex,  usually  acute  at  the 
base,  coarsely  and  sharply  serrate  with  ascending  teeth,  smooth,  dark 
green  above,  lighter  below;  petioles  stout,  short.  Staminate  catkins 
erect,  6-10  in.  long.  Xuts  usually  3  in  each  bur.  Rich  soil,  especially 
N.    Karely  found  on  soils  containing  nuich  lime.* 

2.  C.  pumila  INIill.  Chinquapin.  A  small  tree  or  shrub.  Leaves 
oblong,  acute  or  obtuse  at  both  ends,  serrate  witli  divergent  teeth, 
dark  green  and  smooth  above,  white-woolly  below.  Nuts  solitary, 
nearly  globular.    Common  southward  in  rich  woods.* 


60  KEY  AND  FLORA 

m.  QUERCUS   L. 

Trees  or  shrubs  with  entire,  serrate,  or  lobed  leaves,  which 
are  often  persistent.  Staminate  flowers  in  slender  catkins, 
each  subtended  by  quickly  deciduous  bracts,  and  consisting 
of  3-12  stamens  inclosed  by  a  4-8-parted  perianth,  often 
containing  an  abortive  ovary.  Pistillate  flowers  solitary  or 
in  small  clusters,  each  consisting  of  a  3-celled  ovary  with 
2  ovules  in  each  cell,  though  rarely  more  than  1  ovule 
matures ;  styles  short,  erect,  or  recurved.  Pistillate  flowers 
surrounded  by  a  scaly  involucre  which  at  maturity  becomes 
a  cup  inclosing  the  base  of  the  fruit  or  sometimes  a  large 
part  of  it.  Fruit  an  ovoid  or  subglobose,  1-seeded,  thin- 
shelled  nut  (acorn). 

A.  Fruit  annual;  leaves  not  bristle-tipped,  though  often 
mucronate. 

1.  Q.  alba  L.  White  Oak.  A  large  tree  with  light  gray  bark. 
Leaves  obovate-oblong,  3-9-lobed,  lobes  rounded  and  mostly  entire, 
bright  green  above,  paler  below,  short-petioled.  Cup  hemispherical, 
scales  rough,  woolly  when  young,  but  becoming  smooth  with  age  ; 
acorn  oblong-ovate,  about  1  in.  long.  Common  in  damp  soil.  Wood 
strong  and  durable  ;  one  of  the  most  valuable  timber  trees.* 

2.  Q.  stellata  Wang.  Post  Oak.  A  tree  of  medium  size  with 
rough  gray  bark.  Leaves  broadly  obovate,  deeply  lyrate-pinnatifid 
into  5-7  rounded,  divergent  lobes,  upper  lobes  much  the  longer, 
smooth  above,  yellowish-downy  beneath ;  petioles  about  1  in.  long. 
Cup  hemispherical,  nearly  sessile  ;  acorn  ovoid,  2-3  times  as  long  as 
the  cup.    On  dry  soil.    Wood  hard  and  valuable. 

3.  Q.  lyrata  Walt.  Swamp  Oak.  A  large  tree  with  gray  or  red- 
dish bark.  Leaves  obovate-oblong,  deeply  pinnatifid,  lobes  narrow, 
often  toothed,  thin,  smooth  above,  white,  densely  woolly  beneath. 
Cup  round-ovate,  scales  cuspidate,  inclosing  nearly  the  whole  of  the 
depressed-globose  acorn.  On  wet  soil.  Wood  strong  and  very  durable.* 

4.  Q.  macrocarpa  Michx.  Bur  Oak.  A  medium-sized  to  very  large 
tree,  with  roughish  gray  bark.  Leaves  obovate  or  oblong,  lyrately 
and  deeply  sinuate-lobed,  smooth  above,  pale  and  downy  beneath. 
Cup  very  deep  and  thick,  abundantly  fringed  about  the  margin,  f-2  in. 
in  diameter.  Acorn,  half  or  more  (sometimes  entirely)  inclosed  by 
the  cup.  Reaches  its  full  size  only  on  rich  bottom  lands  S.  and  W., 
where  it  becomes  one  of  the  finest  timber  oaks.  Wood  very  hard 
and  heavy. 


BEECH  FAMILY  61 

5.  Q.  Muhlenbergii  Engelm,  Yellow  Chestnut  Oak.  A  tree  of 
medium  or  large  size  with  gray  bark.  Leaves  oblong  or  oblanceolate, 
usually  acute  at  the  apex  and  obtuse  or  rounded  at  the  base,  coarsely 
and  evenly  toothed;  veins  straight,  impressed  above  and  prominent 
beneath  ;  petioles  slender.  Cup  hemispherical,  sessile  or  short-pedun- 
cled,  with  flat  scales,  h  in.  broad,  inclosing  about  half  the  ovoid 
acorn,  which  is  |-|  in.  long.  Common  on  dry  soil.  Wood  close-grained, 
durable,  and  valuable. 

6.  Q.  Prinus  L.  Swamp  Chestnut  Oak.  A  large  tree  with  brown, 
ridged  bark.  Leaves  oblong  or  oblong-lanceolate,  rather  obtuse,  cre- 
nately  toothed,  minutely  downy  beneath;  petioles  slender,  about  1  in. 
long.  Cup  hemispherical,  peduncles  longer  than  the  petioles,  scales 
acute,  tubercular,  appressed ;  acorn  oblong,  acute,  1  in.  or  less  in 
length,  edible.   Common  on  low  ground.   Wood  strong  and  valuable.* 

7.  Q.  virginiana  Mill.  Live  Oak.  A  large  tree  with  rough  gray 
or  brown  bark  and  a  low,  spreading  top.  Leaves  leathery,  evergreen, 
oblong  or  oblanceolate,  often  somewhat  3-lobed  on  young  trees, 
margin  rolled  under,  dark  green  and  shining  above,  pale  below; 
petioles  short,  stout.  Fruit  often  in  short  racemes,  cup  top-shaped, 
scales  closely  appressed,  hoary,  peduncles  |-1  in.  long ;  acorn  from 
subglobose  to  oblong,  the  longer  form  occurring  on  the  younger 
trees.  On  low  ground  near  the  coast.  Wood  very  hard  and  durable ; 
valued  for  shipbuilding.* 

B.  Fruit  biennial;  leaves  entire  or  with  bristle-pointed 
lobes. 

8.  Q.  nil^ra  L.  Red  Oak.  A  large  tree.  Leaves  oval  or  obovate, 
green  above,  pale  and  slightly  downy  beneath;  sinuses  shallow  and 
rounded,  lobes  8-12,  taper-pointed;  petioles  long.  Cups  saucer-shaped, 
with  fine  scales ;  acorn  ovate  or  oblong,  about  1  in.  long.  Connnon  ; 
wood  not  valuable ;  leaves  turning  red  after  frost  and  often  remain- 
ing on  the  tree  through  the  winter. 

9.  Q.  velutina  Lam.  Black  Oak.  A  large  tree  with  rough,  dark 
brown  outer  bark  and  thick,  bright  yellow  inner  bark.  Leaves  broadly 
oval,  usually  cut  more  than  halfway  to  the  midrib,  sinuses  rounded; 
lobes  about  7,  sharply  toothed  at  the  apex,  smooth  above,  usually 
downy  on  the  veins  beneath ;  cup  hemisj^herical  or  top-shaped,  with 
coarse  scales,  short-peduncled,  inclosing  about  half  the  roundish 
acorn.  Common  ;  wood  not  valuable,  but  the  inner  bark  used  for 
tanning  and  dyeing.* 

10.  Q.  falcata  Michx.  Spanish  Oak.  A  small  or  medium-sized 
tree  with  leaves  3-5-lobed  at  the  apex,  obtuse  or  rounded  at  the  base, 
grayish-downy   beneath,  lobes  lanceolate  and  often  scythe-shaped, 


62  KEY  AND  FLORA 

sparingly  cut-toothed.  Cup  top-shaped,  with  coarse  scales,  inclosing 
about  half  the  nearly  round  acorn.  Common  in  dry  woods.  Foliage 
quite  variable  in  outline  and  lobing ;  bark  valuable  for  tanning.* 

11.  Q.  nigra  L.  Black-Jack  Oak.  A  small  tree ;  leaves  obovate, 
usually  with  three  rounded  lobes  at  the  apex,  the  lobes  bristle-pointed, 
rounded,  or  slightly  cordate  at  the  base,  rusty-pubescent  beneath, 
shining  above,  coriaceous,  short-petioled ;  cup  top-shaped,  short- 
peduncled,  with  coarse  and  truncate  scales,  inclosing  about  one 
third  of  the  oblong-ovate  acorn.  An  almost  worthless  tree,  its 
presence  indicating  a  thin  and  sterile  soil.* 

12.  Q.  phellos  L.  Willow  Oak.  A  tree  of  medium  size,  leaves 
lanceolate  or  elliptical,  scurfy  when  young  and  becoming  smooth 
with  age,  very  short-petioled ;  cup  shallow,  sessile  ;  acorn  subgiobose. 
Wet  soil.    Often  planted  for  shade.* 

19.  ULMACE^.    Elm  Family 

Trees  or  shrubs  with  watery  juice ;  alternate,  simple,  petio- 
late,  serrate,  stipulate  leaves,  which  are  usually  2-ranked ;  and 
small,  bisexual,  or  somewhat  monoecious,  apetalous  flowers. 
Calyx  of  3-9  sepals,  which  are  distinct  or  partly  united ; 
stamens  as  many  as  the  sepals  and  opposite  them.  Ovary 
1-2-celled;  styles  2,  spreading.    Fruit  a  key,  nut,  or  drupe. ''^ 

I.  ULMUS    L. 

Trees  with  straight-veined,  unsymmetrical,  doubly  serrate 
leaves ;  stipules  early  deciduous.  Flowers  bisexual ;  calyx 
bell-shaped,  4-9-cleft.  Stamens  slender,  protruding.  Ovary 
compressed ;  styles  2,  spreading.  Fruit  membranaceous,  flat, 
winged  on  the  edge.* 

1.  U.  fulva  Michx.  Slippery  Elm.  A  tree  of  medium  size,  with 
rough,  downy  twigs,  and  rusty,  densely  woolly  bud  scales.  Leaves 
large,  thick,  very  rough  above,  downy  beneath,  ovate  or  obovate,  taper- 
pointed  at  the  apex,  unsymmetrical,  obtuse  or  somewhat  cordate  at 
the  base,  coarsely  and  doubly  serrate ;  calyx  lobes  and  pedicels  downy. 
Fruit  broadly  oval,  downy  over  the  seed,  the  wing  smooth.  Inner 
bark  very  fragrant  when  dried,  and  a  popular  domestic  remedy.* 

2.  U.  campestris  L.  English  Elm.  A  large  tree,  with  short, 
rather  upright  or  ascending  branches.  Leaves  not  bilaterally  sym- 
metrical,  oval,   acute  or  sometimes  a   little   taper-pointed,  doubly 


ELM  FAMILY 


63 


serrate,  3-4  in.  long.  Flowers  in  close  clusters  with  very  short  pedi- 
cels. Fruit  obovate-elliptical,  with  a  fissure  extending  ahnost  to  the 
seed,  nearly  smooth  and  not  ciliate.  Considerably  planted  as  a  shade 
tree  and  rarely  escaped  from  cultivation.  Very  varial)le,  one  variety 
with  thick  ridges  of  cork  on  the  twigs. 

3.  U.  americana  L.  White  Elm,  A  large  tree  with  gray  bark, 
drooping  branches,  and  smooth  or  slightly  downy  twigs.  Leaves  oval 
or  obovate,  abruptly  taper-pointed  at  the  apex,  obtuse  and  oblique  at 
the  base,  slightly  rough  above,  soft-downy  or  soon  smooth  beneath. 
Flowers  in  close  fascicles;  pedicels  slender,  smooth.  Fruit  oval  or 
obovate,  with  2  sharp  teeth  bending  toward  each  other  at  the  apex;. 


Fig.  12.  Ulimis  campestris 

A,  a  flowering  twig;  B,  a  flower;  C,  longitudinal  section  of  a  flower;  D, 
fruit.    (A,  D,  natural  size;  B,  C,  enlarged.)    (After  Wossidlo) 


wing  reticulate-veined,  downy  on  the  margin.  In  moist,  rich  soil. 
A  widely  planted  ornamental  tree  ;  wood  strong  but  warping  badly, 
and  not  durable  when  exposed.* 

4.  U.  racemosa  Thomas.  Cork  Elm,  Rock  Elm.  A  large  tree  80- 
100  ft.  high,  with  the  young  twigs  somewhat  downy ;  the  branches 
often  with  ridges  of  cork.  Leaves  much  as  in  U.  aniericana,  but 
smaller  and  less  sharply  serrate.  Flowers  racemed,  on  thread-like 
pedicels.  Fruit  oval,  downy  on  the  surface  and  densely  ciliate. 
In  rich  soil,  especially  along  river  banks.  A  highly  valuable  timber 
tree. 

5.  U.  alata  ]\Iichx.  Winged  Elm.  A  small  tree  with  branches 
corky-winged.  Leaves  small,  ovate-lanceolate,  acute,  sharply  serrate,, 
base  nearly  equal-sided,  rough  above,  downy  beneath,  nearly  sessile 


64  KEY  AND  FLORA 

Flowers  in  small  clusters.  Fruit  oblong,  downy  on  the  sides,  ciliate 
on  the  edges.  On  rich  soil.  Occasionally  producing  a  second  set  of 
flowers  and  fruit  from  September  to  November.* 

II.    CELTIS    L. 

Trees  or  shrubs  with  entire  or  serrate,  petioled  leaves. 
Flowers  greenish,  axillary,  on  wood  of  the  same  season,  the 
staminate  in  small  clusters,  the  fertile  single  or  2-3  together.* 

1.  C.  occidentalis  L.  Hackberry.  A  large  or  medium-sized  tree, 
having  much  the  appearance  of  an  elm,  bark  dark  and  rough. 
Leaves  ovate,  taper-pointed  at  the  apex,  abruptly  obtuse  and  inequi- 
lateral at  the  base,  sharply  serrate,  often  3-nerved  from  the  base, 
smooth  above,  usually  somewhat  downy  below.  Fruit  a  small,  dark- 
purple  drupe.    On  rich  soil. 

2.  C.  mississippiensis  Bosc,  Southern  Hackberry.  A  tree 
usually  smaller  than  the  preceding,  bark  gray,  often  very  warty. 
Leaves  broadly  lanceolate  or  ovate,  long  taper-pointed  at  the  apex, 
obtuse  or  sometimes  heart-shaped  at  the  base,  entire  or  with  very 
few  serratures,  smooth  on  both  sides,  3-nerved.  Fruit  a  purplish- 
black,  globose  drupe.* 

20.  MORACE-S:.    Mulberry  Family 

Trees,  shrubs,  or  herbs,  usually  with  milky  juice,  alternate 
leaves,  large  deciduous  stipules,  and  small  monoecious  or  dioe- 
cious flowers  crowded  in  spikes,  heads,  or  racemes,  or  inclosed 
in  a  fleshy  receptacle.  Staminate  flowers  with  a  usually  4-lobed 
calyx,  and  with  as  many  stamens  opposite  the  lobes;  filaments 
usually  inflexed  in  the  bud,  straightening  at  maturity.  Pistil- 
late flowers  usually  4-sepalous  ;  ovary  1-2-celled,  1-2-ovuled ; 
styles  2 ;  receptacle  and  perianth  often  fleshy  at  maturity.* 

I.  MORUS    L. 

Trees  or  shrubs  with  milky  juice,  rounded  leaves,  and  monoe- 
cious flowers  in  axillary  spikes.  Staminate  flowers  with  a 
4-parted  perianth,  and  4  stamens  inflexed  in  the  bud.  Pistil- 
late flowers  with  a  4-parted  perianth,  which  becomes  fleshy  in 
the  multiple  fruit,  the  pulpy  part  of  which  consists  of  the 


MULBERRY  FAMILY  65 

thickened  calyxes  of  many  flowers;  ovary  sessile;  stigmas  2, 
linear,  spreading;  the  fleshy  perianth  inclosing  the  ovary  at 
maturity.* 

1.  M.  rubra  L.  Red  Mulberry.  A  small  tree.  Leaves  cordate- 
ovate,  often  3-5-Iobed  on  vigorous  shoots,  taper-pointed  at  the  apex, 
serrate,  rough  above,  white,  densely  woolly  beneath.  Mature  fruiting 
spikes  oblong,  drooping,  dark  red  or  purple,  edible.  On  rich  soil. 
Wood  very  durable,  bearing  exposure  to  the  weather. 

2.  M.  alba  L.  White  Mulberry.  A  small  tree.  Leaves  ovate, 
heart-shaped,  acute  at  the  apex,  rounded  and  often  oblique  at 
the  base,  serrate  or  sometimes  lobed. 
Smooth  and  shining  on  both  sides. 
Mature  fruit  light  red  or  white.  In- 
troduced and  common  about  old 
dwellincfs.* 


n.   MACLURA  Nutt.    (TOXYLON) 

A  small  tree  with  milky  juice.  ^  ^ 

Leaves  alternate,  petioled,  spines  Fig.  13.  Moms  alba 

axillary.  Flowers  dioecious  Stam-  ^^  ^taininate  flower,  about  four 
mate  iiowers  m  short  axillary  ra-  times  natural  size ;  B,  cluster 
cemes;  calyx  4-parted;  stamens  4,  wamdn-f^  flowers.  (After 
inflexed  in  the  bud.   Pistillate  flow-  ^"'   ^ 

ers  in  axillary,  peduncled,  capitate  clusters ;  calyx  4-parted ; 
ovary  sessile  ;  style  long ;  calyxes  becoming  thickened  and  fleshy 
in  fruit  and  aggregated  into  a  large,  dense,  globular  head.* 

1.  M.  pomifera  Schneider.  Osage  Orange.  A  small  tree  with 
ridged,  yellowish-brown  bark.  Leaves  minutely  downy  when  young, 
becoming  smooth  and  shining  with  age,  ovate  or  ovate-oblong,  taper- 
pointed  at  the  apex,  obtuse  or  subcordate  at  the  base,  entire,  petioled. 
Staminate  racemes  about  1  in.  long.  Pistillate  flower  clusters  about 
1  in.  in  diameter.  Fruit  yellowish,  tubercled,  3—1  in.  in  diameter. 
In  rich  soil.  Native  in  Texas  and  extensively  planted  for  hedges. 
Wood  very  durable  when  exposed  to  the  weather,  and  therefore  used 
for  fence  posts.  As  the  wood  does  not  swell  or  shrink  with  changes 
in  its  moisture,  it  is  highly  valued  for  wheel  hubs,  etc.* 

III.   BROUSSONETIA  L'Her. 

Small  trees  with  milky  juice.  Leaves  alternate,  petioled. 
Flowers  dioecious ;  staminate  in  cylindrical   spikes,   with  a 


66  KEY  AND  FLORA 

4-cleft  calyx,  4  stamens,  and  a  rudimentary  ovary;  pistil- 
late flowers  in  capitate  clusters,  calyx  3-4-toothed.  Ovary 
stalked;  style  2-cleft.    Fruit  in  a  globular  head.* 

1.  B.  papyrifera  Vent.  Paper  Mulberry.  A  round-topped  tree 
with  yellowish-brown  bark.  Leaves  cordate,  often  irregularly  2-3- 
lobed.  serrate,  rough  above,  downy  beneath,  long-petioled.  Staminate 
spikelets  peduncled,  2-3  in.  long.  Pistillate  heads  stout,  peduncled, 
about  1  in.  in  diameter.  Introduced  from  Asia  and  very  common  S. 
about  old  dooryards.* 

IV.   CANNABIS    L. 

Coarse  herbs  with  very  tough,  fibrous  bark.  Leaves  usu- 
ally opposite,  palmately  compound.  Flowers  small,  dioecious, 
greenish,  the  staminate  ones  in  compound  racemes  or  panicles, 
the  pistillate  ones  in  spikes.  Calyx  of  the  staminate  flowers  of 
5  sepals,  that  of  the  pistillate  flowers  of  1  large  sepal  wdiich 
covers  the  ovary  and  the  akene. 

1.  C.  sativa  L.  Common  Hemp.  An  erect  plant,  4-8  ft.  high. 
Leaves  large,  petioled,  of  5-7  lanceolate,  irregularly  serrate  or  toothed 
leaflets.  Cultivated  from  Europe,  S.  and  W.,  for  its  fiber,  and  some- 
times runs  wuld  alonu'  roadsides  in  rich  soil. 


21.  URTICACEuS:.    Xettle  Family 

Herbs  with  watery  juice,  stem  and  leaves  often  clothed  with 
stinging  hairs.  Leaves  undivided,  stipulate.  Flowers  small, 
greenish,  unisexual,  apetalous  in  axillary  clusters.  Calyx  of 
the  staminate  flowers  4-5-parted  or  4-5-sepalous ;  stamens  as 
many  as  the  sepals  and  opposite  them ;  filaments  inflexed  in 
the  bud  and  straightening  at  maturity  ;  anthers  2-celled.  Calyx 
of  pistillate  flowers  2-4-sepalous ;  ovary  sessile,  1-celled ; 
stigma  simple  or  tufted.  F'ruit  an  akene  commonly  inclosed 
in  the  dry,  persistent  calyx.* 

URTICA    L. 

Annual  or  perennial  herbs.  Leaves  with  stinging  hairs, 
opposite,  petioled,  several-nerved,  dentate  or  incised,  stipulate. 
Flowers    monoecious    or    dioecious.    Calyx    of   the    staminate 


SANDALWOOD  FAMILY  67 

flowers  4-parted;  stamens  4,  inserted  around  a  rudimentary 
ovary.  Pistillate  flowers  with  4  unequal  sepals,  the  inner 
ones  dilated  in  fruit ;  akenes  smooth,  compressed.* 

1.  U.  gracilis  Ait.  Slender  Nettle.  Perennial,  slender,  with 
some  stinging  hairs,  2-6  ft.  high.  Leaves  ovate-lanceolate  or  nar- 
rower, with  slender  petioles,  taper-pointed,  sharply  serrate,  with  3-5- 
nerves  arising  from  the  rounded  or  sometimes  almost  heart-shaped 
base,  almost  smooth ;  stipules  lanceolate.  Flower  clusters  in  branch- 
ing panicled  spikes,  longer  than  the  petioles.  Flowers  dioecious  or 
bisexual. 

2.  U.  urens  L.  Small  Nettle.  Annual;  stem  stout,  -l-angled, 
hairy,  12-18  in.  tall,  with  few  stinging  hairs;  branches  slender. 
Leaves  elliptical  or  ovate,  serrate  or  incised,  3-5-nerved,  acute  or 
obtuse  at  the  ends,  thin,  hairy;  petioles  often  as  long  as  the  blades  ; 
stipules  short.  Flower  clusters  axillary,  in  pairs,  loose,  mostly  shorter 
than  the  petioles.  On  damp  soil  in  waste  places.  Naturalized  from 
Europe. 

22.  SANTALACE^.     Sandalwood  Family 

Herbs,  shrubs,  or  trees  with  entire  leaves.  Flowers  usually 
small.  Calyx  4-5-cleft,  its  limb  epigynous.  Corolla  wanting. 
Stamens  as  many  as  the  calyx  lobes  and  opposite  them, 
inserted  on  the  margin  of  a  fleshy  disk.  Style  1 ;  ovary 
1-celled,  with  2-4  ovules  borne  at  the  top  of  a  free  central 
placenta.    Fruit  1-seeded. 

COMANDRA    Nutt. 

Low,  smooth  perennials  with  herbaceous  stems,  rather 
woody  below,  often  parasitic.  Leaves  alternate  and  nearly 
sessile.  F^lowers  nearly  white,  in  small  umbel-like  clusters, 
bisexual.  Calyx  bell-shaped  at  first.  Stamens  borne  on  a 
5-lobed  disk  which  surrounds  the  pistil ;  anthers  connected 
by  a  tuft  of  hairs  to  the  calyx  lobes. 

1.  C.  umbellata  Nutt.  Bastard  Toadflax.  Plant  8-10  in.  high, 
with  very  leafy  stems.  Roots  attached  to  the  roots  of  trees,  from 
which  they  draw  nourishment.  Leaves  oblong  or  oblanceolate,  pale, 
nearly  1  in.  long.  Umbel-like  clusters  about  3-flowered,  longer  than 
the  leaves.    Rocky,  dry  woods. 


68  KEY  AND  FLORA 

23.   LORANTHACE^.    Mistletoe  Family 

Parasitic  shrubs  or  herbs,  leaves  opposite,  leathery,  without 
stipules.  Flowers  monoecious  or  dioecious,  clustered  or  solitary  ; 
perianth  of  both  calyx  and  corolla,  or  of  a  calyx  only,  or  some- 
times wanting,  the  limb  epigynous ;  sepals  2-8.  Stamens  as 
many  as  the  sepals,  and  opposite  them.  Ovary  1-celled ;  ovule  1. 

Fruit  a  berry.* 

PHORADENDRON    Nutt. 

Evergreen,  shrubby  plants,  parasitic  on  trees ;  branches 
greenish,  jointed,  and  very  brittle.  Leaves  leathery.  Flowers 
dioecious,  in  short  jointed  spikes.  Staminate  flowers  globular, 
calyx  2-4-lobed,  stamens  sessile  at  the  base  of  the  lobes, 
anthers  transversely  2-celled.  Stigma  sessile.  Berry  1-seeded.* 

1.  P.  flavescens  Niitt.  American  Mistletoe.  Very  round,  bushy; 
branches  very  brittle  at  the  joints,  opposite  or  whorled,  6  in.  to  2  ft. 
long.  Leaves  flat,  leathery,  or  somewhat  fleshy,  nearly  veinless,  obo- 
vate,  entire,  with  short  petioles.  Flowering  spikes  solitary  or  2-3 
together  in  the  axils  of  the  leaves.  Berry  roundish,  white,  glutinous. 
Parasitic  on  many  deciduous  trees.* 

24.  ARISTOLOCHIACE^.    Dutchman's  Pipe  Family 

Herbaceous  plants,  apparently  stemless  or  with  twining  and 
leafy  stems.  Leaves  alternate,  without  stipules,  petioled, 
mostly  roundish  or  kidney-shaped.  Flowers  axillary,  solitary 
or  clustered,  bisexual.  Calyx  tubular,  3-  or  6-lobed,  usually 
colored.  Petals  none.  Stamens  6-12,  epigynous.  Pistil  1; 
ovary  mostly  6-celled,  many-seeded.* 

I.  ASARUM    L. 

Perennial,  apparently  stemless,  aromatic  herbs,  with  slen- 
der, branching  rootstocks.  Leaves  long-petioled,  from  kidney- 
shaped  to  halberd-shaped.  Flowers  axillary,  peduncled.  Calyx 
actinomorphic,  3-lobed,  withering-persistent.  Stamens  12,  the 
filaments  partially  united  with  the  style  and  usually  prolonged 
beyond  the  anthers.  Ovary  6-celled,  with  parietal  placentae, 
many-seeded.   Mature  capsule  roundish,  often  somewhat  fleshy.* 


BUCKWHEAT  FAMILY  69 

1.  A.  canadense  L.  Wild  Ginger.  Plant  soft-hairy.  Leaves  2, 
large,  kidney-shaped,  on  long  petioles,  with  the  flower  borne  on  a 
short  pednnde  between  them.  Flower  greenish  outside,  brownish- 
purple  inside.  Calyx  lobes  epigynous,  taper-pointed,  widely  spread- 
ing, relaxed  at  the  tip.    Rich,  shady  woods,  common  N. 

2.  A.  virginicum  L.  Virginia  Asarum.  Leaves  evergreen,  1-3 
to  each  plant,  smooth,  mottled,  round-cordate,  entire,  2-3  in.  long 
and  broad ;  petioles  smooth  or  downy  along  one  side,  3-7  in.  long. 
Flowers  nearly  sessile,  greenish  without,  dull  purple  within,  |-|  in. 
long;  tube  inflated  below,  narrow  at  the  throat,  lobes  spreading. 
Rich,  shady  woods.* 

II.  ARISTOLOCHIA   l. 

Erect  or  twining  perennial  herbs  or  woody  vines.  Leaves 
alternate,  heart-shaped  at  the  base,  palmately  nerved,  petioled, 
entire.  Flowers  zygomorphic,  solitary,  or  in  small  clusters. 
Calyx  perigynous  or  epigynous,  tubular,  irregular.  Stamens 
mostly  6,  sessile,  apparently  united  to  the  angled  and  fleshy 
3-6-lobed  or  -angled  stigma.  Capsule  naked,  6-valved ;  seeds 
very  numerous.* 

1.  A.  macrophylla  Lam.  Dutchman's  Pipe,  Pipe  A^ine.  A  tall 
climber.  Leaves  dark  green,  smooth,  round-kidney-shaped,  some- 
times 1  ft.  wide.  Peduncles  1-flowered,  with  a  single  clasping  bract. 
Calyx  Ih  in.  long,  bent  into  the  shape  of  a  pipe,  its  border  abruptly 
spreading,  brownish-purple.    Rich  woods,  often  cultivated. 

2.  A.  tomentosa  Sims.  Dutchman's  Pipe.  Stem  woody,  climb- 
ing high,  branches  and  leaves  densely  woolly.  Leaves  heart-shaped, 
prominently  veined,  3-5  in.  long  and  broad.  Flowers  axillary,  mostly 
solitaiy,  on  slender  peduncles.  Calyx  bent  in  the  shape  of  a  pipe, 
yellowish-green  with  a  dark  purple  throat,  limb  unequally  3-lobed, 
rugose,  reflexed.  Anthers  in  pairs  below  the  3  spreading  lobes  of  the 
stigma.   Capsule  oblong.   Stems  sometimes  30  ft.  long.  Rich  woods  S.* 

25.  POLYGONACEJE.    Buckwheat  Family 

Herbs  with  alternate,  entire  leaves,  and  usually  with  sheathing 
stipules  above  the  swollen  joints  of  the  stem.  Flowers  apeta- 
lous,  generally  bisexual,  with  a  3-6-cleft  calyx,  generally  colored 
and  persistent.  Fruit  a  compressed  or  3-angled  akene,  inclosed 
in  the  calyx ;  seeds  with  endosperm,  which  does  not  generally 
inclose  the  embryo.    Stamens  4-12,  on  the  base  of  the  calyx. 


70  KEY  AND  FLORA 


I.  RUMEX   L. 


Coarse  herbs,  many  of  them  troublesome  weeds.  Flowers 
small,  usually  green  or  greenish,  generally  in  whorls  borne  in 
panicled  racemes.  Calyx  of  6  nearly  distinct  sepals,  the  3 
inner  ones  larger  and  more  petal -like  than  the  3  outer,  and  one 
or  more  of  them  usually  with  a  little  knob  or  tubercle  on  its 
back.  Stamens-  6;  styles  3;  stigmas  short,  fringed.  Fruit  a 
3-angled  akene,  closely  covered  by  the  3  inner  calyx  lobes, 
enlarged  and  known  as  valves. 

1.  R.  crispus  L.  Yellow  Dock.  Stout,  smooth,  3-4  ft.  high. 
Leaves  lanceolate,  margins  very  wavy,  acute,  the  lower  more  or 
less  heart-shaped.  Root  long,  tapering  gradually  downward,  yellow, 
very  tough.  Flowers  in  whorls  crowded  in  long,  straight,  slender 
racemes.  Valves  roundish-heart-shaped,  mostly  tubercled.  A  very 
hardy  weed,  naturalized  from  Europe. 

2.  R.  verticillatus  L.  Swamp  Dock.  Perennial.  Stem  stout,  smooth, 
erect  or  ascending,  3-5  ft.  tall.  Lower  leaves  oblong,  obtuse  at  the 
apex  and  usually  heart-shaped  at  the  base,  long-petioled,  often  12-18 
in.  long;  upper  leaves  narrower  and  often  acute  at  both  ends.  Flowers 
bisexual  or  somewhat  monoecious,  in  dense  whorls ;  pedicels  slender, 
^-|  in.  long,  tapering  downward,  reflexed  at  maturity.  Calyx  green, 
the  valves  broadly  triangular,  abruptly  pointed,  reticulated,  a  distinct 
long  and  narrow^  tubercle  on  the  back  of  each.  Swamps  and  wet 
ground.* 

3.  R.  Acetosella  L.  Spieep  Sorrel.  Erect  annual  or  perennial 
herbs  wdth  creeping  rootstocks.  Stem  simple  or  branched,  smooth. 
Leaves  petioled,  narrowly  halberd-shaped,  usually  widest  above  the 
middle,  the  apex  acute  or  obtuse  ;  upper  stem  leaves  often  nearly 
linear  and  not  lobed.  Flowers  dioecious,  small,  in  terminal,  naked, 
panicled,  interrupted  racemes.  Calyx  greenish  ;  the  pistillate  pani- 
cles becoming  reddish.  Fruit  less  than  yV  in.  long,  granular,  longer 
than  the  calyx.  A  common  weed,  naturalized  from  Euro]De,  in  dry 
fields  and  on  sour  soils.    Foliage  very  acid.* 

II.   POLYGONUM    L. 

Annual  or  perennial,  terrestrial  or  aquatic  herbs,  with  en- 
larged joints  and  simple,  alternate,  entire  leaves  ;  the  sheath- 
ing stipules  often  cut  or  fringed.  Flowers  bisexual,  usually 
white  or  rose-colored,  each  flower  or  cluster  subtended  by  a 
membranaceous  bract  similar  to  the  stipules  of  the  leaves. 


BUCKWHEAT  FAMILY  71 

Calyx  mostly  5-parted,  the  divisions  petal-like,  erect  and  per- 
sistent. Stamens  3-9 ;  styles  2-3-parted.  Fruit  lens-shaped 
or  3-angled.* 

1.  P.  aviculare  L.  Knotgrass.  Annual  or  perennial.  Stem  pros- 
trate or  ascending,  diffuse,  smooth,  6-24  in.  long.  Leaves  small, 
lanceolate  or  linear-oblong,  obtuse,  nearly  or  quite  sessile.  Sheaths 
thin  and  dry,  2-3-cleft  or  cut.  Flower  clusters  axillary,  1-5-flowered  ; 
flowers  inconspicuous,  nearly  sessile.  Calyx  greenish-white,  5-parted, 
the  lobes  with  white  or  colored  borders.  Stamens  5-8  ;  style  3-parted. 
Akene  3-angled,  not  shining.  A  common  weed  in  dooryards  and  where 
the  ground  is  trampled.* 

2.  P.  lapathifolium  L.  Annual.  Stem  branching,  1-4  ft.  high. 
Leaves  lanceolate  or  broader,  wedge-shaped  at  the  base  and  taper- 
ing from  near  the  base  to  an  extremely  slender  point,  ciliate,  vary- 
ing greatly  in  length.  Sheaths  not  ciliate  or  fringed.  Spikes  oblong 
to  linear,  closely  flowered,  erect  or  nearly  so,  1-2  in.  long.  Calyx 
white  or  pink.  Stamens  6  ;  style  2-cleft.  Akene  ovate,  lens-shaped, 
-^2  in.  wide  or  less.    In  wet  soil. 

3.  P.  acre  HBK.  Watp:r  Smartweed.  Perennial.  Smooth  or 
nearly  so ;  stems  erect  or  ascending,  rooting  below,  2-5  ft.  high. 
Leaves  lanceolate  or  broader,  tapering  at  both  ends,  petioled,  ciliate, 
translucent-dotted,  acrid,  l|-8  in.  long.  Sheaths  cylindrical,  falling- 
early,  bristly-fringed.  Spikes  erect  or  nearly  so,  loosely  flowered,  |-3 
in.  long.  Calyx  whitish-greenish  or  flesh  color.  Stamens  8 ;  style 
usually  3-parted.  Akene  oblong,  lens-shaped,  smooth  and  shining. 
Swamps  and  wet  soil,  especially  S. 

4.  P.  PersicariaL.  Lady's  Thumb.  Annual.  Smooth  or  nearly  so. 
Stem  erect  or  ascending,  6-24  in.  high.  Leaves  lanceolate  or  nar- 
rower, tapering  at  both  ends,  usually  with  a  dark  triangular  or  cres- 
cent-shaped spot  near  the  center,  very  variable  in  length.  Sheaths 
more  or  less  bristle-fringed.  Spikes  ovoid  or  oblong,  dense,  erect, 
peduncled,  f-2  in.  long.  Calyx  pink  or  purple.  Stamens  usually  6; 
styles  2-3-cleft  more  than  half  their  length.  Akene  broadly  ovate 
and  lens-shaped,  often  somewhat  triangular,  smooth  and  shining.  In 
waste  ground,  often  a  troublesome  weed.    Naturalized  from  Europe. 

5.  P.  hydropiperoides  Michx.  Mild  Water  Pepper.  Perennial. 
Stem  smooth,  slendci-,  erect,  decumbent,  or  prostrate,  1-3  ft.  long. 
Leaves  usually  narrowly  lanceolate,  but  variable,  acute,  ciliate,  2-6 
in.  long.  Sheaths  wrinkled,  bristle-fringed.  Spikes  erect,  slender, 
often  with  the  flowers  scattered,  |-2.V  in.  long.  Calyx  pale  pink, 
greenish  or  nearly  white.  Stamens  8;  style  3-parted  more  than  half 
its  length.  Akene  3-angled,  snu)oth  and  shining.  In  swamps  and 
wet  places,  especially  S. 


72 


KEY  AND  FLORA 


6.  P.  dumetorum  L.  False  Buckwheat.  Perennial.  Stems  slen- 
der, twining,  branched,  2-10  ft.  long.  Leaves  ovate,  taper-pointed, 
heart-shaped  to  halberd-shaped  at  the  base,  long-petioled.  Stipules 
cylindrical,  truncate.  Flowers  in  axillary,  more  or  less  compound  and 
leafy  racemes.  Calyx  greenish-white,  the  outer  lobes  winged  and  form- 
ing a  margin  on  the  pedicel.  Stamens  8.  Stigmas  3.  Akene  3 -angled, 
black,  smooth,  and  shining.    Margins  of  fields  and  thickets.* 

III.   FAGOPYRUM    L. 

Smooth  annual  herbs,  with  more  or  less  triangular  leaves ; 
the  sheathing  stipules  cylindrical  or  funnel-shaped.  Flowers 
bisexual,  white,  greenish  or  tinged  with  rose  color,  in  terminal 
or  axillary,  often  panicled,  racemes.  Calyx  petal-like  (Fig.  14), 
5-parted.  Stamens  8.  Styles  3,  with  knobbed  stigmas.  Akene 
3-angled,  much  longer  than  the  persistent  calyx  (Fig.  14). 


Buckwheat  {Fagopyrum  esculentum) 


A,  flower;  B,  section  of  flower;  C,  fruit.    (All  somewhat  magnified.) 
(After  Marcliaud) 

1.  F.  esculentum  Moench.  Buckwheat.  Annual,  nearly  smooth. 
Leaves  halberd-shaped,  1-3  in.  long.  Flowers  white  or  nearly  so,  with 
8  yellow  nectar-bearing  glands  between  the  stamens.  Old  fields  and 
thickets,  escaped  from  cultivation.  Introduced  from  Europe  or  west- 
ern Asia. 

26.  CHENOPODIACE^.    Goosefoot  Family 

Herbs  or  shrubs.   Leaves  simple,  alternate,  without  stipules. 

Flowers  small,  actinomorphic,  either  bisexual  or  more  or  less 

monoecious  or  dioecious.    Calyx  free  from  the  ovary.    Corolla 

wanting.    Stamens  usually  5,  opposite  the  sepals.    Styles  or 

stigmas  generally  2.    Fruit  with  1  seed,  usually  inclosed  in  a 

small,  bladdery  sac,  sometimes  an  akene. 


GOOSEFOOT  FAMILY 


73 


I.   SPINACIA    L. 

Herbs.  Flowers  dioecious,  in  close  axillary  clusters.  Stami- 
nate  flowers  3-o-sepaled,  with  4  or  5-  projecting  stamens  ;  pis- 
tillate flowers  with  a  tubular  2-toothed  or  4-toothed  calyx. 

1.  S.  oleracea  Mill.  Spinach.  A  soft  animal  or  biennial  herb. 
Leaves  triangular,  ovate,  or  halberd-shaped,  petioled.  Cultivated 
from  Asia  as  a  pot  herb. 


II.   CHENOPODIUM    L. 

Annual  or  perennial  herbs.  Stems  erect  or  spreading. 
Leaves  alternate,  usually  white-mealy.  Flowers  small,  green- 
ish, in  panicled  spikes.  Calyx  o-o-parted,  the  lobes  often 
slightly  fleshy  and  keeled.  Stamens  5 ;  filaments  thread- 
shaped.  Styles  2-3,  distinct  or  united  at  the  base.  Seed 
lens-shaped.* 

1.  C.  Botrys  L.  Jerusalem  Oak.  A  low,  spreading  plant,  covered 
with  sticky  down.    Leaves  with  slender  petioles,  oblong,  sinuately 


B  C 

Fig.  15.  Pigweed  {Chenopodium  album) 
A,  B,  flower;  C,  fruit.    (All  about  seven  times  natural  size) 

lobed  or  the  lobes  pinnate.  Flowers  in  loose,  diverging,  leafless  ra- 
cemes. The  whole  plant  is  sweet-scented.  Introduced  from  Europe 
and  naturalized  in  gardens  and  along  roadsides. 

2.  C.  glaucum  L.  Oak-Leaved  Goosefoot.  Annual,  succulent, 
somewhat  mealy.  Stem  spreading,  nuich  branched,  5-12  in.  high. 
Leaves  varying  from  oblong  to  lanceolate,  obtuse,  some  or  all  of 
them  more  or  less  sinuate-toothed,  1-2  in.  long.  Flower  clusters 
mostly  small  axillary  spikes.  A  common  weed.  Naturalized  from 
Europe. 

3.  C.  album  L.  Lamb's  Quarters.  Common  Pigweed.  Annual, 
somewhat  mealy.   Stem  erect,  usually  branching,  1-4  ft.  high.   Leaves 


74  KEY  AND  FLORA 

varying  from  rhombic -ovate  to  (the  uppermost)  nearly  linear,  nar- 
rowed at  the  base,  acute,  somewhat  angulate-toothed,  1-4  in.  long. 
Spikes  terminal  and  in  the  leaf  axils,  often  panicled.  Calyx  with 
keeled  lobes,  in  fruit  nearly  covering  the  smooth  seed.  A  common 
and  troublesome  weed.    Naturalized  from  Europe. 

4.  C.  urbicum  L.  Upright  Goosefoot.  Annual,  little  or  not  at 
all  mealy.  Stem  stout,  erect,  and  with  erect  branches,  1-3  ft.  high. 
Leaves  halberd-shaped  or  triangular,  acute,  coarsely  and  sharply 
toothed,  except  the  upper  ones,  the  larger  ones  3-6  in.  long.  Spikes 
in  a  narrow,  erect  panicle.  Lobes  of  the  calyx  not  keeled.  Waste 
ground.    Naturalized  from  Europe. 


27.  AMARANTHACE^.    Amaranth  Family 

Mostly  herbs,  with  nearly  the  characters  of  the  Chenopodia- 
cece,  but  with  usually  3  dry,  translucent,  persistent,  often 
colored,  bracts  beneath  the  flower.  Most  of  the  genera  are 
tropical ;  our  commonest  species  are  troublesome  weeds,  usu- 
ally flowering  in  midsummer  or  later. 

AMARANTHUS    l. 

Mostly  annual  herbs.  Leaves  alternate,  simple,  thin,  usually 
entire,  often  bristle-tipped.  Flowers  mostly  3-bracted,  small, 
green  or  purplish  in  our  wild  species,  in  axillary  clusters  or 
dense  terminal  spikes.  Calyx  of  5  or  sometimes  3  distinct 
erect  sepals.  Stamens  distinct,  usually  5,  anthers  2-celled. 
Styles  or  stigmas  2  or  3.  Fruit  small,  bladdery,  1-seeded,  with 
2  or  3  beaks  formed  by  the  withered  styles. 

1.  A.  graecizans  L.  Tumble  weed.  Smooth,  pale  green.  Stem 
diffusely  branched,  whitish,  the  branches  slender,  ascending.  Leaves 
small,  varying  from  obovate  to  spatulate,  obtuse  or  refuse,  f-l-o  in. 
long.  Flowers  greenish,  in  small  axillary  clusters,  covered  by  stiff, 
sharp-pointed  bracts.  Sepals  3.  In  waste  ground  and  a  common 
field  and  garden  w^eed.  In  the  autumn  the  leaves  drop  and  the  globu- 
lar stem  and  branches  roll  freely  about  before  the  wind. 

2.  A.  spinosus  L.  Spiny  Amaranth.  Stem  stout,  ridged,  smooth, 
bushy-branched,  often  red,  1-4  ft.  high.  Leaves  varying  from  ovate 
to  lanceolate,  tapering  to  both  ends,  dull  green,  |-3  in.  long,  each 
with  a  pair  of  stiff  spines  in  its  axil.    Flow^er  clusters  of  two  sorts, 


POKEWEED  FAMILY  75 

the  upper  ones  of  staminate  flowers  in  long  slender  spikes,  the  tixil- 
lary  ones  globular,  composed  of  pistillate  flowers.    Bracts  lance-awl- 


A  BO 

Fig.  16.  Prince's  feather  {Amaranthus  hypochondriacus) 

A,  staminate  flower;  B,  pistillate  flower;  C,  fruit.    (All  magnified.) 
(After  Schnizlein) 

shaped  about  the  length  of  the  5  sepals.  In  waste  ground,  fields,  and 
gardens.    Naturalized  from  tropical  America. 

A.  retroflexus  L.  and  A.  hybridus  L.,  usually  known  as  pigweed, 
are  common  autumn-flowering  weeds. 

28.  PHYTOLACCACE^.    Pokeweed  Family 

Plants  with  alternate  entire  leaves.  Flowers  bisexual,  5- 
parted,  with  the  characters  of  the  Goose  foot  Family,  but  the 
ovary  generally  consisting  of  several  carpels,  which  unite  to 
form  a  berry. 

PHYTOLACCA    L. 

Perennial  herbs.  Stems  tall,  branching.  Leaves  large, 
entire.  Flowers  small,  in  terminal  racemes,  pedicels  bracted. 
Calyx  of  4-5  nearly  equal,  persistent  sepals.  Stamens  5-15, 
inserted  at  the  base  of  the  calyx.  Styles  5-12,  recurved  at 
the  apex.    Fruit  a  depressed-globose,  juicy  berry.* 

1.  P.  decandra  L.  Pokeweed.  Stems  erect,  smooth,  branched 
above,  usually  dark  purple,  4-7  ft.  tall  ;  root  large,  fleshy,  poisonous. 
Leaves  ovate-lanceolate,  smooth,  acute,  long-petioled.  Racemes  pe- 
duncled,  many-flowered,  opposite  the  leaves;  flowers  white,  })ecomiiig 
purplish..  Stamens  10,  shorter  than  the  sepals.    Styles  10,  carpels  10. 


76  KEY  AND  FLORA 

Fruit  a  dark  purple  berry.  A  weed  on  waste  ground.  The  young 
branches  are  often  eaten  like  asparagus,  and  the  root,  known  as 
"  garget  root,"  is  used  in  medicine.* 

29.  AIZOACEJE.    Ice  Plant  Family 

Mostly  fleshy  plants,  mainly  natives  of  Africa.  Flowers 
often  large  and  showy.  Stamens  often  doubled  and  some  of 
them  petal-like.    Ovary  2-many-celled. 

[Our  only  very  common  genus  belongs  to  a  subfamily  which 
has  little  resemblance  to  the  fleshy  "  ice  plants,"  found  in  some 
gardens,  which  best  represent  the  family  as  a  whole.] 

MOLLUGO    L. 

Low  branching  annuals.  Sepals  5,  greenish  outside,  white 
inside.  Corolla  wanting.  Stamens  5,  alternate  with  the 
sepals,  or  3,  alternate  with  the  cells  of  the  ovary.  Capsule 
3-celled,  many-seeded. 

1.  M.  verticillata  L.  Carpet  Weed.  Stems  branching  and  form- 
ing radiating  patches.  Leaves  clustered  in  apparent  whorls  at  the 
joints  of  the  stem,  spatulate.  Flowers  in  little  sessile  umbels  at  the 
joints.  Stamens  commonly  3.  A  troublesome  weed  in  sandy  soil  and 
common  on  sandy  beaches  and  river  banks. 

30.  PORTULACACE^.    Purslane  Family 

Generally  herbs.  Leaves  opposite  or  alternate,  entire ; 
stipules  dry  and  membranaceous.  Sepals  2.  Petals  4  or  more, 
distinct  or  united  below.  Stamens  4  or  more,  hypogynous  or 
perigynous.  Ovary  usually  superior,  1-celled ;  style  simple  or 
3-cleft ;  ovules  2-many.  Capsule  opening  transversely  with  a 
lid,  or  2-3-valved. 

I.    CLAYTONIA    L. 

Perennial.  Stem  simple,  smooth,  erect,  4-10  in.  high. 
Leaves  2,  opposite,  smooth,  succulent.  Flowers  in  a  terminal 
raceme.  Sepals  2,  ovate,  persistent.  Petals  5,  sometimes 
joined  at  the  base.  Stamens  5,  somewhat  perigynous.  Style 
3-cleft ;  ovary  1-celled,  3-6-seeded. 


PINK  FAMILY  77 

1.  C.  virginica  L.  Spring  Beauty.  Stem  simple,  erect  from  a  deep, 
tuberous  root.  The  2  stem  leaves  narrowly  elliptical,  '3-G  in.  long, 
smooth,  fleshy  ;  basal  leaves  occasionally  produced.  Flowers  on  short 
pedicels.  Petals  white  or  pink,  with  darker  veins,  |-|  in.  long,  notched. 
Capsules  shorter  than  the  persistent  sepals.    Common  in  rich  woods.* 

2,  C.  caroliniana  JNIichx.  Xoktheun  Spring  Beauty.  Flowers 
fewer,  smaller,  and  whiter  than  in  No.  1,  fragrant.  Leaves  1-2  in. 
long,  ovate-lanceolate  or  spatulate,  rather  distinctly  petioled.  Moist 
woods,  especially  N. 

II.   PORTULACA    L. 

Annual.  Stems  low,  diffuse,  and  spreading,  fleshy.  Leaves 
entire,  mostly  alternate.  Flow^ers  terminal,  perigynous.  Sepals 
2,  united  at  the  base.  Petals  usually  5,  quickly  withering. 
Stamens  8-20.  Style  3-8-parted.  Ca})sules  globose,  opening  by 
the  upper  portion  coming  off  like  a  lid,  1-celled,  many-seeded.* 

L  P.  oleracea  L.  Purslane.  Stems  prostrate,  diffuse,  fleshy. 
Leaves  alternate,  flat,  obovate  or  w'edge-shaped.  Flowers  solitary, 
sessile,  opening  in  bright  sunshine  in  the  morning  and  usually 
withering  before  noon.  Sepals  broad,  acute.  Petals  yellow.  Sta- 
mens 10-12.  Capsule  very  many-seeded,  seeds  small,  wrinkled.  A 
common  garden  weed.* 

2.  P.  grandiflora  Hook.  Garden  Portulaca.  Stems  fleshy,  erect 
or  ascending,  densely  hairy  or  nearly  smooth,  8-6  in.  long.  Leaves 
alternate,  cylindrical,  fleshy,  ^1  in.  long.  Flowers  1-2  in.  wide, 
white,  yellowy  or  red,  showy,  opening  only  in  sunlight.  Common  in 
cultivation  and  often  growing  spontaneously.* 

31.  CARYOPHYLLACEiE.    Pink  Family 

Herbs  sometimes  woody  below,  with  thickened  nodes. 
Leaves  opposite,  entire  ;  stipules  small  and  dry  or  none. 
Sepals  4-5.  Petals  4-5  (rarely  0),  usually  hypogynous.  Sta- 
mens usually  8-10,  hypogynous  or  perigynous.  Styles  2-5 
(rarely  1).    Ovules  1-many.    Fruit  usually  a  capsule. 

A 

Sepals  dlsdnct  or  nearly  so.    Petals  (^If  «»?/)   wltliout  claws.    Capsules 

several-many-seeded . 
Styles  usually  3.    Capsule  ovoid.  Stellaria.  I 

Styles  5  or  4..    Capsule  cylindrical.  Cerastium,  II 


78  KEY  AND  FLORA 

B 

Sepals    more    or    less    united.    Petals    luith    claivs.     Capsule    several— 
many-seeded. 

(a)  Calyx  without  bracts,  its  lobes  long  and  leaf -like. 

Agrostemma,  III 
(h)  Calyx  without  bracts,  lobes  not  leaf -like.    Styles  3  or  4. 

Silene,  V 
(c)  Calyx  without  bracts,  lobes  not  leaf -like.    Styles  5  (rarely  4). 

Lychnis,  lY 
(f/)  Calyx  with  little  bracts  at  the  base.    Styles  2. 

Dianthus,  VI 
I.   STELLARIA    L.    (ALSINE) 

Slender,  usually  smooth  herbs.  Flowers  small,  white,  soli- 
tary, or  in  forking  cymes.  Sepals  5  (rarely  4).  Petals  5 
(rarely  4),  2-cleft  or  -divided.  Stamens  10  (rarely  8,  5,  or  3), 
maturing  in  2  sets.  Styles  3  (rarely  4  or  5),  opposite  the  same 
number  of  petals  ;  ovary  1-celled,  many-ovuled.  Capsule  short, 
splitting  into  as  many  valves  as  there  are  styles. 

1.  S.  longifolia  Muhl.  Long-Leaved  Stitch  wort.  Stem  slender, 
usually  erect,  8-18  in.  high,  often  sharply  4-angled.  Leaves  linear 
or  nearly  so,  spreading.  Flower  clusters  peduncled,  many-flowered, 
the  pedicels  spreading.  Petals  2 -parted,  at  length  longer  than  the 
calyx.    Perennial  in  meadows  and  grassy  thickets,  especially  N. 

2.  S.  graminea  L.  Smooth,  weak,  ascending.  Stem  sharply 
4-angled,  12-20  in.  long.  Leaves  linear-lanceolate  or  broader, 
widest  a  little  above  the  base,  ciliate,  acute,  f-l^  in.  long.  Cyme 
loose,  with  slender,  widely  spreading  pedicels.  Flowers  ^-|  in.  in 
diameter.  Sepals  and  petals  about  equal  in  length,  the  petals  cleft 
almost  to  the  base.  Seeds  with  many  minute  tubercles.  Fields  and 
roadsides,  often  among  grass.    Naturalized  from  Europe. 

3.  S.  media  Cyrill.  Common  Chickweed.  Stem  prostrate,  6-18 
in.  long,  with  a  line  or  two  of  hairs  along  it.  Leaves  ovate,  taper- 
pointed,  the  lower  petioled,  the  upper  sessile.  Petals  shorter  than  the 
sepals,  sometimes  wanting.  An  annual  weed,  naturalized  from  Europe, 
common  in  damp,  shady  places  N. 

II.   CERASTIUM    L. 

Annual  or  perennial.  Stems  diffuse,  usually  downy  ;  leaves 
opposite.    Flowers   white,  peduncled,  in  terminal,  regularly 


PIXK  FAMILY  79 

forking  cymes.  Sepals  4-5.  Petals  4-5,  notched  or  2-cleft. 
Stamens  10.  Styles  5  or  less.  Capsules  cylindrical,  1-celled, 
many-seeded.* 

1.  C.  arvense  L.  Field  Chickweed.  Perennial.  Stems  tufted, 
erect  or  ascending,  4-10  in.  high.  Basal  leaves  and  those  of  flower- 
less  branches  linear-oblong,  crowded ;  those  of  flowering  stems  linear 
or  lance-linear.  Flowers  |-|  in.  in  diameter,  in  cymes.  Petals  obcor- 
date,  much  longer  than  the  sej)als.  Pods  hardly  longer  than  the 
calyx.    In  dry  or  rocky  soil. 

2.  C.  vulgatum  L.  Mouse-Ear  Chickweed.  Annual  or  some- 
times perennial.  Stems  diffuse,  tufted,  clammy-downy,  6-12  in. 
high.  Lower  leaves  spatulate,  the  upper  oblong,  acute,  or  obtuse  ; 
bracts  thin  and  dry.  Flowers  in  loose  cymes,  pedicels  becoming 
much  longer  than  the  calyx.  Sepals  lanceolate,  acute,  about  as  long 
as  the  2-cleft  petals.  Slender  capsule  becoming  twice  as  long  as  the 
calyx  and  curved  upward.    A  common  garden  weed.* 

3.  C.  brachypodum  Robinson.  Annual.  Stems  3-10  in.  high, 
clammy-downy.  Lower  leaves  oblanceolate  or  spatulate,  the  upper 
ones  linear  to  lanceolate.  Pedicels  shorter  or  not  much  longer  than 
the  calyx.  Petals  longer  than  the  sepals.  Capsule  straight  or  slightly 
curved  upwards.    In  dry  soil. 

III.   AGROSTEMMA    L. 

Annual.  Stem  pubescent,  branching  above.  Leaves  linear- 
lanceolate  or  linear,  pubescent,  sessile.  Flowers  showy,  on 
long  and  naked  peduncles  in  terminal  corymbs.  Calyx  tubu- 
lar, the  tube  oblong,  10-ribbed;  lobes  elongated,  leaf-like, 
deciduous.  Petals  5,  shorter  than  the  calyx  lobes,  entire. 
Stamens  10.     Styles  5,  capsules  1-celled.* 

1.  A.  Githago  L.  Corn  Cockle.  Stem  erect,  rather  slender,  1-3 
ft.  tall,  gray,  with  long,  appressed  hairs.  Leaves  linear-lanceolate, 
acuminate,  erect,  2-4  in.  long.  Petals  obovate,  notched,  purple. 
Capsule  5-toothed,  many-seeded;  seeds  black.  An  introduced  weed, 
common  in  grain  fields.* 

IV.   LYCHNIS    L. 

Plants  w^itli  nearly  the  same  characteristics  as  SUene,  but 
usually  Avith  5  styles. 

1.  L.  coronaria  Desr.  Mullein  Pink.  A  forking  perennial  plant, 
2  ft.  high,  covered  with  white,  cottony  down.    Leaves  very  wavy, 


80  KEY  AND  FLORA 

spatulate;  stem  leaves  ovate-lanceolate,  wa\y,  clasping.  Peduncles 
long,  1-flowered.  Flowers  about  1^  in.  broad,  deep  crimson.  Calyx 
tube  very  strongly  5 -ribbed,  with  5  smaller  ones  between ;  calyx 
teeth  short  and  slender.  Petals  somewhat  notched.  Cultivated  in 
old  gardens  ;  from  Europe. 

2.  L.  chalcedonica  L.  Scarlet  Lychnis,  London  Pride.  A  tall, 
hairy  perennial  (about  2  ft.).  Leaves  lance-ovate,  somewhat  clasping. 
Flower  cluster  flat-topped  and  very  dense.  Flowers  bright  scarlet, 
not  very  large.  Petals  2-lobed.  Common  in  old  gardens ;  from 
Japan. 

3.  L.  Drummondii  Wats.  Perennial,  erect,  glandular-downy  and 
sticky,  1-3  ft.  high.  Leaves  oblanceolate  or  linear,  acute,  |— 3  in. 
long.  Flowers  few,  on  slender  pedicels,  white  or  purplish,  f-|  in.  long. 
Petals  not  much  longer  than  the  tubular  calyx.  Capsule  |-f  in.  long. 
Seeds  with  little  tubercles.    In  drv  soil  W. 


V.   SILENE    L. 

Annual  or  perennial  herbs.  Stems  erect  or  decumbent  and 
diffuse.  Leaves  often  connate  or  whorled.  Flowers  clustered 
or  solitary,  usually  pink  or  white.  Calyx  tubular,  more  or 
less  inflated,  5-tootlied,  10-nerved,  bractless.  Petals  5,  long- 
clawed,  and  with  the  ten  stamens  inserted  at  the  base  of  the 
ovary.  Styles  3 ;  ovary  1-celled  or  3-celled  at  the  base,  open- 
ing by  6  teeth,  many-seeded.    Seeds  usually  roughened. "^ 

1.  S.  antirrhina  L.  Sleepy  Catchfly.  Stem  smooth,  slender, 
8-30  in.  high,  sticky  in  spots.  Leaves  lanceolate  or  linear.  Flowers 
rather  few  and  small,  panicled.  Calyx  ovoid.  Petals  inversely  heart- 
shaped,  pink,  opening  only  for  a  short  time  in  sunshine.  Dry  waste 
ground. 

2.  S.  Armeria  L.  Catchfly,  None-so-Pretty.  A  smooth,  erect 
annual  or  biennial,  6-1.5  in.  high.  Several  nodes  of  the  stem  are 
usually  covered  for  part  of  their  length  with  a  sticky  substance. 
Leaves  very  smooth,  with  a  bloom  beneath,  lanceolate  or  oblong- 
lanceolate,  clasping.  Flowers  showy,  dark  pink,  nearly  ^  in.  in 
diameter,  in  flat-topped  clusters.  Calyx  club-shaped.  Petals  some- 
what notched.    Cultivated  from  Europe  and  introduced. 

3.  S.  noctiflora  L.  Night-Flowering  Catchfly.  A  tall,  coarse 
annual  or  biennial  weed,  covered  with  sticky  hairs.  Lower  leaves 
spatulate,  the  upper  ones  lanceolate  and  pointed.  Flowers  large, 
white,  opening  at  night  or  in  cloudy  weather.  Calyx  teeth  very  long 
and  awl-shaped.    Petals  2-parted.   In  fields  and  gardens. 


PINK  FAMILY  81 

4.  S.  pennsylvanica  Michx.  Wild  Pink.  A  perennial  with  low, 
clustered  steins  (4-8  in.).  Basal  leaves  wedge-shaped  or  spatulate, 
those  of  the  stem  lanceolate.  Flowers  medium-sized,  clustered. 
Petals  wedge-shaped,  notched,  pink,  with  a  crown  at  the  throat  of 
tlie  corolla.    Gravelly  soil  E. 

5.  S.  virginica  L.  Fire  Pink,  A  slender  perennial,  with  erect 
stem,  1-2  ft.  high.  Basal  leaves  spatulate,  the  npper  leaves  oblong- 
lanceolate.  Flowers  few,  peduncled,  large  and  showy,  bright  crimson. 
Corolla  crowned,  petals  deeply  2-cleft.    Woods. 

6.  S.  latifolia  Britten  and  Rendle.  Snappers,  Rattlebox.  A 
perennial  branched  herb  about  1  ft.  high.  Leaves  opposite,  smooth, 
ovate  or  ovate-lanceolate.  Calyx  thin  and  bladdery,  beautifully 
veined.  Petals  white,  2-cleft.  Capsule  nearly  globular.  In  fields  and 
along  roadsides,  especially  eastward.    Naturalized  from  Em-ope. 

VI.   DIANTHUS    L. 

Tufted,  mostly  perennial  herbs,  often  shrubby  at  the  base. 
Leaves  narrow  and  grass-like.  Flowers  solitary  or  variously 
clustered.  Calyx  tubular,  5-toothed,  with  overlapping  bracts 
at  the  base.  Petals  5,  with  long  claws.  Stamens  10,  maturing 
5  at  a  time.  Styles  2 ;  ovary  1-celled.  Capsule  cylindrical, 
4-valved  at  the  top. 

1.  D.  barbatus  L.  Sweet  William.  Perennial,  often  in  large 
clumps.  Stems  erect,  branching  above,  smooth,  1-2  ft.  tall.  Leaves 
lanceolate,  2-3  in.  long,  acute.  Flowers  crimson-pink,  white  or 
variegated,  in  terminal  clusters ;  bracts  linear,  as  long  as  the  calyx. 
Common  about  old  gardens ;  from  Europe.* 

2.  D.  Armeria  L.  Deptford  Pink.  Rather  erect,  annual,  with 
stiff  stems  1-2  ft.  high.  Leaves  very  dark  green,  linear,  1-2  in.  long, 
the  lower  obtuse,  the  upper  acute.  Flowers  loosely  clustered,  small,, 
dark  pink.  Calyx  tube  -|-|  in.  long,  nearly  cylindrical.  Petals  nar- 
row, speckled  with  very  small  whitish  dots.  In  sandy  fields  eastward. 
Introduced  from  Europe  ;  sometimes  cultivated. 

3.  D.  plumarius  L.  Common  Pink,  Grass  Pink.  Leaves  grass- 
like, witli  a  whitish  bloom.  Petals  white,  pink,  or  variegated,  with 
the  limb  fringed.  Flowers  solitary,  fragrant.  Hardy  perennials, 
cultivated  from  Europe. 

4.  D.  Caryophyllus  L.  Carnation,  Clove  Pink.  ]\Iuch  like  the 
preceding  species,  but  witli  larger  fragrant  flowers;  the  broad  petals 
merely  crenate.  Hothouse  perennials  (some  hardy  varieties),  culti- 
vated from  Europe. 


82  KEY  AND  FLORA 

32.  NYMPH^ACE^.    Water  Lily  Family 

Perennial  aquatic  herbs.  Leaves  usually  floating,  often  shield- 
shaped.  Flowers  borne  on  naked  scapes.  Floral  envelopes  and 
stamens  all  hypogynous  or  epigynous.  Sepals  3-6.  Petals 
3-5  or  often  very  numerous.  Stamens  many.  Carpels  3  or 
more,  free  or  united.    Fruit  a  berry  or  a  group  of  separate 

carpels. 

I.   NYMPH^A    L. 

Rootstock  horizontal,  thick,  cylindrical.  Leaves  heart-shaped, 
floating  or  erect.  Flowers  yellow.  Sepals  4-6,  green  on  the 
outside,  obovate,  concave.  Petals  many,  hypogynous,  the 
inner  ones  becoming  small  and  stamen-like.  Stamens  many, 
hypogynous.  Ovary  cylindrical,  many-celled;  stigma  disk- 
shaped.    Fruit  ovoid.* 

1.  N.  advena  Ait.  Yellow  Pond  Lily,  Cow  Lily,  Spatter- 
Doc  k.  Leaves  oval  or  orbicular,  rather  thick,  often  downy  beneath. 
Flowers  bright  yellow,  2-3  in.  in  diameter,  depressed-globular. 
Sepals  6.  Petals  thick  and  fleshy,  truncate.  Stamens  in  several 
rows ;  anthers  nearly  as  long  as  the  filaments.  In  slow  streams  and 
still  water.* 

n.   CASTALIA    Salisb. 

Rootstock  horizontal,  creeping  extensively.  Leaves  float- 
ing, entire,  shield-shaped  or  heart-shaped.  Flowers  showy. 
Sepals  4,  green  without,  white  within.  Petals  many,  white, 
becoming  smaller  towards  the  center.  Stamens  many,  the 
outer  with  broad  and  the  inner  with  linear  filaments.  Ovary 
many-celled,  stigmas  shield-shaped  and  radiating.  Fruit  berry- 
like, many-seeded.* 

1.  C.  odorata  Woodville  and  Wood.  White  Water  Lily.  Root- 
stock  large,  branched  but  little.  Leaves  floating,  entire,  the  notch 
narrow  and  basal  lobes  acute,  green  and  smooth  above,  purple  and 
downy  beneath.  Petioles  and  peduncles  slender.  Flowers  white,  very 
fragrant,  opening  in  the  morning,  3-5  in.  broad.  Fruit  globose  ;  seeds 
inclosed  in  a  membranaceous  sac.    In  ponds  and  still  water,* 

2.  C.  tuberosa  Greene.  Much  like  No.  1 .  Rootstock  bearing  loosely 
attached,  often  compound  tubers.  Leaves  round-kidney-shaped,  sel- 
dom purple  beneath.  Flowers  larger  than  in  No.  1,  scentless  or  nearly 
so.    Slow  strean^,  especially  W. 


BUTTERCUP  FAMILY  83 

m.  NELUMBO  Adans. 

Kootstock  large  and  stout.  Leaves  rouDcl,  shield-shaped, 
often  raised  above  the  water.  Flowers  large,  raised  above  water 
at  first,  but  often  submerged  after  blooming.  Sepals  and  petals 
hypogynous,  numerous,  the  inner  sepals  and  outer  petals  not 
distinguishable  from  each  other.  Stamens  many,  hypogynous. 
Pistils  several,  1-ovuled,  borne  in  pits  in  the  flattish  upper  sur- 
face of  a  top-shaped  receptacle,  which  enlarges  greatly  in  fruit. 

1.  N.  lutea  Pers.  American  Lotus,  Water  Chinquapin.  Root- 
stock  often  3—4  in.  in  diameter,  horizontal.  Leaves  1^-2^  ft.  broad, 
prominently  ribbed,  with  much  bloom  above,  often  downy  beneath. 
Petioles  and  peduncles  stout.  Flowers  pale  yellow,  5-9  in.  broad. 
Sepals  and  petals  falling  quickly.  Fruit  top-shaped,  3-4  in.  in  diam- 
eter ;  the  seeds  h  in.  in  diameter.  In  ponds  and  slow-running  streams 
W.,  introduced  from  the  Southwest.* 

33.   RANUNCULACE^.    Buttercup  Family 

Herbs,  rarely  shrubs,  usually  with  biting  or  bitter  juice. 
Leaves  basal  or  alternate  (in  Clematis  opposite ;  stem  leaves 
or  involucre  whorled  in  Anemone);  stipules  none  or  adnate 
to  the  petiole.  Floral  organs  all  distinct  and  unconnected. 
Sepals  5  or  more  (rarely  2-4),  falling  early,  often  petal-like. 
Petals  none,  or  5  or  more  (rarely  3).  Stamens  many.  Carpels 
many,  1-celled  ;  stigmas  simple  ;  ovules  1  or  more.  Fruit  com- 
posed of  1-seeded  akenes  or  many-seeded  follicles.   Seeds  smalL 

A 

Flowers  zygomorphic. 

With  a  spur.  Delphinium,  XII 

AVith  a  hood.  Aconitum,  XIII 

B 
Floicera  actinomorphic. 

1.  Petals  present  (in  (r)  not  very  unlike  the  stamens). 

(a)  Petals  very  large  and  showy.  P?eonia,  IX 

(b)  Petals  small,  tubular  at  the  tip.  Coptis,  X 

(c)  Petals  narrow,  spatulate,  on  slender  claws.  Actrea,  XIV 
{d)  Petals  prolonged  backward  into  spurs.  Aquilegia,  XI 
(e)  Petals  flat,  with  a  little  scale  at  the  base,  inside.     Ranunculus,  I 


84  KEY  AND  FLORA 

2.  Petals  none,  or  very  small  and  stamen-like. 

(a)  Sepals  yellow.  Caltha,  VIII 

(b)  Sepals  greenish  or  white,  falling  as  the  flower  opens. 

Thalictrnm,  II 

(c)  Sei:>als  white  or  colored,  involucre  sepal-like.         Hepatica,  IV 

(d)  Sepals  4.    Plants  climbing.  Clematis,  VI 

(e)  Sepals    5,    white.     Flowers    axillary   and   terminal.     Pods 

2 -several -seeded.  Isopp'um,  VII 

(/)  Sepals  white  or  colored.    Plants  not  climbing.    Akenes  more 

or  less  tailed  with  the  styles  in  fruit.  Anemone,  V 

(g)   Sepals  5-10,  white.   Flowers  in  an  umbel.   Roots  tuberous. 

Anemonella,  III 

I.   RANUNCULUS    L. 

Annual  or  perennial  herbs.  Leaves  alternate,  usually  deeply 
lobed  or  parted.  Flowers  axillary  or  in  corymbs,  white  or 
yellow.  Sepals  3-5.  Petals  3-5,  flat,  with  a  small  pit  or  scale 
inside  at  the  narrowed  base.  Stamens  usually  numerous. 
Pistils  few  or  several  in  a  head.    Akenes  flattened,  pointed.* 

1.  R.  pusillus  Poir.  Low  Spearwort.  Perennial.  Stems  several, 
erect  or  ascending,  branched,  smooth,  6-15  in.  high.  Leaves  entire  or 
slightly  toothed,  the  lower  round  or  cordate,  long-petioled,  the  upper 
lanceolate  or  elliptical,  nearly  or  quite  sessile.  Flowers  very  small, 
about  J  in.  wide,  yellow.  Petals  1-5,  as  long  as  the  sepals.  Stamens 
3-10.    Akenes  smooth,  with  a  very  short  point.    On  muddy  banks.* 

2.  R.  abortivus  L.  Small-Flowered  Crowfoot.  Perennial. 
Stems  smooth,  branching,  12-18  in.  high.  Basal  leaves  round-cor- 
date, crenate,  petioled.  Stem  leaves  3-5-parted,  with  wedge-shaped 
or  linear  divisions,  sessile.  Flowers  very  small,  pale  yellow.  Sepals 
reflexed,  longer  than  the  petals.  Akenes  in  a  globose  head,  smooth, 
without  a  beak.    Common  on  wet  ground  and  waste  places.* 

3.  R.  recurvatus  Poir.  Hooked  Crowfoot.  Perennial.  Stem 
erect,  hairy,  1-2  ft.  high.  Leaves  all  nearly  alike,  petioled,  3-5-lobed, 
with  the  lobes  wedge-shaped,  cut  or  toothed  at  the  apex.  Flowers 
small,  pale  yellow.  Petals  minute,  shorter  than  the  reflexed  sepals. 
Akenes  in  a  globular  head,  smooth,  with  a  slender,  recurved  beak. 
On  low  ground.* 

4.  R.  fascicularis  Muhl.  Tufted  Buttercup.  Perennial.  Stems 
clustered  from  thickened  fibrous  roots,  ascending,  5-9  in.  high,  cov- 
ered with  close-lying  silky  hairs.    Leaves  3-5-divided,  the  divisions 


BUTTERCUP  FAMILY  85 

lobed  and  cleft  into  oblong  or  linear  divisions.  Flowers  about  1  in. 
in  diameter.  Petals  5-7,  yellow,  spatulate-oblong  or  obovate.  Akenes 
hardly  margined,  beak  slender,  straight  or  slightly  curved.  On  hill- 
sides or  in  woods  or  prairies. 

5.  R.  septentrionalis  Poir.  Marsh  Buttercup.  Stems  smooth  or 
slightly  hairy,  erect,  or  in  wet  ground  often  forming  long  runners. 
Leaves  o-divided,  on  long  petioles,  the  divisions  stalked,  cleft  or  lobed, 
and  wedge-shaped.  Petals  yellow,  obovate,  twice  as  long  as  the 
sepals.  Akenes  flat,  strongly  margined,  beak  stout  and  nearly  straight. 
In  moist  soil. 

6.  R.  hispidus  Michx.  Reclining  Buttercup.  Perennial.  Stems 
ascending  or  spreading,  densely  soft-hairy  when  young,  few-leaved. 
Leaves  pinnately  3-5-divided,  with  sharply  cleft  divisions.  Flowers 
|-1|  in.  in  diameter.  Petals  about  twice  as  long  as  the  spreading 
sepals.  Head  of  fruit  globose  or  iiearh"  so.  Akenes  broadly  oval, 
lens-shaped,  with  a  narrow  margin.    In  dry  woods  and  thickets. 

7.  R.  pennsylvanicus  L.  f .  Upright  Buttercup.  Perennial.  Stems 
rough-hairy,  erect,  2-3  ft.  high.  Leaves  compound  in  threes,  on  long 
and  very  hairy  petioles ;  leaflets  long-stalked,  o-parted,  the  divisions 
sharply  lobed  or  toothed.  Flowers  small.  Petals  yellow,  shorter  than 
the  sepals.  Akenes  flat,  smooth,  in  oblong  heads ;  beak  broad  and 
straight.    On  low  ground.* 

8.  R.  bulbosus  L.  Bulbous  Buttercup,  Early  Buttercup. 
Stem  upright,  from  a  solid  bulb  about  as  large  as  a  filbert,  about 
1  ft.  high,  hairy.  Basal  leaves  3-divided,  tlie  divisions  lobed  and 
cleft.  Peduncles  furrowed.  Flowers  large  and  showy  (^-1  in.  in 
diameter).  Sepals  strongly  reflexed.  Petals  roundish,  wedge-shaped 
at"  the  base.  Akenes  with  a  very  short  beak.  Naturalized  from 
Europe.    Common  in  grass  fields  in  New  England. 

9.  R.  acris  L.  Tall  Buttercup.  Erect,  hairy,  2-3  ft.  high. 
Leaves  3-7-parted,  the  divisions  of  the  lower  ones  wedge-shaped, 
deeply  cut  and  lobed.  Peduncles  not  furrowed.  Sepals  spreading, 
downy.  Petals  obovate,  a  little  smaller  and  paler  yellow  than  in 
No.  8.  A  common  weed,  naturalized  from  Europe,  in  grass  fields 
and  elsewhere,  especially  eastward. 

II.   THALICTRUM    L. 

Erect  perennial  herbs.  Leaves  compound,  with  stipules. 
Flowers  in  panicles  or  racemes,  often  somewhat  mono?cious 
or  dioecious,  wind-fertilized.  Sepals  4-5,  petal-like.  Petals 
none.  Stamens  many.  Carpels  few  or  many ;  ovule  1.  Fruit 
a  small  head  of  akenes.  [The  following  species  are  both 
usually  dioecious.] 


86  KEY  AND  FLORA 

1.  T.  dioicum  L.  Early  Meadow  Rue.  Plant  1-2  ft.  high, 
smooth  and  pale  or  with  a  bloom.  Leaves  all  petioled,  most  of  them 
thrice  compound  in  threes ;  leaflets  thin  and  delicate,  romidish,  3-7- 
lobed.  Flowers  in  slender  panicles,  purplish  or  greenish  ;  staminate 
ones  with  slender,  thread-like  filaments,  from  which  hang  the  con- 
spicuous yellowish  anthers.    Rocky  woods  and  hillsides. 

2.  T.  polygamum  Muhl.  Tall  Meadow  Rue.  Stems  from  fibrous 
roots,  tall  and  coarse,  nearly  or  quite  smooth,  4-8  ft.  tall.  Leaves 
twice  compound,  those  of  the  stem  sessile,  the  others  long-petioled ; 
leaflets  oval  or  oblong,  often  cordate,  smooth  or  downy  beneath, 
quite  variable  in  size  on  the  same  plant.  Flowers  small,  in  large 
panicles.  Sepals  4  or  o,  white.  Filaments  club-shaped.  Akenes 
short-stalked.    Thickets  and  meadows  E. 


m.   ANEMONELLA    Spach.    (SYNDESMON) 

Small,  perennial  herbs.  Leaves  compound,  smooth,  the 
basal  ones  long-petioled,  those  of  the  stem  sessile.  Flowers 
in  a  terminal  umbel,  slender-pediceled.  Sepals  petal-like. 
Petals  none.    Pistils  4-15  ;  stigmas  sessile,  truncate.^ 

1.  A.  thalictroides  Spach.  Rue  Anemone.  Stem  slender,  6-10  in. 
high,  from  a  cluster  of  tuberous  roots.  Basal  leaves  long-petioled, 
twice  compound  in  threes;  leaflets  oval,  heart-shaped,  3-5-lobed. 
Stem  leaves  2-3  compound  in  threes,  whorled,  the  long-stalked  leaf- 
lets veiny,  forming  an  involucre  of  6-9  apparently  simple  leaves. 
Flowers  3-6  in  an  umbel,  |-|  in.  wide  ;  sepals  6-10,  white.  In  rich 
woods.* 

IV.   HEPATICA    Hill 

Involucre  of  3  small,  simple  leaves,  so  close  to  the  flower  as 
to  look  like  a  calyx.  Leaves  all  basal,  3-lobed,  heart-shaped, 
thick,  and  evergreen,  purplish-red  beneath.  Flowers  single, 
on  rather  slender  hairy  scapes. 

1.  H.  triloba  Chaix.  Round-Lobed  Hepatica.  Lobes  of  the 
leaves  obtuse  or  rounded;  those  of  the  involucre  obtuse;  sepals 
6-12,  varying  from  blue  to  white. 

2.  H.  acutiloba  DC.  Sharp-Lobed  Hepatica.  Closely  similar  to 
the  former,  except  for  the  acute  lobes  of  the  leaves  and  tips  of  the 
involucre. 

[Both  species  have  many  local  names,  such  as  Liverleaf,  Liverwort^ 
Noble  Liverwort,  Spring  Beauty.] 


BUTTERCUP  FAMILY  87 

V.   ANEMONE    L. 

Perennial  herbs,  usually  with  basal  leaves,  and  2  or  3  op- 
posite or  whorled  stem  leaves,  constituting  an  involucre  some 
distance  below  the  flower  or  flower  cluster.  Sepals  few  or  nu- 
merous, colored  and  petal-like.  Petals  usually  wanting.  Akenes 
pointed,  or  with  long,  feathery  tails. 

1.  A.  patens  L.,  var.  Wolfgangiana.   Pasque  Flower.   Low  plants, 

1  in.-l  ft.  high,  clothed  with  long,  silky  hairs.  Leaves  divided 
in  threes.  Flower  single,  large,  showy,  pale-purplish,  borne  on  a 
peduncle  developed  before  the  leaves.  Carpels  many,  with  long, 
hairy  styles,  which  in  fruit  form  tails  2  in.  long.  Prairies  and 
bluffs,  X.W. 

2.  A.  caroliniana  Walt.  Carolina  Anemone.  Stem  simple,  from 
a  roundish  tuber,  slightly  downy,  6-12  in.  high,  bearing  a  single 
flower  about  1  in.  broad.  Basal  leaves  2-3,  loug-petioled,  compound 
in  threes,  the  divisions  cut  or  lobed ;  stem  leaves  sessile,  compound 
in  threes,  the  divisions  wedge-shaped.  Sepals  12-20,  white ;  head  of 
fruit  becoming  oblong;  akenes  woolly.    In  open  woods  W.* 

3.  A.  cylindrica  Gray.    Long-Fruited  Anemone.    Plants  about 

2  ft.  high,  branching,  with  an  involucre  of  long-petioled,  divided,  and 
cleft  leaves,  from  within  which  spring  several  long,  naked  peduncles. 
Flowers  greenish-white.  Sepals  obtuse.  Head  of  fruit  cylindrical, 
composed  of  very  many  densely  woolly  akenes.  Dry  woods  and 
prairies. 

4.  A.  virginiana  L.  Plant  hairy,  2-3  ft.  high.  Peduncles  6-12  in. 
long,  sometimes  forking,  the  first  ones  naked,  the  later  ones,  with  a 
little  2-leaved  involucre  at  the  middle.  Leaves  of  the  involucre  3, 
each  3-parted,  the  divisions  ovate-lanceolate,  pointed.  Sepals  acute. 
Head  of  fruit  ovoid.    "Woods  and  meadows. 

5.  A.  canadensis  L.  Plant  hairy,  rather  low.  Peduncle  arising 
from  a  3-leaved  primary  involucre,  then  branching,  each  branch 
bearing  at  the  middle  a  2-leaved  secondary  involucre.  Leaves  of  the 
primary  involucre  broadly  wedge-shaped,  3-cleft,  the  divisions  cut 
and  toothed.  Sepals  obovate,  white.  Head  of  fruit  spherical.  In 
low  ground  or  woods. 

6.  A.  quinquefolia  L.  Wind  Flower,  Wood  Anemone.  Stem 
simple,  from  a  thread-like  rootstock ;  involucre  of  3  leaves,  each 
petioled,  and  of  3  leaflets,  which  are  cut,  toothed,  or  parted.  Pedun- 
cle 1 -flowered.  Sepals  4-7,  white,  often  tinged  with  purple  outside. 
Carpels  15  or  20.  This  species  is  very  nearly  related  to,  but  now 
regarded  as  distinct  from,  the  European  .1.  nemorosa. 


KEY  AND  FLORA 


VI.  CLEMATIS    L. 

Perennial  herbs  or  slightly  woody  vines,  usually  climbing 
by  the  leafstalks.  Leaves  opposite,  simple  or  compound- 
Sepals  4,  petal-like.  Petals  very  small  or  wanting.  Pistils 
numerous,  tipped  by  the  persistent  styles,  which  often  become 
long  and  plumose  in  fruit.* 

1.  C.  crispaL.  Marsh  Clematis.  Stem  climbing,  a  little  woody 
below,  sHghtly  downy  above,  3-5  ft.  high.  Leaves  pinnately  com- 
pound ;  leaflets  5-7,  varying  from  lanceolate  to  ovate,  thin,  entire 
or  3-5-lobed.  Flowers  showy,  perfect,  solitary,  on  long  axillary  pedun- 
cles. Sepals  lanceolate,  taper-pointed,  thick,  wavy  on  the  margins, 
twice  the  length  of  the  stamens,  light  bluish-purple,  1-1  j  in.  in  length. 
Tails  of  the  ripened  akenes  1  in.  long,  silky.  Rich  woods  and  river 
banks  S.* 

2.  C.ViornaL.  Lf:ather  Flower.  Stem  climbing,  nearly  smooth, 
6-10  ft.  long.  Leaves  usually  pinnately  compound,  the  lowest  pair 
often  compound  in  threes  and  the  upper  pair  simple.  Leaflets  usu- 
ally 5-7,  oblong-pvate  or  oval,  acute,  firm,  entire  or  lobed.  Calyx 
bell-shaped,  nodding ;  sepals  ovate,  taper-pointed  with  a  short,  re- 
curved point,  thick  and  leathery,  reddish-purple,  1  in.  long.  Tails 
of  the  akenes  plumose,  1|  in.  long,  brownish.  On  river  banks  and 
rich  soil.* 

VII.  ISOPYRUM    L. 

Small,  smooth  herbs.  Leaves  2-3  times  compound,  in 
threes ;  the  leaflets  2-3-lobed.  Flowers  peduncled,  white. 
Sepals  5,  petal-like,  soon  falling.  Petals  wanting  (in  our 
species).    Stamens  10-40.    Pistils  3-6  or  more. 

1.  I.  biternatum  T.  &  G.  A  delicate,  erect  plant,  with  alternate 
branches,  looking  much  like  Anemonella,  with  clustered  stems  from 
perennial  tuberous  roots.    Damp  woods. 

VIII.    CALTHA    L. 

Smooth  perennials  with  large,  roundish  leaves.  Sepals 
petal-like,  5-9.  Petals  none.  Pistils  5-10,  each  consisting 
of  a  1-celled  ovary  with  a  nearly  sessile  stigma.  Fruit  a 
many-seeded  follicle. 

1.  C.  palustris  L.  Marsh  Marigold,  Cowslips,  Meadow  But- 
tercup (both  the  latter  unsuitable  names,  but  in  common  use).  Stem 
hollow,  smooth,  ascending  ;  leaves  smooth,  roundish  and  heart-shaped, 


BUTTERCUP  FAMILY  89 

or  kidney-shaped,  with  crenate,  dentate,  or  nearly  entire  margins ; 
the  broad  oval  sepals  bright  yellow.    Swamps  or  wet  ground. 

IX.   P^ONIA    L. 

Perennial,  from  thick,  fleshy  roots  ;  stems  shrubby  or  her- 
baceous. Leaves  much  divided.  Flow^ers  terminal,  large  and 
showy.  Sepals  5,  leaf-like  and  persistent.  Petals  5  or  more. 
Pistils  3-5  ;  ovaries  surrounded  by  a  disk.* 

1.  P.  officinalis  L.  Garden  Peoxy.  Herbaceous;  flowering  stems 
1-2  ft.  high.  Leaves  ample ;  leaflets  lance-ovate,  cut  or  incised,  smooth. 
Flowers  double,  white  or  red.  Follicles  2,  erect,  many-seeded.  Com- 
mon in  gardens.* 

X.   COPTIS    Salisb. 

Low,  smooth  perennials,  wdth  3-divided  basal  leaves.  Flow^ers 
small,  w^hite,  on  scapes.  Sepals  5-7,  petal-like,  soon  falling. 
Petals  5-7,  small,  club-shaped,  tubular  at  the  apex.  Stamens 
15-25.    Pistils  3-7,  stalked.    Pods  thin  and  dry,  4-8-seeded. 

1.  C.  trifolia  Salisb.  Gold  Thread,  A  pretty,  delicate  plant, 
with  slender,  1-flowered  scapes,  from  long,  bright-yellow,  thread- 
like rootstocks,  which  are  bitter  and  somewhat  medicinal.  Leaves 
later  than  the  flowers,  each  of  3  wedge-shaped  leaflets,  which  finally 
become  shining  and  evergeen.    Damp,  cold  woods  and  bogs. 

XL   AQUILEGIA    L. 

Perennials,  with  leaves  tw4ce  or  thrice  palmately  compound, 
the  divisions  in  threes. 

Sepals  5,  petal-like,  all  similar.  Petals  5,  all  similar,  each 
consisting  of  an  expanded  portion,  prolonged  backward  into  a 
hollow  spur,  the  whole  much  longer  than  the  calyx.  Pistils  5, 
forming  many-seeded  pods. 

1.  A.  canadensis  L.  AVild  Colt'mbixe.  Flowers  scarlet  without, 
yellow  witliin,  nijdding;  spurs  rather  long. 

2.  A.  vulgaris  L.  Garden  Columbine.  Flowers  often  double,  and 
white,  blue,  or  purple.  Sjuirs  shorter  and  more  hooked.  Cultivated 
from  Europe,  and  sometimes  become  wild. 

XII.   DELPHINIUM    L. 

Annual  or  perennial  herbs.  Stem  erect,  simple  or  branched. 
Leaves    alternate,  petioled,   palmately   divided.    Flowers   in 


90  KEY  AND  FLOP.A 

terminal  racemes  or  panicles,  showy.  Sepals  5,  colored,  irregu- 
lar, the  upper  one  prolonged  into  a  spur.  Petals  4,  unequal, 
the  two  upper  ones  with  long  spurs  which  are  inclosed  in  the 
spur  of  the  upper  sepal,  the  other  two  short-stalked.  Pistils 
1-5 ;  ovaries  many-seeded."*^ 

1.  D.  tricorne  Michx.  Dwarf  Larkspur.  Perennial.  Stem  simple, 
from  a  tuberous  root,  usually  low  (|-1  ft.  high),  but  sometimes 
2  ft.  high.  Leaves  deeply  5-parted,  the  divisions  irregularly  ;-j-5-cleft. 
Racemes  few-flowered,  loose.  Flowers  blue,  sometimes  white.  Pods 
diverging.    Southward. 

2.  D.  azureum  Michx.  Blue  Larkspur.  Perennial.  Stem  usually 
simple,  slender,  downy,  1-2  ft.  high.  Leaves  2-3  in.  wide,  3-5-i^arted,. 
the  divisions  cleft  into  3-5  narrow,  toothed,  or  entire  lobes.  Flowers 
in  a  strict,  many-flowered,  terminal  raceme,  showy,  blue  or  whitish. 
Spur  ascending,  curved ;  lower  petals  bearded,  2-cleft.  Pods  erect. 
On  rich  or  rocky  soil  in  open  places,  X.* 

XIII.   ACONITUM    L. 

Erect,  perennial  herbs.  Leaves  alternate,  palmately  lobed 
or  cut.  Flowers  irregular,  in  panicles  or  racemes.  Sepals  5, 
the  back  one  large,  arched,  and  hooded,  the  front  one  the 
narrower.  Petals  2-5,  small,  the  2  back  ones  clawed  and 
covered  by  the  hood  of  the  sepals ;  3  lateral  ones  small  or 
wanting.    Follicles  3-5.    Seeds  many,  wrinkled. 

1.  A.  Napellus  L.  Moxkshood.  An  erect,  poisonous  plant,  1-2  ft. 
high.  Raceme  simple  and  densely  flowered.  Flowers  dark  blue.  Cul- 
tivated from  Europe. 

Several  native  species  of  Aconitum  occur  within  our  limits,  but 
they  are  not  common. 

XIV.   ACT^A    L. 

Perennial.  Stem  simple.  Leaves  2-3,  compound  in  threes  ; 
leaflets  ovate,  sharply  cut  or  toothed.  Flowers  white,  in  a 
short  and  thick  terminal  raceme.  Sepals  4-5,  soon  deciduous. 
Petals  4-10,  small.  Pistil  single ;  stigma  2-lobed.  Fruit  a 
many-seeded  berry."^ 

1.  A.  rubra  Willd.  Red  Baxeberry.  Stem  about  2  ft.  high. 
Raceme  ovoid  or  hemispherical.  Petals  acute.  Pedicels  slender. 
Berries  usually  red,  sometimes  white,  ovoid.    Common  X. 


BARBERRY  FAMILY  91 

2.  A.  alba  Miller.  Baneberky.  Stem  erect,  smooth  or  nearly  so, 
18-24  ill.  high.  Leaves  large  and  spreading;  leaflets  thin.  Racemes 
very  broad.    Petals   slender,   truncate.     Pedicels  red,   thickened    in 


34.  BERBERIDACE^.    Bar  berry  Family 

Herbs  or  shrubs.  Leaves  alternate,  simple  or  compound, 
usually  without  stipules.  Sepals  petal-like.  Petals  liypogy- 
nous,  distinct,  their  number  some  multij)le  of  2,  3,  or  4,  never 
of  5.  Stamens  usually  one  opposite  each  petal ;  anthers  com- 
monly opening  by  2  uplifted  lids  (the  stamens  of  Podopltylhim 
are  exceptional).    Pistil  1,  1-celled  ;  ovules  2  or  more.    Fruit  a 

berry  or  capsule. 

I.   PODOPHYLLUM    L. 

Perennial.  Stem  simple,  smooth,  erect,  12-15  in.  tall,  bear- 
ing 2  leaves  with  a  large  white  flower  between  them.  Sepals 
6,  falling  off  as  the  flower  opens.  Petals  6-9,  obovate.  Sta- 
mens twice  as  many  as  the  petals ;  anthers  splitting  open 
lengthwise.  Pistil  1 ;  stigma  large,  flat,  sessile.  Fruit  berry- 
like,  1-celled,  many-seeded.* 

1.  P.  peltatum  L.  May  Apple.  Rootstock  rather  large.  Leaves 
orbicular,  shield-shaped,  .5-9-lobed  and  toothed,  smooth,  9-12  in. 
wide.  Flowers  1-2  in.  wide,  on  a  peduncle  1-2  in.  long.  Stamens 
prominent;  anthers  opening  longitudinally.  Fruit  l|-2  in.  long, 
oval,  fragrant,  edible  ;  each  seed  surrounded  by  a  pulpy  covering. 
In  rich  woods.    The  roots  and  leaves  are  used  in  medicine.* 

IL   CAULOPHYLLUM    Miehx. 

A  perennial  smooth  herb,  1-2^^  ft.  high.  Leaf  large,  single, 
sessile,  thrice  compound  in  threes,  borne  high  up  on  the  stem ; 
there  is  also  a  large,  very  compound  basal  leaf.  Flowers 
racemed  or  panicled,  yellowish-green.  Sepals  6,  with  3  bract- 
lets.  Petals  6,  gland-like,  somewhat  curved  inward  at  the  tip, 
much  smaller  than  the  sepals.  Pistil  2-ovuled,  the  ovary  soon 
bursting  open  and  leaving  the  2  blue  seeds  to  ripen  naked. 

1.  C.  thalictroides  Michx.  Blue  Cohosh,  Pappoose  Root.  Whole 
plant  purplish  and  covered  with  a  bloom  when  young.  Flowers 
appearing  before  the  leaf  is  fully  develoi)ed.    Rich  woods. 


92  KEY  AND  FLORA 

III.   BERBERIS    L. 

Spiny  shrubs  with  yellow  wood.  Leaves  spinous-toothed, 
jointed  on  the  very  short  petiole,  often  reduced  to  3-7-cleft 
spines.  Flowers  in  racemes,  solitary  or  in  pairs.  Sepals  8-9,  the 
outer  minute.  Petals  6,  each  with  2  nectar  glands  at  the  base. 
Stamens  6.  Ovules  few.   Berry  1-2-seeded  ;  seeds  bony-coated. 

1.  B.  vulgaris  L.  Common  Barberry.  A  shrub  4-6  ft.  high. 
Leaves  obovate,  spinous-serrate ;  those  on  the  old  shoots  mere 
spines.  Flowers  pale  yellow,  in  drooping  racemes.  Stamens  irritable, 
closing  quickly  toward  the  center  of  the  flower  when  touched.  Berry 
^  in.  long,  nearly  ellipsoidal  in  shape,  scarlet  or  orange-scarlet,  very 
acid,  eatable  when  cooked.  Cultivated  from  Europe  and  introduced 
in  eastern  New  England  and  locally  in  the  upper  Mississippi  Valley. 

2.  B.  Thunbergii  DC.  A  low  shrub.  Leaves  entire,  turning  red 
and  remaining  so  for  a  considerable  time  in  autumn.  Flowers 
solitary  or  in  pairs.  Berries  bright  red,  remaining  on  the  branches 
all  winter.    Cultivated  from  Japan. 

35.  MAGNOLIACE^.    MaCxNOlia  Family 

Trees  or  shrubs.  Leaves  alternate,  not  toothed  or  serrate. 
Flowers  solitary,  large  and  showy.  Floral  envelopes  and  sta- 
mens hypogynous.  Calyx  and  corolla  colored  alike,  the  parts  of 
the  perianth  forming  3  or  more  circles  of  3  parts  each.  Stamens 
many.  Carpels  many,  usually  joined  over  the  long  receptacle 
and  forming  a  sort  of  cone-shaped  fruit,  which  may  be  either 
fleshy  or  dry. 

I.    MAGNOLIA    L. 

Aromatic  trees  or  shrubs.  Leaves  alternate,  often  in  clusters 
at  the  ends  of  the  branches,  entire,  usually  thick  and  leathery  ; 
stipules  large,  quickly  deciduous.  Flowers  terminal,  showy, 
bisexual.  Sepals  3,  caducous.  Petals  6-12,  in  2-4  rows,  con- 
cave. Stamens  numerous.  Ovaries  numerous,  1-celled,  2-seeded, 
the  mature  follicles  opening  at  the  beak  and  the  fleshy  seeds 
remaining  for  some  time  suspended  by  slender  threads.* 

1.  M.  virgii^ana  L.  Sweet  Bay.  A  small  tree  with  light  gray 
bark.  Leaves  scattered  on  the  branches,  evergreen,  thick  and 
leathery,  oval  or  oblong,  smooth  and  green  above,  white  and  w^ith 


MAGNOLIA   FAMILY  93 

a  bloom,  downy  beneath,  4-G  in.  long.  Flowers  white,  fragrant,  2-3 
in.  in  diameter;  petals  9,  concave.  Cone  l|-2  in.  long,  pink.  Com- 
mon in  swamps  and  along  streams,  New  York  and  soutliward  (a 
few  in  eastern  Massachusetts) .  The  leaves  often  used  in  flavoring 
soups,  etc. 

2.  M.  acuminata  L.  Cucumber  Tree.  A  tree  60-90  ft.  high. 
Leaves  thin,  oblong  or  oval,  acute,  light  green  and  somewhat  downy 
beneath,  5-10  in.  long.  Flowers  oblong-bell-shaped,  greenish-yellow, 
2  in.  long.  Petals  much  longer  than  the  sepals.  Cone  of  fruit  2-3 
in.  long,  often  curved,  cylindrical.    Woods,  especially  S. 

3.  M.  macrophylla  Michx.  Large-Leaved  Umbrella  Tree.  A 
small  tree  with  gray  bark.  Leaves  clustered  at  the  ends  of  the 
branches,  oblong  or  obovate,  obtuse  at  the  apex,  cordate  at  the  base, 
green  and  glabrous  above,  white  and  downy  beneath,  U-3  ft.  long; 
petioles  stout.  Flowers  white  with  a  purple  center,  fragrant,  8-12 
in.  wide.  Petals  oblong,  obtuse,  two  or  three  times  as  long  as  the 
sepals.  Cone  ovate,  4-6  in.  long,  bright  red  at  maturity.  Shady 
woods  on  light  soil  S.* 

4.  M.  Fraseri  Walt.  Ear-Leaved  Umbrella  Tree.  A  small 
tree  with  a  slender  trunk  and  widely  spreading  branches.  Leaves 
clustered  at  the  ends  of  the  branches,  deciduous,  oblong  or  obovate, 
contracted,  cordate  and  eared  at  the  base,  smooth  on  both  sides, 
8-12  in.  long;  petioles  slender.  Flowers -white  and  fragrant,  6  in. 
broad.  Petals  longer  than  the  sepals,  spatulate  or  oblong,  obtuse  at 
the  apex,  narrowed  at  the  base.  Cone  3-4  in.  long,  pink  at  maturity. 
In  rich  woods  S.* 

II.   LIRIODENDRON  L. 

A  large  tree  with  rough,  dark-colored  bpa'k.  Leaves  scat- 
tered on  the  branches,  deciduous,  3-lobed,  truncate,  stipuled, 
petioled.  Flowers  bisexual.  Sepals  3,  reflexed.  Petals  6, 
erect.  Stamens  numerous.  Ovaries  numerous,  2-ovuled,  joined 
over  each  other  on  the  elongated  receptacle,  never  opening, 
deciduous.* 

1.  L.  tulipifera  L.  Tulip  Tree.  The  largest  tree  in  the  family. 
Leaves  roundish  in  outline,  mostly  3-lobed,  the  terminal  lobe  trun- 
cate or  broadly  notched,  usually  heart-shaped  at  the  base,  smooth, 
green  above,  lighter  beneath;  petioles  slender.  Flowers  terminal, 
bell-shaped,  greenish-yellow  marked  with  orange.  Petals  obovate, 
obtuse,  about  as  long  as  the  sepals.  Mature  cones  ovate,  acute.  2-3 
in.  long.  Common  on  low  ground,  Pennsylvania  and  S.  Often  called 
''  white  wood,"  or,  incorrectly,  "  white  poplar."  Wood  valuable  for 
making  boxes  and  light  furniture.* 


94  KEY  AND  FLORA. 

36.  CALYCANTHACE-®.    Calycanthus  Family 

Shrubs.  Leaves  opposite,  entire,  without  stipules.  Flowers 
solitary,  often  sweet-scented.  Sepals  and  petals  numerous, 
the  outer  sepals  bract-like.  Stamens  many,  short,  the  inner 
ones  usually  sterile.  Ovaries  several,  inserted  on  the  inside 
of  an  irregular,  hollow,  pear-shaped  receptacle  something  like 
a  large  rose  hip,  forming  1-seeded  akenes  in  fruit. 

CALYCANTHUS    L.    (BUTNERIA) 

Shrubs,  4-8  ft.  tall ;  branches  opposite.  Leaves  oval,  downy 
beneath,  short-petioled  ;  both  leaves  and  bark  aromatic.  Sepals 
and  petals  many,  in  several  rows,  somewhat  fleshy,  indistin- 
guishable. Pistils  several,  inserted  on  the  inner  side  of  the 
persistent  calyx  tube.  Mature  fruit  pear-shaped,  dry,  inclos- 
ing the  akenes.* 

1.  C.  floridus  L.  Sweet-Scented  Shrub,  Strawberry  Bush, 
Spice  Bush,  Shrub.  A  widespreadiiig  bush,  4-8  ft.  high;  twigs 
downy.  Leaves  oval  or  oblong,  acute  or  taper-pointed,  rough  above, 
downy  beneath,  2-3  in.  long.  Flowers  1  in.  wide,  brownish-purple,  very 
fragrant.  Sepals  united  below  to  form  a  cup,  on  the  inside  of  which 
the  other  parts  of  the  flower  are  inserted  ;  cup  leafy-bracted  on  the 
outside.    Banks  of  streams  and  rich  hillsides  S.,  often  cultivated.* 

37.  ANONACE^.     Papaw  Family 

Trees  or  shrubs.  Leaves  alternate,  entire,  pinnately  veined. 
Flowers  bisexual,  hypogynous,  axillary,  solitary.  Calyx  of  3 
sepals  ;  corolla  of  6  thickish  petals  in  2  rows.  Stamens  many  ; 
filaments  very  short.  Pistils  several  or  many,  becoming  fleshy 
or  pulpy  in  fruit. 

ASIMINA    Adans. 

Shrubs  or  small  trees.  Leaves  deciduous.  Flowers  nodding. 
Sepals  3,  ovate.  Petals  6,  the  3  outer  ones  larger  and  spread- 
ing. Stamens  very  numerous,  crowded  on  the  globular  recep- 
tacle. Ovaries  3-15,  sessile,  1-celled,  several-ovuled.  Fruit  a 
large,  fleshy,  oblong  berry  ;  seeds  large,  horizontal.* 


LAUREL  FAMILY  95 

1.  A.  triloba  Duiial.  Papaw.  A  small  tree,  10-20  ft.  high; 
bark  nearly  smooth,  lead-colored.  Leaves  oblong-obovate,  acute  at 
the  apex,  obtuse  at  the  base,  rusty-downy  when  young  and  becoming- 
smoother  with  age,  6-10  in.  long.  Flowers  on  branches  of  the  previ- 
ous season,  appearing  before  or  with  the  leaves ;  the  short  peduncles 
and  the  sepals  brown-downy ;  petals  purple,  obovate,  3-4  times 
longer  than  the  sepals.  Fruit  3-5  in.  long,  edible  when  ripe.  Com- 
mon on  banks  of  streams,  especially  S.  and  S.W.  The  bark  is  very 
tough  and  is  often  used  in  the  place  of  rope.* 

38.  LAURACEiE.    Laurel  Family 

Aromatic  plants,  nearly  always  trees  or  shrubs.  Leaves 
alternate,  simple,  usually  entire,  and  marked  with  translucent 
dots.  Calyx  regular,  hypogynous,  of  4  or  6  colored  sepals. 
Stamens  in  3  or  4  circles  of  3  each,  the  anthers  opening  by 
valves.    Style  single.    Fruit  a  1-seeded  berry  or  drupe. 

I.   SASSAFRAS    Nees. 

A  tree  with  rough,  yellowish  bark  and  a  spreading  top. 
Leaves  deciduous,  entire  or  2-3-lobed.  Flowers  dioecious, 
involucrate,  at  the  end  of  the  twigs  of  the  previous  season. 
Calyx  6-parted,  persistent  in  the  pistillate  flowers.  Stamens 
9,  in  3  rows.  Pistillate  flowers  with  4-6  abortive  stamens 
and  a  single  ovary.    Fruit  a  drupe.* 

L  S.  variifolium  Ktze.  Sassafras.  A  tree,  usually  small  and  slen- 
der, but  sometimes  with  a  trunk  3  ft.  in  diameter  and  125  ft.  high. 
Leaves  oval,  entire,  mitten-shaped  or  3-lobed,  downy  when  young  but 
becoming  smooth  with  age,  dark  green  above,  paler  below,  petiolate. 
llacemes  several  in  a  cluster,  peduncled  ;•  flowers  yellow.  Stamens 
about  as  long  as  the  sepals.  Fruit  dark  blue,  ovoid,  on  thickened  red 
pedicels.  All  parts  of  the  tree  aromatic.  Trees  producing  pistillate 
flowers  rare.  Common.  The  wood  is  valuable  for  cabinet  making, 
and  an  aromatic  oil  is  extracted  from  the  bark.* 


II.   BENZOIN    Fal)ric. 

Shrubs.  Leaves  deciduous,  entire.  Flowers  in  lateral,  sessile 
clusters,  appearing  before  the  leaves,  dioecious  or  somewhat 
monoecious.    Involucre  of  4  scales.    Stamens  9  in  the  staminate 


96  KEY  AN^D  FLORA 

flowers  ;  filaments  slender.  Pistillate  flowers  with  12-15  abor- 
tive stamens  and  a  single  globose  ovary  with  a  short  style. ^ 

1.  B.  aestivale  Nees.  Spice  Bush.  A  shrub,  5-15  ft.  high,  with 
smooth  bark  and  slender  twigs.  Leaves  oblong-obovate,  acute  at  the 
base,  pale  and  downy  beneath,  becoming  smooth  when  old ;  petioles 
short.  Flowers  about  as  long  as  the  pedicels,  yellow,  very  fragrant. 
Ovary  about  as  long  as  the  style.  Fruit  an  obovoid,  red  drupe,  about 
I  in.  long,  on  a  slender  pedicel.  Banks  of  streams  and  damp  woods. 
Twigs  and  leaves  quite  aromatic* 

39.  PAP  AVERAGES.    Poppy  Family 

Annual  or  perennial  herbs,  often  with  milky  juice.  Leaves 
sometimes  all  basal ;  stem  leaves  usually  alternate  without 
stipules.  Flowers  bisexual,  regular  or  irregular.  Sepals  usu- 
ally 2,  shed  as  the  flower  opens.  Petals  4-12,  falling  early. 
Stamens  numerous  or  6  (in  2  sets),  4,  or  2.    Carpels  2-16. 

Fruit  a  capsule. 

I.   ESCHSCHOLTZIA    Cham. 

Annual  or  perennial  herbs.  Leaves  pale  or  bluish-green, 
usually  cut  into  very  narrow  divisions.  Sepals  united  into  a 
pointed  cap,  which  falls  off  in  one  piece  as  the  flower  opens. 
Petals  4,  orange  or  yellow.  Stamens  many,  with  long  anthers. 
Stigmas  2-6,  spreading.  Pods  long  and  slender,  grooved.  Ee- 
ceptacle  often  surrounded  by  a  rim  on  which  the  calyx  rests. 

1.  E.  calif ornica  Cham.  Annual  or  perennial,  with  rather  succu- 
lent leafy  stems.  Flowers  large  and  showy,  yellow  or  orange-yellow. 
Receptacle  top-shaped,  with  a  broad  rim.    Cultivated  from  California. 

II.  SANGUINARIA    L. 

Perennial.  Eootstock  thick,  horizontal ;  joints  and  scars 
of  previous  growths  persistent  several  years ;  juice  orange- 
colored.  Leaves  on  long  petioles,  kidney-shaped.  Scape  1- 
flowered.  Sepals  2,  falling  off  as  the  flower  opens.  Petals  8- 
12.    Ovary  1 ;  stigmas  2.    Capsule  oblong,  seeds  crested.* 

1.  S.  canadensis  L.  Bloodroot.  Leaves  and  scape  with  a  bloom ; 
leaves  palmately  5-9-lobed,  lobes  rounded  or  toothed ;  scapes  naked, 
nearly  as  long  as  the  petioles.    Flowers  white,  1  in.  or  more  wide. 


rOPPY   FAMILY  97 

Petals  oblong  or  obovate,  quickly  deciduous.  Capsule  1 -celled,  2- 
valved,  the  valves  separating  from  the  persistent  placentae  at  ma- 
turity.   In  rich,  open  woods.* 

III.   CHELIDONIUM    L. 

Erect,  branched,  perennial  herbs,  with  yellow  juice.  Leaves 
much  divided.  Flowers  yellow.  Sepals  2,  falling  as  the  flower 
opens.  Petals  4.  Ovary  1-celled ;  style  dilated  at  the  top, 
with  2  joined  stigmas.    Capsule  linear. 

I.  C.  majus  L.  Celandine.  Stem  1-2  ft.  high,  brittle,  slightly 
hairy,  leafy.  Leaves  once  or  twice  pinnate.  Flowers  small.  A  rather 
common  weed  in  yards  and  along  fences.    Naturalized  from  Europe. 


IV.   PAPAVER    L. 

Annual  or  perennial  herbs  with  milky  juice.  Stem  erect^ 
smooth,  or  rough-hairy,  branching  above.  Leaves  more  or 
•less  lobed  or  dissected.  Flower  buds  nodding,  flowers  showy. 
Sepals  commonly  2,  falling  off  as  the  flower  opens.  Petals 
4-G.  Stamens  many.  Stigma  disk-like  ;  ovules  many,  borne 
on  many  inwardly  projecting  placentae.* 

1.  P.  somniferum  L.  Opium  Poppy.  Annual,  Stem  erect,  branched 
above,  smooth  and  with  a  bloom,  2-3  ft.  high.  Leaves  oblong,  irreg- 
ularly lobed  or  cut,  sessile,  clasping.  Flowers  nearly  white,  with  a 
purple  center,  large  and  showy,  on  long  peduncles.  Capsule  globose, 
seeds  minutely  pitted.  About  old  gardens  and  waste  places.  Culti- 
vated in  southern  Asia,  where  the  juice  of  the  capsules  is  dried  to 
make  opium.* 

2.  P.  Rhoeas  L.  Corn  Poppy.  Annual.  Stem  erect,  hairy.  1-3  ft. 
high.  Lower  leaves  petioled,  upper  ones  sessile,  all  pinnately  cut, 
the  lobes  serrate.  Corolla  scarlet,  often  with  a  dark  center,  2—1  in, 
in  diameter.  Capsule  smooth,  obovoid.  Waste  ground,  sometimes 
in  fields.    Introduced  from  Europe  and  often  cultivated. 

3.  P.  dubium  L.  Smootii-Fruited  Poppy.  Annual.  Stem  slender, 
branching,  1-2  ft.  tall.  Leaves  pinnatifid,  the  lower  petioled,  the 
upper  sessile.  Flowers  large  and  showy,  usually  red;  capsule  iong- 
obovoid,  smooth.  In  cultivated  ground.  Both  this  and  No.  1  are 
often  cultivated  in  gardens  and  produce  double  flowers.* 

4.  P.  orientale  L.  Oriental  Poppy.  A  large,  rough-hairy  peren- 
nial. Leaves  large,  deep  green,  almost  pinnate.  Flower  very  large, 
deep  red.    Cultivated  from  the  eastern  Mediterranean  region. 


98  KEY  AXD  FLORA 

5.  P.  nudicaule  L.  Iceland  Poppy.  A  delicate  but  rough-hairy 
perennial  plant.  Leaves  all  basal,  pale,  pinnately  cut.  Flowers  yellow- 
orange  or  white,  borne  singly  on  rather  slender,  hairy  scapes.  Culti- 
vated from  Europe. 

V.   ADLUMIA    Raf. 

A  delicate  climbing  biennial.  Leaves  thrice-pinnate,  cut- 
lobed.  Sepals  2,  very  small.  Petals  4,  all  united  into  a  corolla 
which  is  slightly  heart-shaped  or  2-knobbed  at  the  base,  re- 
maining as  a  spongy  covering  over  the  small,  few-seeded  pod. 

1.  A.  fungosa  Greene.    Mountain  Fringe,  Allegheny   Vine. 

Climbing    several    feet    high    by    the    leafstalks.    Flowers   pinkish- 
wdiite.    Rocky  hillsides,  often  cultivated. 


VI.   DICENTRA  Bernh.     (BICUCULLA) 

Smooth,  delicate  herbs,  with  watery  juice.  Leaves  compound 
in  threes  and  finely  cut.  Flowers  racemed,  nodding.  Sepals  2, 
small  and  scale-like.  Petals  4,  slightly  united  to  form  a  heart- 
shaped  or  2-spurred  corolla  (Fig.  17),  the  inner  pair  spoon- 


FiG.  17.  Flower  of  Bicentra 

A,  view  of  flower  partly  dissected:  p,  the  larger  outer  petals;  p',  the  spoon- 
shaped  inner  petals.    B,  floral  diagram.    (After  Le  Maout  and  Decaisne) 

shaped,  inclosing  the  stamens  and  pistiL  Stamens  6 ;  the 
filaments  somewhat  united  into  2  sets,  and  the  anthers  in  2 
sets  close  to  the  stigma.   Stigma  2-crested.   Pod  10-20-seeded. 


MUSTARD  FAMILY  99 

1.  D.  CucuUaria  Beriih.  Dutchman's  Breeches,  Breeches 
Flower.  A  low,  stemless  perennial,  with  a  delicate  scape  and  a 
cluster  of  basal  leaves  with  linear  divisions,  from  a  sort  of  bulb 
made  of  small,  scaly  grains.  Flowers  in  a  4-10-flowered  simple 
raceme,  not  fragrant.  Spurs  of  the  corolla  longer  than  the  pedicels ; 
Corolla  mostly  white  with  a  yellowish  tip.    Rich  woods,  common. 

2.  D.  canadensis  Walp.  Squirrel  Corn,  Wild  Hyacinth.  A 
low,  stemless  perennial,  with  scape  and  leaves  much  as  in  No.  1,  and 
with  small  yellow  tubers  looking  like  grains  of  corn  scattered  along 
the  underground  shoots.  Corolla  only  heart-shaped  at  the  base, 
w^hitish  or  flesli-colored,  very  fragrant.    Rich  woods. 

3.  D.  spectabilis  Lem,  Bleeding  Heart,  Ear  Drops.  Stems 
branching,  recurved.  Leaves  large,  twice  compound  in  threes,  the 
divisions  rather  broad,  like  those  of  the  common  peony.  Racemes 
long,  drooping,  many-flowered.  Flowers  large,  heart-shaped,  bright 
pink.    Cultivated  from  China. 

VII.   CORYDALIS    Medic.     (CAPNOIDES) 

Leafy-stemmed  biennial  herbs  (the  American  species). 
Leaves  much  divided,  alternate  or  nearly  opposite.  Racemes 
terminal  or  opposite  the  leaves.  Sepals  2,  small.  Petals  4 ; 
corolla  with  a  single  spur  at  the  base,  on  the  upper  side. 
Capsule  many-seeded. 

1.  C.  sempervirens  L.  Pale  Corydalis.  Plant  erect,  covered 
with  a  bloom.  Flowers  pink-purple  with  yellow  tips.  Spur  of  the 
corolla  very  short  and  rounded.    Rocky  woods. 

2.  C.  aurea  Willd.  Golden  Corydalis.  A  low,  spreading  plant, 
finally  ascending.  Corolla  bright  yellow,  1-2  in.  long;  the  spur 
shorter  than  the  pedicel,  somewhat  bent.    Shaded,  rocky  banks. 

40.  CRUCIFER^.    INIustard  Family 

Herbs  with  pungent,  watery  juice,  and  alternate  leaves  with- 
out stipules.  Sepals  4,  often  falling  off  early.  Petals  usually  4, 
arranged  in  the  form  of  a  cross.  Stamens  6,  the  2  outer  ones 
shorter  than  the  4  inner  ones.  Fruit  generally  a  pod,  divided  into 
2  cells  by  a  thin  partition  which  stretches  across  from  one  to 
the  other  of  the  2  placentae.  The  flowers  throughout  tlie  family 
are  so  much  alike  that  the  genera  and  species  cannot  usually 
be  determined  without  examining  the  tolerably  mature  fruit. 


100 


KEY  AND  FLORA 


Fig.  18.  Types  of  pods  of  CrucifercB 

A,  flattened  pod  of  Arabis,  seeds  in  a  single  row  in  each  cell :  s,  cross  section 
of  pod,  showing  flattening  parallel  to  the  partition.  B,  pod  of  Radicula 
palustris,  seeds  in  several  rows.  C,  neai-ly  cylindrical  pod  of  Sisyuibrium. 
I),  beaked  pod  of  white  mustard  {Slnapis  alba).  E,  dried  necklace-shaped 
and  beaked  pod  of  radish  {Raphanus  Raphanistrum).  F,  flattened  pod  of 
shepherd's  purse  (Capsella  Bursa-pastorls) :  s,  cross  section,  showing  flat- 
tening at  right  angles  to  the  partition.  G,  flattened  pod  of  LepkUum  cam- 
pestre  •  s,  cross  section,  showing  flattening  at  right  angles  to  the  partition. 
(The  pods  natural  size,  the  sections  somewhat  magnified.)  (After  Cosson 
and  De  Saint-Pierre) 

A 

Pods  short  and  flattened,  contrary  to  the  jmrtition,  sj^litfing  open  ichen  ripe. 

Pod  roundish.  Lepidium,  IV 

Pod  triangular,  inversely  heart-shaped.  Capsella,  V 


Pods  glohular  or  cylindrical,  splitting  open  tchen  ripe, 
(a)  Pods  globular.    Flowers  yellow. 


Lesquerella,  III 


MUSTARD  FAMILY  101 

(?>)  Pods  cylindrical ;  seeds  ellipsoid.  Flowers  very  small,  yellow. 

Sisymbrium,  VIII 

(c)  Pods  cylindrical ;  seeds  globular.  Flowers  of  moderate  size, 
yellow.  Brassica,  YII 

((I)  Pods  cylindrical ;  seeds  in  2  rows ;  flowers  white.  Or  pods 
ovoid  or  ellipsoid ;  flower  yellowish.  Aquatic  plants,  or 
growing  in  wet  soil.  Radicula,  IX 

(e)  Pods  cylindrical  or  angled  ;  seeds  in  a  single  row,  flattened. 

Flowers  yellow.  Barbarea,  X 

C 

Pods  elongated,  often  jointed,   tapering  toward  the  tip,  never  splitting 
open.  Raphanus,  YI 

D 

Pods  flattened  pairdlel  to  the  partition,  splitting  open  ichen  ripe. 

(a)  "Wild  species  ;  leafy -stemmed ;  growing  in  or  near  water.  Pods 

linear.  Cardamine,  XII 

(J)  AVild  species  ;  stems  naked  below,  bearing  only  2  or  3  leaves. 

Pods  lanceolate.  Dentaria,  XI 

(f )  Wild  species ;  leafy -stemmed ;    growing  on  dry  ground  or 

rocks.    Pods  linear  ;  seeds  usually  winged  or  margined. 

Arabis,  XIII 
(jl)  Cultivated  species.    Pods  round  or  roundish.       Lobularia,  I 
(e)  Cultivated  species ;   covered  with  a  grayish  down  of  star- 
shaped  hairs.    Pods  cylindrical.  Matthiola,  II 

I.   LOBULARIA    Desv.     (KONIGA) 

Perennial,  though  usually  growing  as  an  a-nnual.  Stems 
branching,  diffuse ;  branches  slender.  Leaves  small,  entire, 
downy,  with  forked  hairs.  Flowers  small,  white,  in  numerous 
terminal  racemes.  Petals  obovate,  entire,  twice  as  long  as  the 
sepals.  Filaments  enlarged  below.  Pod  round,  compressed ; 
seeds  1  in  each  cell.* 

1.  L.  maritima  Desv.  Sweet  Alyssum.  Stem  weak,  diffuse, 
ascending,  minutely  downy.  Lower  leaves  narrowed  into  a  petiole, 
the  upper  sessile.  Racemes  erect,  many-flowered.  Flowers  fragrant, 
pedicels  ascending.  Pod  often  pointed.  Common  in  cultivation  and 
often  run  wild.* 


102  KEY  AND  FLORA 

II.   MATTHIOLA    R.  Br. 

Herbaceous  or  shrubby  oriental  plants,  covered  with  a  down 
composed  of  star-shaped  hairs.  Flowers  in  showy  racemes  of 
many  colors,  ranging  from  white  to  crimson.  Stigmas  large 
and  spreading.  Pods  nearly  cylindrical,  except  for  a  promi- 
nent midrib  on  each  valve. 

1.  M.  incana  R.  Br.  Common  Stock,  Gillyflower.  Biennial  or 
perennial,  with  somewhat  woody  stems.  Cultivated  in  greenhouses 
and  gardens. 

III.   LESQUERELLA    AVats. 

Low  herbs  with  stellate  hairs.  Leaves  simple.  Flowers  in 
racemes,  mostly  yellow.  Pod  globular-inflated,  witli  a  trans- 
lucent partition  nerved  from  the  apex  to  the  middle.  Seeds 
few,  several  or  many,  flattened,  marginless  or  nearly  so. 

1.  L.  globosa  Wats.  Annual  or  biennial.  Slender,  somewhat 
branched,  6-20  in.  high,  covered  with  fine  stellate  hairs.  Basal 
leaves  1-1 1  in.  long,  oblong-obovate,  obtuse.  Stem  leaves  smaller, 
linear  or  oblong,  sessile.  Raceme  finally  elongated  with  thread-like 
diverging  pedicels.  Flowers  light  yellow.  Style  slender,  much  longer 
than  the  small  globose  pod.    Rocky  banks  and  open  places  S.  and  W. 

2.  L.  argentea  Pursh.  Silvery  Bladder  Pod.  Biennial  or 
perennial,  6-18  in.  high,  densely  stellate-hairy.  Leaves  linear  to 
oblanceolate,  blunt,  entire,  the  lower  ones  2-3  in.  long.  Flowers 
yellow.    Pods  downy,  on  recurved  pedicels.    Plains  W. 

IV.   LEPIDIUM    L. 

Annual.  Stem  erect,  or  sometimes  diffuse.  Leaves  entire, 
toothed,  or  pinnately  divided.  Flowers  in  a  terminal  raceme, 
small,  white.  Petals  short,  sometimes  wanting.  Stamens  2, 
4,  or  6.  Pod  rounded  or  obcordate,  flattened  contrary  to  the 
partitions.* 

1.  L.  virginicum  L.  Peppergrass,  Birds'  Pepper,  Tongue 
Grass.  Stem  erect,  smooth,  much  branched,  1-2  ft.  high.  Lower 
leaves  obovate  in  outline,  pinnately  cut  with  dentate  lobes  ;  upper 
leaves  lanceolate,  dentate,  slightly  downy.  Flowers  on  slender 
pedicels;  petals  present,  sometimes  reduced  in  the  later  flowers. 
Stamens  2.    Pod  round.    A  weed  growing  in  waste  places.* 

2.  L.  campestre  R.  Br.  Field  Cress.  Annual  or  biennial.  Stem 
erect,  branching  above,  downy,  8-18  in.  high.    Basal  leaves  entire  or 


MUSTARD  FAMILY  103 

pinnately  cut  toward  the  base,  obtuse  ;  stem  leaves  oblong  or  lanceo- 
late, entire  or  somewhat  toothed,  with  an  arrow-shaped  clasping 
base.  Flowers  white  or  yellowish,  on  stout  pedicels.  Pods  ovate, 
winged,  slightly  notched,  tipped  with  a  very  small  persistent  style. 
Fields  and  waste  ground,  becoming  a  troublesome  weed.  Naturalized 
from  Europe. 

V.   CAPSELLA  Medic.    (BURSA) 

Annual.  Stem  erect,  downy,  with  branched  hairs.  Racemes 
terminal,  becoming  elongated  in  fruit.  Flowers  small,  white. 
Pod  obcordate  or  triangular,  flattened  contrary  to  the  parti- 
tion, shorter  than  the  spreading  pedicels.* 

1.  C.  Bursa-pastoris  Medic.  Shepherd's  Px^rse.  Root  long  and 
straight.  Stem  branching  above,  downy  below,  smooth  above. 
Lower  leaves  forming  a  rosette  at  the  base  of  the  stem,  irregularly 
lobed  or  pinnately  cut ;  stem  leaves  lanceolate,  clasping,  toothed  or 
entire.  Sepals  downy,  about  h  as  long  as  the  petals.  Pod  triangular, 
notched,  or  cordate  at  the  apex.  Seeds  several  in  each  cell.  A  com- 
mon weed.* 

VI.  RAPHANUS    L. 

Annual  or  biennial  herbs.  Basal  leaves  lyrate.  Flowers  in 
long  racemes,  white  or  yellow,  purple-veined.  Sepals  erect. 
Pods  rather  long,  slender-beaked,  not  splitting  open  but  some- 
times breaking  across  into  1-seeded  joints. 

1.  R.  Raphanistrum  L.    Wild  Radish,  Jointed  Charlock.    A 

stout,  hairy  annual,  1-2  ft,  high.  Leaves  cut  into  remote  segments, 
which  are  coarsely  toothed  or  serrate ;  terminal  segment  largest. 
Flowers  yellow,  turning  whitish  or  purplish.  Pods  necklace-shaped, 
and  with  a  long  beak.  A  common  weed  eastward.  Katuralized  from 
Europe. 

2.  R.  sativus  L.  Common  Radish.  Similar  to  No.  1,  but  with 
pink  or  white  flowers.  Root  fleshy,  conical  or  turnip-shaj^ed.  Pod 
fleshy,  2-3-seeded,  the  beak  often  longer  than  the  seed-bearing  portion. 
Cultivated  from  Asia  and  occasionally  self-sown  in  cultivated  ground. 

VII.  BRASSICA    L. 

Branching  herbs.  Leaves  often  pinnately  cut.  Flowers  in 
racemes,  rather  large,  yellow.  Sepals  spreading.  Pods  nearly- 
cylindrical,  sometimes  tipped  with  a  beak  which  does  not 
open.    Seeds  globular. 


104  KEY  AXD  FLORA 

1.  B.  alba  Boiss.  White  Mustard.  Stem  2-5  ft.  high,  with 
reflexed  hairs.  Upper  leaves  pinnately  cut.  Pods  borne  on  spreading 
pedicels,  bristly,  with  a  sword-shaped,  1-seeded  beak  occupying  more 
than  half  their  length.  Seeds  pale.  Cultivated  from  Europe  and 
introduced  to  some  extent. 

2.  B.  arvensis  Ktze.  Charlock.  Stem  1-2  ft.  high ;  it  and  the 
leaves  rough-hairy.  Upper  leaves  rhombic,  barely  toothed.  Flowers 
^-|  in.  across,  somewhat  corymbed,  bright  yellow.  Pods  knotty, 
spreading,  at  least  \  of  each  consisting  of  a  2-edged,  1-seeded  beak. 
A  showy,  troublesome  weed  in  grain  fields.   Naturalized  from  Europe. 

3.  B.  juncea  Cosson.  Similar  to  the  preceding,  but  nearly  or 
quite  smooth.  Pedicels  slender.  Beak  slender,  conical,  not  contain- 
ing a  seed.  Naturalized  from  Asia  and  becoming  very  abundant 
eastward. 

4.  B.  nigra  Koch.  Black  Mustard.  Stem  3-6  ft.  high,  some- 
wdiat  hairy.  Lower  leaves  lyrate,  with  the  terminal  lobe  much  the 
longest;  stem-leaves  linear-lanceolate,  entire  or  toothed,  smooth. 
Pods  awl-shaped,  4-angled,  smooth,  lying  against  the  stem;  seeds 
brownish,  more  biting  than  in  No.  1.  Cultivated  froni  Europe  and 
introduced. 

VIII.   SISYMBRIUM    L. 

Annual  or  biennial  herbs.  Eadical  leaves  spreading  ;  stem 
leaves  alternate,  often  eared  at  the  base.  Flowers  in  loose 
racemes,  usually  yellow,  often  bracted.  Pods  generally  nar- 
rowly linear,  cylindrical,  or  4-6-angled  ;  seeds  many,  ellipsoid, 
not  margined. 

1.  S.  officinale  Scop.,  var.  leiocarpum.  Hedge  Mustard.  Stems 
branching,  stiff.  Leaves  runcinate-toothed  or  lobed.  Flowers  very 
small,  pale  yellow.  Pods  somewhat  6 -sided,  awl -shaped,  smooth, 
closely  pressed  against  the  stem.  An  unsightly  weed  in  waste  ground. 
Naturalized  from  Europe. 

2.  S.  canescens  Nutt.  Tansy  Mustard.  Stem  1-2  ft.  high. 
Leaves  twice  pinnately  cut,  usually  covered  with  grayish  down. 
Flowers  very  small,  yeilowish.  Pods  oblong,  club-shaped,  4-angled, 
borne  on  pedicels  projecting  almost  horizontally  from  the  stem,  in 
long  racemes.    Common  westward. 

IX.   RADICULA    Hill.    (RORIPA) 

Annual  or  biennial,  mostly  aquatic  plants.  Stems  erect  or 
diffuse,  often  widely  branching.  Leaves  simple,  pinnately 
lobed.    Flowers   small,   white    or  yellow.     Sepals   spreading. 


MUSTARD  FAMILY  105 

Stamens  1-G.    Pod  short  and  broad  or  nearly  linear  ;  seeds 
numerous,  in  2  rows  in  each  cell.* 

1.  R.  Nasturtium-aquaticum  B.  &R.  Watercress.  Aquatic  herbs. 
Stems  sniuoth,  diliuse,  rooting  at  the  joints.  Leaves  with  3-9  rounded, 
pinnate  lobes,  the  terminal  lobe  much  the  largest.  Racemes  elon- 
gating in  fruit.  Petals  white,  twice  the  length  of  the  sepals.  Pods 
linear,  i-|  in.  long,  on  slender,  spreading  pedicels.  In  ditches  and 
slow  streams.    Often  used  for  salad.* 

2.  R.  sinuata  Greene.  Spreading  Yellow  Cress.  Perennial. 
Stems  low  and  spreading.  Leaves  oblong  or  lanceolate,  pinnately 
cleft,  the  lobes  obtuse.  Flowers  yellow,  about  i  in.  in  diameter. 
Pods  linear  oblong,  ^-\  in.  long.    River  bottoms  and  moist  ground  W. 

3.  R.  palustris  Moench.  Yellow  Watercress.  Annual  or  bien- 
nial. Stem  erect,  branched,  slightly  downy.  Leaves  irregularly 
lyrate,  the  lower  petioled,  the  upper  sessile.  Flowers  small  ;  petals 
yellow.  Pods  linear,  spreading,  longer  than  the  pedicels.  Li  w^et 
places.* 

4.  R.  Armoracia  Robinson.  Horse-Radish.  A  coarse  herb,  with 
large  leaves,  from  stout,  long,  cylindrical  rootstocks  filled  with  a  very 
sharp,  biting  juice.  Basal  leaves  long-petioled,  linear-oblong,  obtuse, 
regularly  scalloped  ;  stem-leaves  sessile.  Racemes  in  panicles.  Pods 
obovoid,  on  long,  slender  pedicels  ;  seeds  seldom  or  never  ripening. 
Probably  from  Europe  ;  cultivated  and  often  introduced  in  damp 
ground. 

X.   BARBAREA    R.  Br. 

Mostly  biennials,  somewhat  resembling  Radicula.  Flowers 
yellow.  Pod  elongated,  linear,  cylindrical,  or  somewhat  4-sided. 
Style  short.    Seeds  in  1  row  in  each  cell,  not  margined. 

1.  B.  vulgaris  R.  Br.  Winter  Cress,  Yellow  Rocket.  Smooth, 
with  tufted  stems  1-2  ft.  high.  Lower  leaves  petioled,  pinnately  cut, 
with  1-4  pairs  of  lateral  divisions  and  a  rounded,  much  longer 
terminal  one ;  upper  leaves  nearly  or  quite  sessile.  Flowers  |  in.  in 
diameter  or  less.  Pods  erect  or  spreading.  Fields  and  waste  ground. 
Introduced  from  Europe  into  the  eastern  and  central  states. 

XI.   DENTARIA    L. 

Stems  naked  below,  2-3-leaved  above,  from  a  thickish,  more 
or  less  knotted  or  interrupted  rootstock.  Flowers  rather 
large,  in  early  spring.  Pod  lance-linear,  flattish  ;  seeds  in  1 
row,  wingless  ;  seedstalks  broad  and  flat. 


106  KEY  AND  FLORA 

1.  D,  diphylla  L.  Two-Leaved  Tooth  wort,  Pepper  Root, 
Crinkle  Root.  Rootstock  long,  often  branched,  toothed,  eatable, 
with  a  flavor  like  that  of  cress  or  radish.  Stem  leaves  2,  close 
together,  each  comj)osed  of  3  ovate-diamond-shaped  and  toothed  or 
crenate  leaflets ;  the  basal  leaf  like  the  stem  leaves.  Flowers  white. 
Damp  woods. 

2.  D.  laciniata  Muhl.  Crow's-Foot.  Rootstock  short,  necklace- 
like. Stem  leaves  3-parted  ;  basal  leaf  often  absent.  Flowers  white 
or  rose  color.    Woods. 

XII.   CARDAMINE    L. 

Annual  or  perennial.  Rootstock  often  scaly  or  bulb-bearing. 
Stem  erect  or  ascending,  usually  smooth.  Leaves  more  or 
less  divided.  Flowers  in  terminal  racemes,  white  or  purple. 
Petals  rather  large.  Stamens  6.  Fruit  a  linear,  flattened  pod  ; 
seeds  several,  in  a  single  row  in  each  cell.* 

1.  C.  rhomboidea  DC.  Bulbous  Cress.  Perennial.  Root  tuber- 
ous. Stem  simple,  erect,  smooth,  without  runners,  9-18  in.  tall. 
Lower  leaves  long-petioled,  ovate,  orbicular,  or  heart-shaped,  often 
angled  or  toothed ;  the  upper  short-petioled  or  sessile,  lanceolate  or 
oblong,  toothed  or  entire.  Pedicels  ^-1  in.  long.  Petals  white,  ^-i  in. 
long.  Pod  erect,  linear-lanceolate,  tipped  by  the  persistent  style; 
seeds  round-oval.     Cool,  wet  places.* 

2.  C.  pennsylvanica  Muhl.  Bitter  Cress.  Annual.  Stem  slender, 
erect,  simple,  or  with  a  few  slender  branches,  6-15  in.  tall.  Leaves 
mostly  in  a  cluster  at  the  base  of  the  stem,  pinnately  divided,  the 
terminal  lobe  roundish,  the  lateral  lobes  narrower,  somewhat  hairy 
above;  stem  leaves  nearly  linear.  Flowers  small.  Petals  white,  longer 
than  the  sepals.  Stamens  4.  Pods  linear,  erect  on  erect  pedicels, 
about  1  in.  long ;  seeds  oval.    In  wet  places.* 

Xin.   ARABIS    L. 

Annual  or  perennial  herbs,  smooth,  or  with  forked  or  star- 
shaped  hairs.  Basal  leaves  spatulate ;  stem  leaves  sessile. 
Flowers  usually  white.  Petals  entire,  usually  wdth  claws. 
Pods  linear,  flattened  ;  seeds  often  margined  or  winged. 

1.  A.  hirsuta  Scop.  A  rough-hairy,  erect,  leafy-stemmed  biennial, 
1-2  ft.  high.  Leaves  simple  ;  stem  leaves  oblong  or  lanceolate,  entire 
or  toothed,  somewhat  clasping,  often  with  an  arrow-shaped  base. 
Flowers  small,  greenish-white,  the  petals  somewhat  longer  than  the 
sepals.  Pods  and  pedicels  upright.  Style  almost  wanting.  Seeds 
roundish,  somewhat  wing-margined.    Rocks,  N. 


CAPER  FAMILY  107 

2.  A.  laevigata  Poir.  A  smooth,  leafy -stemmed  biennial,  1-2  ft. 
high,  covered  ^^ith  a  bloom.  Stem  leaves  lance-linear,  clasping. 
Flowers  small  and  whitish,  the  petals  hardly  longer  than  the  sepals. 
Pods  2-3  in.  long,  flattened,  spreading,  and  recurved;  seeds  broadly 
winged.    Kocks. 

3.  A.  canadensis  L.  Sickle  Pod.  An  upright,  leafy-stemmed 
biennial,  2-3  ft.  high,  simple  or  slightly  branching  above,  sometimes 
slightly  hairy  at  the  base.  Stem  leaves  sessile,  oblong-lanceolate, 
pointed  at  both  ends,  downy;  the  lower  ones  toothed.  Flowers  small, 
whitish,  the  petals  twice  as  long  as  the  sepals.  Pods  scythe-shaped, 
much  flattened,  hanging  from  hairy  pedicels  ;  seeds  broadly  winged. 
Kocky  hillsides. 

41.  CAPPARIDACEJE.     Caper  Family 

Herbs  (when  growing  in  cool  temperate  regions),  "witli  bitter 
or  nauseous  juice.  Leaves  alternate,  usually  palmately  com- 
X30und.  Flowers  often  not  actinomorphic,  usually  bisexual. 
Sepals  4-8.  Petals  4  or  wanting.  Stamens  6  or  more.  Ovary 
and  pod  1-celled,  with  2  rows  of  ovules  ;  seeds  kidney-shaped. 

I.   POLANISIA    Raf. 

Ill-smelling  annual  plants  covered  wdth  glandular  or  clammy 
hairs.  Sepals  distinct,  spreading.  Petals  with  claw^s,  notched 
at  the  tip.  Stamens  8-32,  of  various  lengths.  Receptacle  not 
lengthened.    Pod  linear  or  oblong,  rather  large,  many-seeded. 

1.  P.  graveolens  Raf.  A  very  strong-scented,  leafy,  branching  herb, 
G-15  in.  high.  Leaves  with  3  oblong  leaflets.  Flowers  small,  pinkish 
and  yellowish-white,  in  the  axils  of  leafy  bracts,  in  terminal  racemes. 
Stamens  8-12,  not  much  longer  than  the  petals.  Pod  about  2  in. 
long,  slightly  stalked.     Gravelly  banks. 

II.   CLEOME    L. 

Mostly  annual  herbs.  Steins  branched.  Leaves  petioled, 
simple,  or  wuth  3-7  entire  or  serrate  leaflets.  Flowers  in 
^bracted  racemes.  Sepals  4,  often  persistent.  Petals  4,  often 
long-clawed,  nearly  equal,  entire.  Stamens  6,  filaments  thread- 
like, usually  projecting  much,  but  sometimes  1-3  much  shorter 
than  the  others,  inserted  on  the  short  receptacle.    Ovary  on  a 


108  KEY  AND  FLORA 

short  stalk  with  a  small  gland  at  its  base.    Fruit  a  slender 
capsule  on  an  elongated  stalk.* 

1.  C.  sernilata  Piirsh.  Rocky  Mountain  Bee  Plant,  Stinking 
Clover.  A  smooth  plant  2  ft.  or  more  high.  Leaves  with  3  leaflets. 
Flowers  pink,  showy,  in  leafy-bracted  racemes.  Pod  oblong  to  linear, 
1-2  in.  long.  Cultivated  as  an  ornamental  plant  and  also  for  bees. 
Common  in  a  wild  condition  W. 

42.  RESEDACE^.     Mignonette  Family 

Annual  or  perennial  herbs,  rarely  shrubs.  Leaves  alternate, 
simple  or  pinnately  cut.  Flowers  racemed  or  spiked,  bracted. 
Calyx  4-7-parted,  often  not  actinomorphic.  Petals  4-7, 
hypogynous,  often  unequal  and  cleft  or  notched.  Stamens 
usually  many,  borne  on  a  large  one-sided  hypogynous  disk. 
Ovary  of  2-6  carpels,  which  are  more  or  less  united  into  a 
single  1-celled,  many-seeded,  several-lobed  or  -horned  pistil, 
which  opens  at  the  top  before  the  seeds  ripen. 

RESEDA    L. 

Annual.  Stems  diffuse,  widely  branched.  Leaves  sessile, 
entire  or  lobed,  smooth.  Flowers  in  close  racemes  or  spikes. 
Petals  4-7,  toothed  or  cleft.  Stamens  8-30,  inserted  at  one 
side  of  the  flower.    Capsule  3-6-lobed.* 

1.  R.  odorata  L.  Mignonette.  Stem  widely  diffuse,  6-12  in.  high, 
smooth.  Leaves  wedge-shaped,  entire  or  3-lobed.  Flowers  small, 
greenish-yellow,  very  fragrant.  Petals  deeply  7-13-cleft.  Often  cul- 
tivated.   From  Egypt.* 

43.  SARRACENIACE^.     Pitcher  Plant  Family 

Perennial,  apparently  stemless,  marsh  herbs.  Leaves  tubu- 
lar or  trumpet-shaped.  Flowers  single,  nodding,  on  a  naked 
or  bracted  scape.  Sepals  4-5,  colored,  persistent.  Petals  5, 
deciduous,  or  sometimes  wanting.  Stamens  numerous.  Pistil 
compound,  5-celled,  many-ovuled;  style  terminal,  nearly  as 
broad  as  the  flower,  shield-shaped.* 


SAXIFRAGE  FAMILY  109 

SARRACENIA    L. 

Kootstock  short,  horizontal ;  scape  naked.  Leaves  trumpet- 
shaped,  with  a  wing  extending  nearly  to  the  base  and  a  broad 
blade  at  the  apex  ;  tube  hairy  within,  with  downward-pointing, 
stiff  hairs.  Calyx  o-bracted.  Petals  obovate,  drooping  or  in- 
curved. Style  umbrella-shaped,  5-angled  ;  stigmas  at  the  hooked 
angles  of  the  style  on  the  under  surface.  Capsule  globose, 
rough.  [The  tubular  leaves  usually  contain  more  or  less  water 
and  dead  insects,  the  latter  having  been  attracted  by  a  honey- 
like secretion  near  the  opening.] 

1.  S.  purpurea  L.  Sidesaddle  Flower.  Leaves  ascending, 
curved,  broadly  winged,  purple-veined,  4-8  in.  long ;  blade  erect, 
round-cordate,  hairy  on  the  inner  side.  Scapes  12-18  in.  tall  ;  flower 
deep  purple,  about  2  in.  broad;  style  yellowish.    jNIossy  swamps.* 


44.  SAXIFRAGACEiE.     Saxifrage  Family 

Herbs  or  shrubs.  Leaves  alternate  or  opposite,  generally 
without  stipules.  Sepals  4  or  5,  more  or  less  joined  with  each 
other  and  not  usually  hypogynous.  Petals  as  many  as  the 
sepals  and  alternate  with  them.  Stamens  as  many  as  the 
petals  and  alternate  with  them,  or  2-10  times  as  many.  Ovary 
usually  of  two  carpels,  united  only  at  the  base  or  more  or  less 
throughout.  Fruit  generally  a  1-2-celled  capsule,  sometimes 
a  berry ;  seeds  many,  with  endosperm. 

I.   SAXIFRAGA    L. 

Herbs  with  simple  or  palmately  cut  leaves  and  generally 
cymose  or  panicled  flowers.  Sepals  5,  more  or  less  united. 
Petals  5,  entire,  inserted  on  the  calyx  tube.  Stamens  10. 
Capsule  consisting  of  2  (sometimes  more)  ovaries,  united  at 
the  base,  separate  and  diverging  above. 

1.  S.  pennsylvanica  L.  Swamp  Saxifrage.  Perennial.  Leaves 
4-8  in.  long,  oblong-lanceolate  and  tapering  to  the  base,  slightly 
toothed.  Scape  1-2  ft.  high,  bearing  an  oblong  cluster  of  small 
greenish  flow^ers,  at  length  diffusely  panicled.    Petals  greenish-yellow 


110  KEY  AND  FLORA 

(rarely   crimson),    linear-lanceolate,    hardly   longer   than  the  calyx 
lobes.    Boggy  ground.' 

2.  S.  virginiensis  Michx.  Early  Saxifrage,  Mayflower. 
Perennial.  Apparently  stemless,  with  a  cluster  of  spatulate,  obovate, 
or  wedge-shaped  basal  leaves,  and  a  scape  3-9  in.  high,  which  bears 
a  dense  cluster  of  small  white  flowers,  becoming  at  length  a  panicled 
cyme.  Petals  white,  oblong,  much  longer  than  the  calyx.  Rocks  and 
dry  hillsides  X. 

n.    TIARELLA    L. 

Perennial.  Flowers  white,  in  racemes.  Calyx  white,  5- 
parted,  nearly  hypogynous.  Corolla  of  5  very  narrow  petals, 
with  slender  claws,  alternating  with  the  calyx  lobes.  Stamens 
10,  springing  from  the  calyx  tube  and  extending  outside  the 
flower.  Styles  2,  long  and  slender ;  ovary  1-celled,  2-beaked. 
In  fruit  one  of  the  carpels  grows  to  be  much  larger  than  the 
other,  thus  making  up  the  main  bulk  of  the  thin,  dry  pod, 
Avhich  has  a  few  seeds  attached  near  the  bottom. 

1.  T.  cordifolia  L.  False  Miterwort.  Stem  5-12  in.  high, 
usually  leafless,  sometimes  with  1  or  2  leaves.  Rootstock  bearing- 
runners  in  summer.  Leaves  heart-shaped,  sharply  lobed,  the  lobes 
with  acute  or  mucronate  teeth,  somewhat  hairy  above,  downy  be- 
neath.   Raceme  short  and  simple.    Rocky  woods,  especially  X. 


m.   HEUCHERA    L. 

Perennials,  with  a  tall  scape  and  roundish,  heart-shaped 
basal  leaves.  Flowers  rather  small,  greenish  or  purplish,  in  a 
long  panicle.  Calyx  5-cleft,  the  tube  somewhat  perigynous. 
Petals  5,  small,  spatulate,  inserted  with  the  5  stamens  on  the 
margin  of  the  calyx  tube.  Capsule  1-celled,  2-beaked,  splitting 
open  between  the  beaks. 

1.  H.  americana  L.  Common  Alum  Root.  Scapes  2-4  ft.  high, 
rather  slender,  often  several  from  the  same  root,  hairy  and  glandu- 
lar. Basal  leaves  large  and  long-petioled,  abundant,  somewhat 
7 -lobed.  Flowers  whitish  with  a  tinge  of  purple,  in  a  loose  panicle. 
Stamens  projecting  considerably  outside  the  flower,  their  anthers 
of  a  bright  terra  cotta  color.  The  root  is  very  astringent  and  is 
somewhat  used  as  a  home  remedy.  Shaded  banks,  fence  rows,  and 
thickets ;  common  W. 


SAXIFRAGE   FAMILY  111 


IV.   MITELLA    L. 


Delicate  perennial  herbs.  Flowers  small,  pretty,  in  a  simple 
raceme  or  spike.  Calyx  5-cleft,  slightly  perigynous.  Petals  5^ 
cut-fringed,  inserted  on  the  throat  of  the  calyx  tube.  Stamens 
o  or  10,  not  projecting  from  the  calyx  tube.  Styles  2,  very 
short.    Ovary  and  pod  2-beaked,  globular,  1-celled. 

1.  M.  diphylla  L.  Two-Leaved  Bishop's  Cap,  Fringe  Cup, 
Fairy  Cup.  Stemless,  with  long-petioled,  roundish-cordate  root 
leaves,  and  a  scape  about  1  ft.  high,  bearing  2  opposite,  nearly  ses- 
sile leaves.    Flowers  many,  racemed,  white.    AVoods. 

V.  PHILADELPHUS    L. 

Shrubs.  Leaves  simple,  opposite,  3-5-ribbed,  petioled,  with- 
out stipules.  Flowers  solitary  or  in  cymes,  large,  white.  Calyx 
tube  top-shaped,  the  epigynous  limb  4-5-parted,  persistent. 
Petals  4-5,  rounded  or  obovate.  Stamens  20-40,  shorter  than 
the  petals.  Ovary  3-5-celled,  many-seeded ;  styles  3-5,  more 
or  less  united.* 

1.  P.  grandiflorus  AVilld.  Large-Flowered  Syrixga.  Shrub, 
6-10  ft.  high;  branches  downy.  Leaves  ovate  or  ovate-oblong,, 
taper-pointed,  sharply  serrate,  downy,  3 -ribbed.  Flowers  solitary  or 
2-8  together,  wliite,  1^-2  in.  broad,  not  fragrant.  Calyx  lobes  ovate, 
taper-pointed,  about  twice  as  long  as  the  tube.  On  low  ground  S.^ 
and  cultivated* 

2.  P.  coronarius  L.  Garden  Syringa.  Shrub,  8-10  ft.  high. 
Leaves  oval  or  ovate,  obtuse  at  the  base,  acute  at  the  apex,  remotely 
toothed,  smooth  above,  downy  beneath.  Flowers  in  terminal  racemes, 
creamy  white,  1-1  j  in.  wide,  very  fragrant.  Calyx  lobes  ovate,  acute, 
longer  than  the  tube.   Common  in  cultivation.  From  southern  Euro^x^.* 

VI.  DEUTZIA    Tliiuib. 

Shrubs  with  simple,  opposite  leaves,  without  stipules. 
Flowers  all  bisexual  and  alike,  racemed  or  panicled,  showy. 
Calyx  lobes  5.  Petals  5.  Stamens  10,  5  long  and  5  short ; 
filaments  flat  and  3-pronged,  the  middle  prong  bearing  an 
anther.    Styles  3-5,  slender.    Pod  3-5-celled. 

1.  D.  gracilis  Sieb.  &  Zucc.  About  2  ft.  high,  loosely  spreading. 
Leaves  ovate-lanceolate,  sharply  serrate,  smooth.  Flowers  white,, 
very  numerous.    Cultivated  from  Japan,  often  in  greenhouses. 


112  KEY  AND  FLORA 


VII.  RIBES    L. 


Shrubs.  Leaves  palmately  veined  and  lobed,  sometimes  with 
stipules.  Calyx  tube  egg-shaped,  its  5  epigynous  lobes  usually 
colored  like  the  petals.  Petals  5,  small,  generally  inserted  on 
the  throat  of  the  calyx  tube.  Stamens  5,  inserted  with  the 
petals.  Styles  2  ;  ovary  1-celled,  with  2  placentse  on  its  walls, 
becoming  in  fruit  a  pulpy  (usually  eatable)  berry. 

1.  R.  Cynosbati  L.  Prickly  Wild  Gooseberry.  Spines  in 
pairs.  Leaves  long-petioled,  downy,  heart-shaped,  cut-dentate.  The 
single  style  and  the  stamens  not  projecting  from  the  calyx  tube. 
Berries  generally  prickly,  brownish -purple,  pleasant-flavored. 

2.  R.  gracile  Michx.  Slender  Gooseberry.  Spines  slender, 
solitary,  or  in  pairs  or  threes.  Leaves  with  slender  petioles,  some- 
what downy  when  young,  round,  the  base  truncate  or  obtuse,  3-5- 
lobed,  the  divisions  obtuse  and  toothed  Flowers  often  in  threes, 
white  or  greenish,  drooping.  Calyx  lobes  longer  than  the  tube; 
stamens  decidedly  projecting  from  the  tube.  Berries  smooth,  red- 
dish-purple.   Dry  or  rocky  soil  W. 

3.  R.  rotundifolium  Michx.  Smooth  Wild  Gooseberry.  Spines 
few  and  short,  prickles  few  or  absent.  Leaves  roundish,  lobed,  with 
the  lobes  crenate-dentate,  often  downy.  Peduncles  slender  ;  flowers 
inconspicuous.  Calyx  lobes  reflexed.  Styles  and  stamens  projecting 
decidedly  from  the  calyx  tube.    Berries  smooth. 

4.  R.  oxyacanthoides  L.  Northern  Gooseberry.  Spines  usually 
solitary,  often  numerous.  Leaves  petioled,  their  lower  surfaces  and 
petioles  commonly  downy.  Flowers  1-3  together,  on  short  pedicels, 
greenish-purple  or  white.  Berry  i-^  in.  in  diameter,  smooth,  reddish- 
purple.    Low  grounds  and  damp  woods  N. 

5.  R.  floridum  L'Her.  Wild  Black  Currant.  Branches  thorn- 
less,  erect.  Leaves  resinous-dotted,  somewhat  heart-shaped,  3-5-lobed, 
toothed.  Flowers  large,  whitish.  Calyx  tubular-bell-shaped,  smooth. 
Fruit  round-ovoid,  black,  smooth.    In  woods. 

6.  R.  vulgare  Lam.  Red  Currant.  Stems  more  or  less  reclining. 
Leaves  somewhat  heart-shaped,  obtusely  3-5-lobed.  Racemes  droop- 
ing. Limb  of  the  calyx  wheel-shaped.  Berries  acid,  eatable,  red 
or  light  amber-colored.  Cultivated  from  Europe  ;  also  somewhat 
naturalized. 

7.  R.  aureum  Pursh.  Golden  Currant,  Flowering  C,  Mis- 
souri C,  Clove  C.  A  much  taller  shrub  than  the  common  red 
currant.  Leaves  3-lobed,  toothed.  Racemes  short  and  loose.  Tube 
of  the  yellow  calyx  much  longer  than  its  limb.  Flowers  very  fra- 
grant.   Fruit  brownish-black,  barely  eatable. 


SYCAMORE  FAMILY  113 

45.  PLATANACE^.     Sycamohk  Family 

Trees,  with  simple,  alternate,  petioled  leaves,  with  stipules  ; 
the  bases  of  the  petioles  covering  the  buds.  Flowers  monoe- 
cious, in  axillary,  long-peduncled,  globose  heads.  Calyx  and 
corolla  very  inconspicuous,  each  consisting  of  3-8  minute 
scales,  or  wanting.  Stamens  as  many  as  the  sepals  and  oppo- 
site them.  Pistils  several,  inversely  conical,  hairy  at  the  base  ; 
styles  long.    Capsules  1-seeded.* 

PLATANQS    L. 

Characters  of  the  family. 

1.  P.  occidentalis  L.  Sycamore,  Buttonwood.  A  large  tree, 
bark  light-colored,  smooth,  peeling  off  in  large,  thin  plates.  Leaves 
large,  round-heart-shaped,  angularly  lobed  and  toothed,  densely 
white-woolly  when  young,  becoming  smooth  with  age ;  stipules 
large,  toothed.  Fruit  in  a  globular,  drooping  head,  which  remains 
on  the  tree  through  the  winter,  dropping  the  seeds  very  slowly. 
Common  on  river  banks  and  in  swampy  woods.* 

46.  ROSACEiE.    Rose  Family 

Herbs,  shrubs,  or  trees.    Leaves  alternate  or  rarely  opposite, 

simple  or  compound,  with  stipules.    Calyx  5-lobed.    Petals  5, 

rarely  wanting,  inserted  with  the  stamens  on  the  edge  of  a  disk 

that  lines  the  calyx  tube.     Stamens  many,  rarely  1  or  few. 

Carpels  1  or  more,  distinct  or  united,  superior  or  inferior. 

Fruit  a  pome,  a  drupe  or  group  of  drupes,  or  1-several  akenes 

or  follicles,  rarely  a  berry  or  capsule.    The  relation  of  the 

parts  of  the  flower  to  each  other  and  to  the  receptacle  is  shown 

in  Fig.  19. 

A 

Rijye  carpels  not  inclosed  within  the  calyx  tube. 
1.   Fruit  dry. 

(rt)   Carpels  1-5,  inflated.  Physocarpus,  I 

(h)  Pods  5-8,  not  inflated,  2-several-seeded.  Spira}a,  II 


114 


KEY  AND  FLORA 


(c)   Carpels  5-15  (usually  10),  1 -seeded.  Filipendula,  X 

((/)  Akeiies  2-6,  styles  not  lengthening  after  flowering. 

Waldsteinia,  YIII 
(e)   Akenes  many,  on  a  dry  recej^tacle.    Styles  not  length- 
ening. Potentilla,  IX 
(/)   Akenes  many,  on  a  dry  receptacle.    Styles  lengthening 
after  flowering,  forming  tails  to  the  akenes. 

Geum.,  XI 
2.  Fruit  fleshy. 

(rt)  Akenes  several-many,  becoming  little  drupes. 

Rubus,  XII 

(/>)   Akenes    many,   dry  on    ripening,   on   a  fleshy,   eatable 

receptacle.  Fragaria,  YII 

(c)  Pistil  solitary,  becoming  a  drupe  Prunus,  XIY 


ABC 

Fig.  19.  Pistils  in  the  Rose  Family 
A,  Prunus-tji>e;  B,  Potentilla-type ;  C,  Rosa-tji^e.   c,  calyx;  o,  ovary 


B 

Eipe  carpels  inclosed  icitUn  the  calyx  tube. 

1.   Fruit  a  pome. 

(«)  Carpels  more  than  2-seeded  ;  seeds  covered  with  a  muci- 
laginous pulp.    Fruit  5-celled.  Cydonia,  III 

(h)  Carpels  2-seeded  (except  in  some  cultivated  varieties); 
seeds  without  pulp.    Fruit  5-celled.  Pyrus,  lY 

(c)   Carpels  2-SQeded ;  fruit  10-celled.  Amelanchier,  Y 


ROSE   FAMILY  115 

2.  Fruit  not  evident!}^  a  pome,  or  not  at  all  so, 

(«)  Trees  or  shrubs.    Fruit  with  a  stone  usually  of  2-5  bony 

1 -seeded  carpels  united.  Cratjiegus,  YI 

(b)  Shrubs.     Fruit  with  many  akenes  borne  on  the  interior 

of  a  fleshy  calyx  tube.  Rosa,  XJII 

I.   PHYSOCARPUS    Maxim.    (OPULASTER) 

Shrubs.  Leaves  simple,  palmately  veined  and  lobed,  peti- 
oled.  Flowers  white,  in  terminal  corymbs.  Calyx  spreading, 
5-lobed.  Petals  5.  Stamens  numerous.  Pistils  1-5,  short- 
stalked  ;  stigma  terminal ;  ovaries  becoming  inflated  at  matu- 
rity, 2-4-seeded,  splitting  open.* 

1.  P.  opulifolius  Maxim.  Nine-Bark.  A  spreading  shrub,  3-6  ft. 
high,  the  old  bark  separating  into  thin  strips.  Leaves  petioled, 
broadly  ovate  or  rounded,  often  heart-shaped,  3-lobed,  the  lobes 
doubly  crenate-serrate ;  stipules  deciduous.  Corymbs  terminal,  pe- 
duncled,  nearly  globose,  downy,  many-flowered.  Follicles  3-5,  much 
longer  than  the  calyx,  smooth  and  shining,  obliquely  tipped  by  the 
persistent  style.    Banks  of  streams.* 

n.   SPIRiEA    L. 

Shrubs  with  simple  leaves.  Flowers  perfect,  in  terminal 
or  axillary  racemes  or  panicles.  Calyx  5-cleft,  persistent. 
Petals  5.  Stamens  numerous.  Pistils  usually  5,  free  from  the 
calyx  and  alternate  with  its  lobes.  Follicles  not  inflated,  2- 
several-seeded.* 

1.  S.  salicifolia  L.  AVillow-Leaved  Spir^a.  Shrubs  2-5  ft. 
high,  branches  smooth.  Leaves  lanceolate  to  oblong-ovate,  smooth 
or  nearly  so,  sharply  serrate,  base  usually  wedge-shaped,  pale  be- 
neath; stipules  deciduous.  Flowers  white  or  pink,  panicle  dense- 
flowered;  follicles  smooth.     On  low  ground.* 

2.  S.  cantoniensis  Lour.  Bridal  Wreath.  Shrubs  2-i  ft.  tall; 
branches  long,  slender,  and  spreading.  Leaves  lanceolate,  serrate, 
sometimes  3-lobed  or  pinnatifid,  with  a  bloom  beneath.  Flowers 
white  or  pinkish,  in  axillary  racemes  or  corymbs,  often  forming 
long  wreaths.     Follicles  smooth.     Cultivated  from  Europe. 

3.  S.  tomentosa  L.  IIardiiack.  Erect  shrubs.  Stems  densely 
downy,  usually  simple.  Leaves  simple,  ovate  or  oblong,  serrate, 
densely  rusty -downy  below,  smooth  and  dark  green  above.    Flowers 


116  KEY  AND  FLORA 

small,  pink  or  purple,  in  a  close  panicle.  Follicles  5,  densely  downy, 
several-seeded.  On  low  ground  S.,  and  along  fence  rows  and  in  pas- 
tures N.,  where  it  is  a  troublesome  weed.* 


III.    CYDONIA    L. 

Trees  or  shrubs.  Leaves  simple,  toothed  or  lobed,  stipules 
deciduous.  Flowers  usually  solitary,  w^hite  or  pink.  Calyx 
tube  urn-shaped,  5-lobed,  its  epigynous  lobes  acute,  spreading, 
persistent.  Petals  5.  Stamens  numerous,  inserted  with  the 
petals  on  the  calyx  tube.  Styles  2-5,  mostly  5,  united  at  the 
base  ;  ovary  5-celled,  seeds  many  in  each  cell.  Fruit  a  pome, 
globose,  usually  depressed  or  hollowed  at  the  extremities ; 
flesh  w^ithout  hard  grains. "* 

1.  C.  vulgaris  Pers.  Quince.  Shrub  6-12  ft.  high.  Leaves  oblong- 
ovate,  acute  at  the  apex,  obtuse  at  the  base,  entire,  downy  below. 
Flowers  large,  white  or  pink.    Fruit  ovoid,  downy.     Cultivated.* 

2.  C.  japonica  Pers.  Japan  Quince.  A  widely  branching  shrub, 
3-6  ft.  high ;  branches  with  numerous  straight  spines.  Leaves  ovate- 
lanceolate,  acute  at  each  end,  smooth  and  shining,  serrulate ;  stipules 
conspicuous,  kidney-shaped.  Flowers  in  nearly  sessile  axillary  clusters, 
bright  scarlet.    Fruit  globose.   Common  in  cultivation.* 


IV.   PYRUS    L. 

Trees.  Leaves  simple,  stipules  small,  deciduous.  Flow^ers 
in  cymes,  large,  white  or  pink.  Calyx  urn-shaped,  5-cleft,  its 
epigynous  lobes  acute.  Petals  rounded,  short-clawed.  Stamens 
numerous,  borne  with  the  petals  on  the  calyx  tube.  Styles  5, 
distinct  or  slightly  united  at  the  base.  Fruit  a  pome,  with 
about  2  seeds  in  each  carpel. "* 

B.  Fl.  species  2-5  {Mains) ;  species  6  (^Aronia) ;  species 
7,  8  (Sorhus). 

1.  P**communis  L.  Pear.  A  tree,  often  very  large;  head  usually 
pyramidal,  branches  often  thorny.  Leaves  thick  and  leathery,  ovate 
or  oval,  acute,  finely  serrate  or  entire,  downy  when  young,  becoming 
smooth  with  age ;  petioles  slender.  Cymes  few-several-flowered, 
terminal,  and  at  the  ends  of  ''  fruit  spurs  "  grown  the  previous  sea- 
son. Flowers  white.  Styles  not  united.  Fruit  obovoid,  with  hard 
gritty  grains  near  the  core.  A  European  and  Asiatic  tree  common 
in  cultivation.* 


rosp:  family  117 

2.  P.  angustifolia  Ait.  Narrow-Leaved  Crab  Apple.  A  small 
tree,  with  smooth,  light  gray  bark.  Leaves  lanceolate  or  oblong,  ser- 
rate, downy  when  young,  acute  at  the  base,  short-petioled.  Corymbs 
few-flowered.  Flowers  pink,  fragrant,  about  1  in.  broad.  Styles 
smooth,  distinct.  Fruit  nearly  globose,  about  f  in.  in  diameter,  very 
sour.    In  open  woods,  Pennsylvania,  West,  and  South.* 

3.  P.  coronaria  L.  American  Crab  Apple.  A  small  tree,  with 
smooth  bark.  Leaves  triangular  or  oval-lanceolate,  acutish  or  rounded 
or  a  little  heart-shaped  at  the  base,  cut-serrate  and  often  somewhat 
3-lobed,  slender-petioled,  soon  smooth.  Flowers  large,  few  in  a  clus- 
ter, pale  rose  color,  very  sweet-scented.  Fruit  bright  green,  turning 
yellowish,  sometimes  H  in.  in  diameter,  flattened  at  right  angles  to  the 
pedicels,  very  fragrant.    Glades,  western  New  York,  West,  and  South. 

4.  P.  ioensis  liailey.  Western  Crab  Apple.  A  small  tree,  much 
like  P.  coronaria  but  with  the  leaves  white-downy  beneath,  ovate- 
lanceolate  and  narrowed  at  the  base.  Fruit  dull  green  with  light 
dots,  about  1  in.  in  diameter.    Thickets  W. 

5.  P.  Malus  L.  Apple.  A  tree  with  a  rounded  top  and  dark- 
colored  bark.  Leaves  oval  or  ovate,  obtuse  or  pointed,  dentate  or 
nearly  entire,  rounded  at  the  base,  smooth  above,  downy  beneath. 
Cymes  few-many-flowered.  Flowers  large,  white  or  pink.  Calyx 
downy.  Fruit  depressed-globose  to  ovoid,  hollowed  at  the  base  and 
usually  at  the  apex.  Cultivated  from  Europe  and  often  running 
wild  in  old  pastures,  etc.,  E.* 

6.  P.  arbutifolia  L.  f.  Chokeberry,  Choke  Pear,  Dogberry. 
A  shrub,  5-8  ft.  high.  Leaves  oblong  or  oblanceolate,  finely  serrate, 
downy  beneath,  short-petioled.  Flowers  in  a  downy  compound  cyme, 
small,  white  or  reddish.  Fruit  pear-shaped  or  nearly  globular,  not 
larger  than  a  currant,  very  dark  purple,  dry  and  puckery.  There  is 
also  a  smooth-leaved  variety  with  black  fruit.  Swamps  and  damp 
thickets,  especially  N.E. 

7.  P.  americana  DC.  American  IMountain  Ash.  A  tall  shrub 
or  small  tree.  Leaves  odd-pinnate.  Leaflets  oblong-lanceolate,  taper- 
pointed,  sharply  serrate,  smooth,  bi-ight  green.  Flowers  small,  white, 
in  large  flat,  compound  cymes.  Fruit  bright  scarlet,  not  larger  than 
currants.    Common  X.  and  often  cultivated. 

8.  P.  Aucuparia  Ehrh.  European  ^Iountain  Ash  or  Rowan 
Tree.  Larger  than  No.  7.  Leaflets  paler,  downy  beneath.  Fruit 
larger,  about  i  in.  in  diameter.    Cultivated  from  Europe. 

V.   AMELANCHIER    Medic. 

Shrubs  or  small  trees,  with  smooth  gray  bark.  Leaves  sim- 
ple,  sharply   serrate,   petioled.    Flowers    white,   in   racemes. 


118  KEY  AND  FLORA 

Calyx  tube  5-cleft,  its  lobes  epigynous.  Petals  oblong.  Styles 
5,  united  below ;  ovary  5-celled,  2  ovules  in  each  cell,  often 
only  1  maturing.    Fruit  small,  berry -like.* 

1.  A.  canadensis  Medic.  Service  Berry,  Juneberry,  Shad 
Bush,  Sugar  Plum,  Sugar  Pear,  Wild  Pear.  A  small  tree, 
branches  downy  when  young,  soon  becoming  smooth.  Leaves  ovate 
to  elliptical,  finely  and  sharply  serrate,  acute  at  the  apex,  usually 
obtuse  or  cordate  at  the  base.  Racemes  slender,  many-flowered, 
appearing  before  or  with  the  leaves.  Flowers  showy.  Petals  4  or  5 
times  the  length  of  the  smooth  calyx  lobes.  Fruit  globose,  dark  red, 
edible.  In  rich  woods.  Extremely  variable  in  height  and  in  shape 
of  leaves.* 

2.  A.  spicata  C.  Koch.  Round-Leaved  Juneberry.  Much  like 
A.  canadensis,  but  with  the  leaves  broadly  oval,  ovate,  or  almost 
orbicular,  and  usually  rounded  at  both  ends.  Woods  and  thickets, 
especially  N. 

VI.  CRAT^GUS    L. 

Shrubs  or  small  trees,  mostly  with  numerous  strong  spines, 
wood  very  hard.  Leaves  serrate,  lobed  or  deeply  incised, 
petioled.  Flowers  white  or  pink,  in  terminal  corymbs  or 
sometimes  solitary.  Calyx  tube  urn-shaped,  5-cleft,  the  limb 
persistent.  Petals  round.  Stamens  few  or  many.  Styles  1-5, 
distinct ;  ovules  1  in  each  cell.  Fruit  a  small  pome  with  bony 
carpels.*  [The  species  are  hard  to  distinguish  and  are  not 
very  perfectly  defined.  Probably  more  than  60  species  occur 
within  the  limits  of  this  flora.] 

VII.  FRAGARIA    L. 

Perennial  scape-bearing  herbs,  with  rnnners.  Leaves  with 
3  leaflets ;  stipules  united  to  the  petiole.  Flowers  (of  Ameri- 
can species)  white.  Calyx  hypogynous,  5-parted,  5-bracted, 
persistent.  Petals  5.  Stamens  many.  Carpels  many,  on  a 
convex  receptacle.  Akenes  of  the  ripe  strawberry  many,  very 
small,  more  or  less  imbedded  in  the  large,  sweet,  pulpy 
receptacle. 

1.  F.  virginiana  Duchesne.  W^ild  Strawberry.  Leaflets  thick, 
oval  to  obovate,  coarsely  serrate,  somewhat  hairy.  Scape  usually 
shorter  than  the  petioles,  few-flowered.  Fruit  ovoid,  akenes  imbedded 
in  deep  pits.    Common.* 


ROSE  FAMILY  119 

2.  F.  vesca  L.  European  Strawberry.  Leaflets  ovate  or  broadly 
oval,  dentate  above,  wedge-shaped  below,  slightly  hairy.  Scape  usu- 
ally longer  than  the  petioles.  Fruit  globular  or  oval,  akenes  adherent 
to  the  nearly  even  surface  of  the  receptacle.  Common  in  cultivation. 
Many  of  the  cultivated  varieties  of  strawberry  are  hybrids  between 
the  two  described  above.  The  following  variety  is  by  some  regarded 
as  distinct.* 

Var.  americana  Porter.  American  Wood  Strawherry.  Slender, 
smooth  or  silky-downy.  Leaflets  very  thin,  sharply  cut-toothed,  downy 
beneath  with  close-lying  silvery  hairs,  the  down  of  the  scapes,  the 
pedicels,  and  sometimes  of  the  leafstalks  also,  usually  close-lying. 
Calyx  lobes  reflexed  in  fruit.     Rocky  woods. 

VIII.   WALDSTEINIA    Willd. 

Stemless  perennial  herbs.  Leaves  3-5-lobed  or  -divided. 
Flowers  several,  rather  small,  yellow,  on  a  bracted.  scape. 
Calyx  tube  top-shaped ;  the  limb  spreading,  with  sometimes 
little  bracts  alternating  with  the  lobes.  Petals  5.  Stamens 
many.    Style  2-6.    Akenes  few,  on  a  dry  receptacle. 

1.  W.  fragarioides  Tratt.  Barren  Strawberry.  A  low  herb  with 
much  the  appearance  of  a  strawberry  plant.  Leaflets  3,  broadly 
wedge-shaped,  crenate-dentate.  Scapes  many-flowered ;  the  flowers 
rather  pretty.     Wooded  hillsides. 

IX.   POTENTILLA    L. 

Perennial  herbs,  rarely  shrubs.  Leaves  compound  ;  stipules 
united  to  the  petiole.  Flowers  white  or  yellow,  rarely  red ; 
solitary  or  in  cymes.  Calyx  hypogynous,  5-cleft,  with  5  little 
bracts  alternating  with  its  lobes.  Petals  5.  Stamens  many. 
Carpels  usually  many,  on  a  dry  convex  or  concave  receptacle  ; 
styles  falling  off  from  the  akenes  as  they  mature. 

B.  Fl.  species  5  {Argentina). 

1.  P.  arguta  Pursh.  Upright  Cinqueeoil.  An  erect,  stout,  hairy 
plant,  1-1  ft.  high.  Pasal  leaves  long-petioled,  pinnate.  Stem  leaves 
few,  each  of  3-7  leaflets,  the  latter  broadly  ovate  and  cut-toothed  or 
serrate,  downy  underneath.  Flowers  large,  in  dense  terminal  clus- 
ters;  the  petals  whitish  or  cream  color.    Rocky  hills. 

2.  P.  monspeliensis  L.  Roroii  Cinqueeoil.  Annual  or  biennial. 
Stern  rough-hairy,  erect  and  stout,  6-30  in.  high.  Leaves  of  3  leaf- 
lets, the  lower  petioled,  the  upper  stem  leaves  sessile  or  nearly  so, 


120  KEY  AND  FLORA 

leaflets  cut-serrate.    Flowers  small,  in  a  close,  leafy  cyme.    Styles 
glandular-thickened  at  the  base.    In  dry  soil. 

3.  P.  rivalisNutt.,var.  millegrana.  Diffuse  Cinquefoil.  Annual. 
Stems  decumbent  or  ascending,  commonly  diffusely  branched,  l|-3 
ft.  high,  clothed  with  long,  soft  hairs  or  nearly  smooth.  Leaves  all 
but  the  uppermost  of  3  leaflets  and  petioled ;  leaflets  oblong,  wedge- 
shaped,  thin,  deeply  serrate.  Flowers  yellow,  in  loose,  leafy  cymes. 
Style  somewhat  thickened  below.    In  damp  soil  W. 

4.  P.  argentea  L.  Silvery  Cinquefoil.  Stems  prostrate  or 
ascending  and  branching,  woolly.  Leaflets  oblong,  wedge-shaped, 
those  of  the  upper  leaves  very  narrow,  with  a  few  large,  deeply  cut 
teeth,  smooth  and  green  above,  silvery  beneath,  with  a  dense  coat 
of  white  wool.  Flowers  small  and  somewhat  clustered,  yellow.  Dry 
fields  and  roadsides. 

5.  P.  Anserina  L.  Silverweed.  Stems  spreading  by  slender 
runners,  with  many  joints,  silky-hairy.  Leaves  all  radical,  pinnate ; 
leaflets  7-21,  serrate,  oblanceolate  or  obovate,  nearly  smooth  above, 
white  and  silky-downy  beneath.  Flowers  yellow,  i-1  in.  in  diameter. 
Style  thread-like.   River  banks,  brackish  marshes,  and  borders  of  lakes. 

6.  P.  canadensis  L.  Common  Cinquefoil.  Stems  slender,  pro- 
cumbent, silky-hairy,  sending  out  long  runners.  Leaflets  obovate, 
wedge-shaped,  appearing  like  5  from  the  divisions  of  the  2  lateral 
ones.  Peduncles  1-flowered  in  the  axils  of  the  leaves.  Flowers 
yellow.    Common  in  dry  pastures  and  a  troublesome  w^eed. 

X.   FILIPENDULA    Hill.    (ULMARIA) 

Tall  perennial  herbs.  Leaves  pinnately  divided,  with 
stipules.  Flowers  small,  bisexual,  in  panicled  cymes.  Calyx 
5-lobed.  Petals  5,  with  claws.  Stamens  many,  hypogynous, 
borne  on  a  fiat  or  slightly  hollowed  receptacle.  Pistils  5-15, 
distinct.  Carpels  when  ripe  1-2-seeded,  looking  like  follicles 
but  not  splitting  open. 

1.  F.  rubra  Hill.  Queen  of  the  Prairie.  Smooth,  branching, 
2-8  ft.  high.  Leaves  very  large,  of  3-7  pinnately  arranged  leaflets, 
often  with  smaller  ones  between,  the  lobes  cut  or  toothed  ;  terminal 
leaflet  much  larger,  7-9-parted.  Flowers  showy,  pink,  fragrant, 
about  I  in.  in  diameter.  Meadows  and  prairies,  especially  in  moist 
soil,  sometimes  cultivated. 

2.  F.  Ulmaria  Maxim.  Meadowsweet.  Stem  1-3  ft.  high. 
Leaves  lyrate,  interruptedly  pinnate,  white-downy  beneath.  Flowers 
yellowish-white,  small,  fragrant,  in  a  dense  compound  cyme.  Pods 
spirally  twisted.    Cultivated  from  Europe  and  sometimes  escaping. 


ROSE  FAMILY  121 

XL  GEUM  L. 

Erect  perennial  herbs.  Basal  leaves  crowded,  pinnate,  with 
a  very  large  terminal  leaflet.  Flowers  and  fruit  much  as  in 
Potentilla,  but  the  akenes  tailed  with  the  remains  of  the  styles. 

B.  Fl.  species  5  (Sieuersia). 

1.  G.  canadense  Jacq.  White  Avexs.  Stem  erect,  branching 
above,  smooth  or  finely  downy,  18-2-1  in.  high.  Basal  leaves  pin- 
nate, or  the  earliest  simple  and  rounded,  long-petioled,  serrate  or 
dentate  ;  terminal  lobe  larger  than  the  lateral  lobes ;  stem  leaves 
short-petioled,  2-5-lobed  or  -parted.  Flowers  on  slender  peduncles. 
Petals  white,  not  longer  than  the  sepals.  Styles  jointed  near  the 
middle,  the  lower  portion  jDersistent  and  hooked.  Ovaries  and  recep- 
tacle hairy  ;  head  of  fruit  globose.    Rich  woods.* 

2.  G.  virginianum  L.  Stem  2-3  ft.  high,  stout  and  bristly-hairy. 
Lower  leaves  and  basal  leaves  pinnate,  varying  greatly;  upj^er  leaves 
mostly  of  3  leaflets  or  3-parted.  Petals  white  or  pale  yellowy  small, 
shorter  than  the  calyx  lobes.  Heads  of  fruit  large,  on  stout,  hairy 
peduncles;  the  receptacle  nearly  or  quite  smooth.  Borders  of  woods 
and  damp  thickets. 

3.  G.  macrophyllum  Willd.  Large-Leaved  Avens.  Stem  stout, 
erect,  bristly-hairy,  1-3  ft.  high.  Basal  leaves  13'rate-pinnate,  the 
terminal  portion  much  the  largest,  kidney-shaped  or  heart-shaped ; 
lateral  leaflets  3-6,  wdth  smaller  ones  betw'een.  Flowers  terminal, 
yellow.    Style  ^-|  in.  long,  downy  below\    In  low^  grounds. 

4.  G.  rivale  L.  Water  Avens,  Purple  Avens,  Chocolate 
Root.  Stem  1^-2  ft.  high,  somewhat  downy  or  hairy,  simple  or 
nearly  so.  Basal  leaves  lyrate  and  somewhat  pinnate,  with  the  divi- 
sions irregular  ;  stem  leaves  few,  of  3  leaflets  or  3-lobed.  Flowers 
rather  large.  Petals  purplish-yellow,  as  long  as  the  brownish-purple 
calyx  lobes.  Styles  long,  purplish;  stigmas  thread-like,  feathered 
with  soft  hairs,  especially  in  fruit.    Wet  meadows. 

5.  G.  triflorum  Pursli.  Long-Plumed  Purple  Avens.  Softly 
downy,  scapes  G-18  in.  high.  Basal  leaves  petioled,  tufted,  pinnate; 
the  larger  leaflets  obovate  or  oval,  cut-toothed,  with  many  snuiller 
ones  between.  Flowers  3-8,  light  purple.  Styles  1^-2  in.  long.  In 
dry  or  rocky  soil. 

XII.  RUBUS   L. 

Mostly  prickly  shrubs,  producing  runners.  Leaves  alternate, 
simple  or  compound;  stipules  united  to  the  petiole.  F'^lowers  in 
termi^ial  and  axillary  clusters,  rarely  solitary,  white  (in  one 
American  species  (Xo.  3)  purple  rose  color).  Calyx  h^-pogynous, 


122  KEY   AND  FLORA 

with  a  broad  tube  ;  its  lobes  5,  persistent.  Petals  5.  Stamens 
many.  Carpels  many,  distinct,  on  a  convex  receptacle.  Fruit 
a  cluster  of  little  1-seeded  drupes  on  a  dry  or  somewhat  juicy 

receptacle.  ^     ^ 

A.  Kaspberries 

Grains  of  the  fruit,  when  ripe,  usually  fall  in  [j  off  from  the  receptacle 
and  leaving  the  latter  with  the  calyx. 

1.  R.  idaeus  L.,  var.  aculeatissimus.  Red  Raspberry.  Stems 
widely  branching,  biennial,  not  rooting  at  the  tips,  armed  with 
weak  bristles  and  with  a  few  hooked  prickles.  Leaves  petioled,  of 
3-5  ovate  leaflets  which  are  sharply  serrate  and  sometimes  lobed, 
downy  beneath.  Flowers  in  terminal  and  axillary  racemes  and 
panicles,  pedicels  drooping.  Fruit  hemispherical  or  conical,  red, 
separating  easily  from  the  receptacle.  Common  on  mountains  and 
burned  clearings,  Towa  and  N.,  and  widely  cultivated.* 

2.  R.  occidentalis  L.  Black  Raspberry.  Stems  long  and  slender, 
often  recurved  and  rooting  at  the  tips,  armed  with  weak,  hooked 
prickles.  Leaves  petioled,  3-5  ovate  leaflets,  coarsely  serrate,  white- 
downy  below.  Flowers  white,  in  compact  terminal  corymbs.  Pedi- 
cels erect  or  ascending.  Fruit  black,  hemispherical,  separating  easily 
from  the  receptacle.  Common  on  borders  of  woods,  Missouri  and 
N.,  widely  cultivated.* 

3.  R.  odoratus  L.  Flowering  Raspberry  (often  wrongly  called 
Mulberry).  Stems  shrubby,  rather  stout,  3-5  ft.  high,  not  prickly; 
the  young  shoots,  peduncles,  and  calyx  covered  with  sticky  glandular 
hairs.  Leaves  large,  simple,  3-5-lobed.  Flowers  showy,  rose-purple, 
1-2  in.  in  diameter,  on  many-flowered  peduncles.  Fruit  red,  flattish, 
eatable.    Rather  common  E.  and  N.,  and  often  cultivated. 

4.  R.  triflorus  Richards.  Dwarf  Raspberry  (also  wrongly  known 
as  Mulberhy).  A  slender,  trailing  plant,  almost  entirely  herbaceous, 
not  prickly  but  sometimes  bristly.  Leaves  compound,  usually  of  3 
but  sometimes  of  5  thin,  ovate-lanceolate,  frequently  unsymmetrical 
leaflets,  which  are  coarsely  doubly  serrate  and  often  cleft  or  lobed, 
with  a  shining  upper  surface.  Flowers  small,  on  1-3-flowered  pedun- 
cles. Fruit  usually  few-grained,  rather  dark  red,  eatable,  the  grains 
adhering  somewhat  to  the  receptacle.  Common ,  especially  N. ,  in  hilly 
woods,  often  forming  a  dense  carpet  in  the  partial  shade  of  pines. 

B.  Blackberries 

Grains  of  the  ripe  fruit  falling  from  the  calyx  along  with  the  soft,  eat- 
able recep)tacle. 

5.  R.  allegheniensis  Porter.  High  Blackberry.  Stem  shrubby, 
erect  or  bending,  3-7  ft.  high,  glandular-downy  above  and  with  stout, 


ROSE  FAMILY  123 

straightish  prickles  below.  Leaves  petioled,  of  3-7  ovate  leaflets  which 
are  acute,  irregularly  serrate,  soft-hairy  beneath.  Flowers  racenied, 
the  lower  ones  leafy-bracted.  Petals  white,  obovate,  much  longer 
than  the  taper-pointed  sepals.  Fruit  long,  of  small  drupelets.  Common 
in  thickets.* 

6.  R.  cuneifolius  Pursh.  Sand  Blackbp:rry.  Stem  shrubby, 
erect  or  diffuse,  2-3  ft.  high  ;  prickles  straight  or  recurved.  Leaves 
petioled,  3-5 -foliate  ;  leaflets  obovate,  serrate  towards  the  apex, 
wedge-shaped  towards  the  base,  rough  above,  white  downy-woolly 
beneath.  Racemes  mainly  terminal,  few-flowered.  Petals  white, 
longer  than  the  sepals.  Fruit  ovoid,  black,  smaller  than  the  preced- 
ing.   Common  in  old  fields.* 

7.  R.  hispidus  L.  Running  Swamp  Blackberry.  Stem  trailing 
or  prostrate,  often  several  feet  in  length,  armed  with  recurved 
prickles.  Leaves  petioled,  mostly  of  3  leaflets;  leaflets  obovate, 
obtuse,  thick,  dark  green  and  shining  above.  Flowering  branches 
commonly  erect,  few-flowered,  flowers  white.  Fruit  small,  reddish, 
turning  nearly  black.    In  swamps  and  low  ground. 

8.  R.  villosus  Ait.  Low  Blackberry,  Dewberry.  Stems 
shrubby,  trailing  w^idely,  3-10  ft.  long,  somewhat  prickly.  Leaflets 
usually  3,  but  sometimes  5  or  7,  ovate,  acute,  sharply  (and  doubly) 
cut-serrate,  thin.  Racemes  upright  on  the  short  branches,  1-3-flow- 
ered.  Fruit  roundish,  of  fewer  and  larger  grains  than  Xo.  5,  very 
sweet  when  fully  ripe.    Common  N.,  in  stony  or  gravelly  fields. 

XIII.   ROSA   L. 

Erect  running  or  climbing  prickly  shrubs.  Leaves  pinnate, 
leaflets  serrate,  stipules  united  to  the  petiole.  Calyx  tube  urn- 
shaped,  with  a  rather  narrow  mouth.  Petals  (in  single  roses)  5. 
Stamens  many,  inserted  around  the  inside  of  the  mouth  of  the 
calyx  tube.  ()varies  many,  hairy,  ripening  into  bony  akenes, 
inclosed  in  the  rather  fleshy  and  sometimes  eatable  calyx  tube. 

1.  R.  pratincola  Greene.  Stems  densely  prickly,  1-2  ft.  high. 
Stipules  narrow,  usually  with  glandular  teeth  or  a  fringe  of  glandu- 
lar hairs  toward  the  tip;  leaflets  7-11,  varying  from  elliptical  to 
nearly  obovate,  obtuse  at  the  tip,  narrowed  at  the  base,  simply 
toothed  or  serrate,  rather  firm  and  distinctly  veined.  Flowers  usually 
in  corymbs  ;  sepals  lanceolate,  taper-pointed.  Fruit  globose,  smooth. 
Prairies,  especially  W. 

2.  R.  blanda  Ait.  Early  Wild  Rose.  Stems  1-3  ft.  high,  usually 
without  prickles;  sti})ules  broad.  Flowers  generally  large,  corynibed 
or  solitary;  sepals  after  flowering  closing  over  the  mouth  of  the  calyx 
tube  and  persistent.    Rocks  and  rocky  shores. 


124  KEY  AND  FLORA 

3.  R.  Woodsii  Lindl.  Stems  3-36  in.  high,  with  slender  spines  which 
are  often  wanting  above.  Stipules  rather  broad,  entire ;  leaflets  usu- 
ally 5-7,  varying  from  obovate  to  lanceolate,  rather  obtuse  at  the  apex, 
narrowed  at  the  base,  somewhat  serrate.  Flowers  corymbed  or  solitary. 
Sepals  erect  on  the  globose  or  somewhat  ovoid  fruit.    Prairies  W. 

4.  R.  rubiginosa  L.  Sweetbrier.  Stem  erect  or  curving,  armed 
with  stout  recurved  prickles.  Leaves  with  5-7  leaflets,  the  latter 
broadly  oval,  coarsely  serrate,  glandular-bristly  beneath,  aromatic. 
Flowers  white  or  pink.  Sepals  widely  spreading,  deciduous.  Fruit 
obovate,  slightly  bristly.  Common  in  cultivation  and  sometimes  wild.* 

5.  R.  Carolina  L.  Swamp  Rose.  Stems  4-8  ft.  high,  with  stout 
and  generally  recurved  prickles.  Stipules  long  and  narrow  ;  leaflets 
commonly  downy  beneath,  finely  serrate.  Flowers  several  in  a  corymb, 
bright  rose  color.  Sepals  spreading  and  falling  off  after  flowering. 
Damp  woods  and  borders  of  swamps. 

6.  R.  virginiana  Mill.  Dwarf  Wild  Rose.  Stems  varying  in 
height  from  less  than  a  foot  to  6  ft.,  with  stout,  somewhat  hooked 
prickles.  Stipules  rather  broad;  leaflets  small,  thickish  and  glossy 
above,  coarsely  toothed  toward  the  tip.  Flowers  corymbed  or  soli- 
tary, pale  rose  color.  Sepals  spreading  and  falling  off  after  flowering. 
Moist  ground  and  swamps. 

7.  R.  humihs  Marsh.  Pasture  Rose.  Stem  erect,  branched, 
usually  armed  with  stout  stipular  prickles  and  with  bristles,  but 
sometimes  nearly  smooth,  1-3  ft.  tall.  Leaves  mostly  of  5  leaflets; 
stipules  entire  ;  leaflets  oblong-lanceolate  or  oval,  shining  above, 
pale  beneath,  sharply  serrate.  Flowers  solitary  or  2-3  together, 
2-3  in.  broad,  pink.  Peduncles  and  calyx  glandular-downy.  Sepals 
leaf-like,  spreading,  finally  deciduous.  Styles  distinct.  Fruit  globose, 
bristly-hairy.    On  dry  soil;  our  most  common  wild  rose.    S.* 

XIV.   PRUNUS    L. 

Trees  or  shrubs.  Leaves  simple,  with  stipules,  which  are 
often  small  or  fall  off  early.  Calyx  with  a  bell-shaped  or  urn- 
shaped  tube  and  5-lobed  spreading  limb,  falling  off  after  flower- 
ing. Petals  5 ;  stamens  3-5  times  as  numerous,  or  indefinite, 
inserted  on  the  throat  of  the  calyx  tube.  Pistil  1,  long-styled, 
with  2  ovules,  ripening  into  a  single  drupe. 

B.  Fl.  species  8  (Awyr/dalus). 

A.  Stone  more  or  less  spherical ;  fruit  smooth  ivhen  ripe.  Branches 
not  spiny.    (^Cherries.) 

1.  P.  serotina  Ehrh.  Wild  Black  Cherry.  Often  becoming  a 
large  tree ;  bark  on  old  trees  rough,  nearly  black.    Leaves  rather 


ROSE  FAMILY  125 

thick,  oval  to  lanceolate-ovate,  acute  or  taper-pointed  at  the  apex, 
finely  serrate  with  calloused  teeth,  smooth  above,  downy  on  the  veins 
beneath.  Kacemes  terminal,  long  and  spreading.  Flowers  white. 
Fruit  globose,  about  ]  in.  in  diameter,  purplish-black.  In  rich  woods. 
Wood  much  used  in  cabinet-making.* 

2.  P.  virginiana  L.  CiioivEchekkv.  A  shrub  or  small  tree,  5-20  ft. 
high.  Leaves  thin,  oval  or  obovate,  pale,  pointed,  sharply  serrate.  Flow- 
ers small,  white,  in  short  racemes.  Fruit  bright  red,  turning  at  length 
to  dark  crimson,  very  puckery  until  fully  ripe.    River  banks  and  thickets. 

3.  P.  pennsylvanica  L.  f.  Wild  Red  Cherry.  A  tree  20-30  ft. 
high,  with  light,  reddish-brown  bark.  Leaves  oval  or  oblong-lanceo- 
late, pointed,  finely  serrate,  with  both  sides  green,  smooth  and  shin- 
ing. Flowers  long-pediceled,  many  in  a  cluster,  the  clusters  lateral, 
leafless.  Fruit  globose,  very  small,  light  red,  with  thin  sour  pulp 
and  globular  stone.    In  rocky  woods. 

4.  P.  Besseyi  Bailey.  Western  Sand  Cherry.  A  shrub  1-4  ft. 
high,  often  with  spreading  and  prostrate  branches.  Leaves  usually 
elliptic  or  oblong-elliptic,  with  appressed  teeth.  Flowers  sessile  in 
lateral  umbels,  }  in.  to  nearly  ^  in.  in  diameter,  opening  with,  the 
leaves.  Fruit  black,  mottled,  or  yellowish,  ^-f  in.  in  diameter,  bitter 
and  astringent.    Prairies  W. 

5.  P.  Cerasus  L.  Cherry.  Often  becoming  a  large  tree.  Leaves 
oval  or  ovate,  acute  or  taper-pointed  at  the  apex,  rounded  at  the 
base,  irregularly  serrate-dentate,  smooth  on  both  sides,  resinous 
when  young.  Flowers  in  lateral  umbels,  white  ;  pedicels  long  and 
slender.  Fruit  globose,  red  or  black.  Cultivated  from  Europe.  This 
is  the  species  from  which  most  of  our  sour  cultivated  varieties  have 
been  developed.* 

B.  Stone  ocal,  compressed ;  fruit  smooth  ichen  ripe.  Branches  often 
spiny.    (Plions.) 

6.  P.  angustifolia  Marsh.  Chickasaw  Plum.  A  small  tree  with 
spiny  branches.  Leaves  lanceolate  or  oblong-lanceolate,  acute  at  the 
apex,  usually  obtuse  at  the  base,  finely  and  sharply  serrate,  rather 
thin,  smooth.  Flowers  in  lateral,  sessile  umbels,  pedicels  short. 
Calyx  smooth.  Fruit  yellowish-red,  subglobose,  skin  thin,  stone  only 
slightly  compressed.    In  old  fields  S.* 

7.  P.  americana  ]\Iarsh.  "Wild  Plum.  A  small  tree,  bark  thick 
and  rough,  branches  spiny.  Leaves  ovate  or  obovate,  acuminate  at 
the  apex,  rounded  or  cordate  at  the  base,  sharply  serrate,  rather 
thick,  downy  beneath  ;  petioles  glandular.  Flowers  in  lateral,  sessile 
nml)els,  appearing  with  or  before  the  leaves;  pedicels  ,\-J  in.  long, 
flowers  i-|  in.  in  diameter.  Calyx  dowmy  within.  Fruit  globose,  red 
or  yellow,  |-1  in.  in  diameter.    Common  in  woods.* 


126 


KEY  AND  FLORA 


C.  Stone  deeply  furrowed  and  pitted  :  fruit  downy  when  ripe.  Branches 
not  spiny.    {Peaches  and  cdmonds.^ 

8.  P.  persica  Stokes.  Peach.  A  tree  with  a  rounded  top;  bark 
nearly  smooth.  Leaves  lanceolate,  taper-pointed,  finely  serrate,  smooth 
on  both  sides  ;  petioles  usually  bearing  2  or  4  crescent-shaped  or  cup- 
shaped  glands.  Flowers  pink,  scaly-bracted.  Fruit  ovoid,  with  a 
seam  along  one  side.    Often  escaped  from  cultivation.* 


47.  LEGUMINOSiE.    Pulse  Family 

Herbs,  shrubs,  or  trees.  Leaves  alternate,  usually  com- 
pound (either  pinnately  or  palmately),  with  stipules,  the 
leaflets  mostly  entire.  Calyx  of  5  sepals,  which  are  more  or 
less  united,  often  somewhat  zygomorphic.   Corolla  of  5  petals, 


Fig.  20.  Pulse  Family 

A,  actiuomorphic  corolla  {Acacia  cinerascens) ;  B,  zygomorphic  corolla 
{Cassia  marilandica) .    (After  Schuizleiu) 

often  papilionaceous  (Fig.  21)  or  somewhat  actiuomorphic,  in 
jSTo.  XVI  much  reduced.  Stamens  diadelphous  (Fig.  22),  mon- 
adelphous,  or  distinct.  Ovary  simple,  superior.  Fruit  usually 
a  1-celled  pod  (Fig.  22).  Seeds  one  or  several,  without  endo- 
sperm. A  large  and  very  important  family,  containing  about 
8000  species. 


PULSE  FAMILY 


127 


Flower  actinomorphic,  small.    Stamens  hypofiynous.    Leaves  twice  pinnate. 
Petals  not  united  to  each  other.    Stamens  5  or  10.    Pod  smooth. 

Desmanthus,  I 

Corolla  gamopetalous,  5-cleft.    Stamens  8  or  10.    Pod  minutely 

prickly  or  rough.  Schrankia,  II 


/J  Fig.  21.  Pulse  Family.    Papilionaceous 

|j  corolla  of  sweet  pea  [Lathyrus  odoratus) 

I  A,  side  view.    B,  front  view:  s,  standard 

£  zo,  10,  wings;  A',  keel  jj 


Trees.  Flowers  somewhat  or  not  at  all  papilionaceous,  sometimes  almost 
uctinomorphic.  The  upper  petal  inside  the  others  in  the  hud.  Sta7ne7ift 
10  or  less,  usually  not  united  to  each  other,  borne  on  the  calyx. 

Flowers  imperfectly  papilionaceous.    Leaves  simple.      Cercis.  V 
Flowers  not  papilionaceous.    Thornless.  G3'mnocladus.  Ill 

Flowers  not  papilionaceous.    Thorny.  Gleditsia,  IV 


Fn;.  22 

A,  stamens  and  pistil  of  sweet  pea  (magnified) ;   U,  fruit ;   C,  part  (^f  fruit, 
showing  one  st-cd 


128  KEY  AND  FLORA 

C 

Herbs  or  trees.  Floicers  decidedly  papUionaceous.  The  upper  petal  ex- 
ternal in  hud  and  inclosing  the  others.  Stamens  10,  not  united  to  each 
other. 

Trees.  Cladrastis,  VII 

Herbs.    Pod  inflated.  Baptisia,  YI 

Herbs.    Pod  elongated,  necklace-shaped.  Sophora,  YIII 

D 

Shrubs  with  a  corolla  of  one  petal  onli/.  Amorplia,  XTI 

E 

Herbs,  shrubs,  or  trees.  Flowers  decidedly  papilionaceous.  Stamens 
monadelphous  or  diadelphous  (in  the  latter  case  usually  9  and  1). 

1.  Stamens  with  anthers  of  two  forms. 

(a)  Herbs.  Leaves  usually  with  many  leaflets.  Lupinus,  IX 
(/;)  Herbs.  Leaves  with  3  entire  leaflets.  Psoralea,  XY 
(o)  Trees.  Laburnum,  X 
((/)  Low  shrubs.  Cytisus,  XI 

2.  Anthers  all  alike.    Leaves  usually  wdth  3  leaflets. 

{a)  Pod  coiled.  Medicago,  XIY 

(b)  Pod  small,  not  coiled.    Flow^ers  in  racemes.  . 

Melilotus,  XIII 

(c)  Pod  small,  not  coiled.  Flowers  in  heads.  Trifolium,  XII 
{d)  Pod  large,  flattened,  bur-like.  ■    Desmodium,  XX 

(e)  Pod  large,  not  much  flattened.  Phaseolus,  XXIY 

3.  Anthers   all   alike.    Leaves   odd-pinnate,   with  more  than  3 

leaflets, 

(fl)  Low,  woody  shrubs.  •  Amorpha,  XYI 

{h)  Tall,  twining  shrubs.  Wisteria,  XA^III 

(f)  Trees.  Robinia,  XYII 
{(l)  Herbs.  Astragalus,  XIX 

4.  Anthers  all  alike.    Leaves  pinnate,  the  midrib  prolonged  into 

a  tendril. 


PULSE  FAMILY  129 

(rt)  Leaflets  usually  many  pairs.  Style  slender,  bearded  only 
at  the  tip  or  all  round  the  upper  portion.  Pod  2- 
several-seeded.  Vicia,  XXI 

(b)  Leaflets  few  or  several  pairs.    Style  bearded  along  one 

face  only.    Pod  several-seeded.  Lathyrus,  XXII 

(c)  Leaflets   1-3   pairs.     Style    enlarged   above,   grooved   on 

the  back.    Pod  several-seeded ;  seeds  large,  globular  or 
nearly  so.  Pisum,  XXIII 

I.    DESMANTHUS    Willd.    (ACUAN) 

Shrubs  or  perennial  herbs.  Stems  erect  or  diffuse,  smooth. 
Leaves  abruptly  twice-pinnate ;  stipules  small.  Flowers  in 
heads  or  spikes,  on  axillary  peduncles,  the  upper  bisexual,  the 
lower  often  staminate  or  neutral.  Calyx  5-toothed.  Corolla  of 
5  distinct  petals  or  5-cleft.  Stamens  5-10,  distinct.  Ovary 
nearly  sessile,  flat,  several-seeded.* 

1.  D.  illinoensis  Mac  M.  Desmanthus.  Stem  erect  or  ascend- 
ing, smooth,  1-4  ft.  high.  Pinnae  6-14  pairs,  each  Avith  a  minute 
gland  at  the  base  ;  leaflets  20-30  i>airs,  small,  linear.  Heads  globose. 
Stamens  5.  Pods  several,  on  a  peduncle  2-3  in.  long,  curved,  flat, 
2-valved,  3-6-seeded.    Open,  sandy  fields.* 

II.   SCHRANKIA  Wilkl.    (MORONGIA) 

Perennial  herbs.  Stems  reclining  or  prostrate,  prickly,  2-5 
ft.  long.  Leaves  twice-pinnate ;  stipules  bristly.  Flowers  bi- 
sexual or  somewhat  monoecious,  in  axillary  peduncled  heads. 
Calyx  minute.  Corolla  tubular,  5-cleft.  Stamens  8-10,  dis- 
tinct.   Pod  long,  prickly,  1-celled.* 

1.  S.uncinata  Willd.  Sensitive  Brier,  Sensitive  Rose,  Shame 
Vine.  Plant  covered  with  hooked  prickles.  Leaflets  elliptical,  with 
a  conspicuous  network  of  veins  beneath ;  leaves  closing  gradually 
after  being  touched.  Flowers  rose-colored.  Pods  nearly  cylindrical, 
2  in.  long.    Dry,  sandy  soil  and  rolling  prairies,  especially  S.  and  W. 

III.   GYMNOCLADUS    Lam. 

A  large,  thornless  tree,  its  twigs  few  and  stout.  Leaves  very 
large,  twice  pinnately  compound,  without  stipules.  F'lowers 
actinomorphic,  whitish,  dioecious  or  somewhat  moiuecious,  in 


130  KEY  AND  FLORA 

racemes  at  the  ends  of  the  branches.  Calyx  tube  rather  long, 
its  5  lobes  spreading.  Petals  oblong,  all  alike,  inserted  with 
the  stamens  on  the  throat  of  the  calyx.  Stamens  of  the  fertile 
flowers  usually  not  pollen-bearing.  Pod  hard,  flat,  partly  filled 
with  a  sweet  substance,  slow  in  opening.  Seeds  several,  flattish, 
over  i  in.  in  diameter,  very  hard  and  shining. 

1.  G.  dioica  Koch.  Kentucky  Coffee  Tree.  Tree  50  ft.  or  more 
in  height,  with  rough  gray  bark.  Leaves  2-3  ft.  long,  the  leaflets 
vertical.  Pods  sometimes  nearly  1  ft.  long.  Rich  soil  and  river  bot- 
toms, especially  S.  and  W. 

IV.   GLEDITSIA    L. 

Large  trees ;  bark  dark-colored,  nearly  smooth.  Leaves 
usually  pinnately  twice  compound ;  leaflets  serrate.  Flowers 
somewhat  monoecious,  in  small  spike-like  racemes.  Calyx 
spreading,  3-5-cleft.  Petals  as  many  as  the  sepals  and  in- 
serted at  the  summit  of  the  tube.  Stamens  5-10,  distinct, 
inserted  with  the  petals.  Ovary  nearly  sessile,  ovoid  or 
elongated.    Fruit  a  1-or  many-seeded,  leathery  pod.* 

1.  G.  triacanthos  L.  Honey  Locust.  A  large  tree,  usually  armed 
with  stout,  branched  thorns,  which  are  sometimes  a  foot  or  more  in 
length.  Leaves  petioled ;  leaflets  short-stalked,  lanceolate-oblong, 
base  inequilateral,  smooth  above,  often  downy  below.  Racemes  soli- 
tary or  in  small  clusters,  drooping.  Flowers  inconspicuous,  greenish. 
Pod  linear-oblong,  often  12-15  in.  long  by  1  in.  wide,  twisted,  many- 
seeded,  smooth  and  shiny,  pulpy  within.    In  rich  woods. 

V.    CERCIS    L. 

Trees.  Leaves  simple,  with  stipules.  Flowers  in  axillary  clus- 
ters, somewhat  papilionaceous.  Calyx  bell-shaped,  5-toothed. 
Stamens  10,  distinct.  Ovary  short-stalked;  ovules  several. 
Fruit  a  flattened  pod. 

1.  C.  canadensis  L.  Redbud.  A  small  tree,  10-20  ft.  high;  wood 
hard  but  weak;  bark  smooth,  dark-colored.  Leaves  broadly  cordate, 
abruptly  acute,  rather  thick,  very  smooth  above,  often  slightly  downy 
below.  Flowers  several  in  a  cluster,  appearing  before  the  leaves, 
pinkish-purple.  Pod  oblong,  compressed,  many-seeded.  Common  on 
rich  soil,  especially  S.* 


PULSE  FAMILY  131 

VL   BAPTISIA    Vent. 

Perennial  herbs  ;  stems  erect,  widely  branched.  Leaves 
simple  or  palmate,  of  o  leaflets.  Flowers  in  racemes.  Calyx 
4-5-lobed,  persistent,  the  upper  lobe  usually  longer  and 
notched ;  standard  rounded,  its  sides  reflexed,  wings  about 
as  long  as  the  keel.  Stamens  10,  distinct.  Pod  stalked,  long- 
pointed  by  the  remains  of  the  style.  Plants  usually  becom- 
ing black  in  drying.*  *: 

1.  B.  tinctoria  R.  Br.  Wild  Indigo.  Stem  smooth,  slender,  2-4  ft. 
high;  branches  slender.  Leaves  of  3  leaflets,  on  short  petioles,  the 
upper  nearly  sessile  ;  stipules  minute,  quickly  deciduous.  Leaflets 
obovate  to  ohlanceolate,  obtuse  at  the  apex,  wedge-shaped  at  the  base, 
entire.  Racemes  numerous,  terminaL  Flowers  yellow,  Hn.  long.  Pod 
globose,  ovoid,  on  a  stalk  about  the  length  of  the  calyx,  point  long  and 
slender.    Plant  blackening  in  drying.    Common  on  dry,  sandy  soil.* 

2.  B.  bracteata  ^Nluhl.  Low,  hairy,  and  branching.  Leaves  nearly 
sessile  ;  leaflets  oblanceolate  or  obovate-spatulate  ;  stipules  triangular- 
ovate,  large,  persistent;  bracts  large  and  leaf -like.  Racemes  long. 
Flowers  large,  yellowish-white.  Pod  ovoid,  swollen.  Prairies  and 
open  woods  W,  and  S. 

3.  B.  leucantha  T.  &  G.  Stout,  smooth,  and  covered  with  a  bloom, 
3  ft.  or  more  high,  with  spreading  branches.  Petioles  short  ;  lanceo- 
late stipules  and  bracts  falling  off  early.  Racemes  erect.  Flowers 
large,  white.  Pods  ellipsoidal,  2  in.  long,  borne  on  a  stalk  twice  as 
long  as  the  calyx.    Rich  river  bottoms  and  prairies. 

4.  B.  alba  R.  Br.  White  Wild  Indigo.  Stem  smooth  and  with  a 
bloom,  often  purple,  2-3  ft.  high;  branches  slender,  si)reading.  Leaves 
petioled,  with  3  leaflets;  stipules  minute,  soon  deciduous.  Flowers 
white,  mostly  in  a  single  raceme  which  is  1-3  ft.  long,  with  occasionally 
lateral,  few-flowered  racemes.  Pod  linear-oblong,  the  point  very  slen- 
der and  soon  deciduous.    Plant  unchanged  in  drying.    In  damp  soil.* 

5.  B.  australis  R.Br.  Blue  False  Indigo.  Stem  smooth,  stout, 
2—4  ft.  high.  Leaves  of  3  leaflets,  short-petioled ;  stipules  lanceolate, 
persistent,  longer  than  the  petioles;  leaflets  oblong,  wedge-shaped  or 
narrowly  obovate,  entire.  Flowers  bright  blue,  1  in.  long,  in  terminal, 
erect,  loosely  flowered  racemes;  stalk  about  the  length  of  the  calyx. 
Pod  oblong,  with  a  slender,  persistent  point.  Banks  of  rivers  ;  often  culti- 
vated for  ornament.* 

VII.   CLADRASTIS    Raf. 

A  moderate-sized  tree,  with  smooth  dark  gray  bark  and 
yellow  wood.    Leaves  of  7-11  smooth  oval  or  ovate  leaflets. 


132  KEY  AND  FLORA 

Flowers  creamy-white,  in  long,  drooping  panicles.  Calyx  5- 
toothed.  Standard  large,  nearly  round,  reflexed  ;  petals  of  the 
keel  and  wings  separate  and  straight.  Stamens  10,  uncon- 
nected w^th  each  other.  Pod  borne  on  a  short  stalk  above  the 
calyx.    Seeds  4-6, 

1.  C.  lutea  Koch.  Yellow  Wood.  Tree  50  ft.  or  less  in  height, 
much  branched,  with  a  round,  spreading  top.  Hillsides,  in  fertile 
soil,  south  central  states.    Also  con^derably  jDlanted  as  a  shade  tree. 

VIII.  SOPHORA    L. 

Shrubby  or  herbaceous  perennials.  Leaves  odd-pinnate,  with 
many  leaflets.  Calyx  bell-shaped,  with  5  short  teeth.  Standard 
roundish  ;  keel  nearly  straight.  Stamens  almost  or  quite  dis- 
tinct ;  anthers  versatile.  Pod  stalked,  leathery  or  fleshy,  nearly 
cylindrical  but  more  or  less  contracted  between  the  seeds,  not 
splitting  open. 

1.  S.  sericea  Nutt.  Herbaceous  with  a  woody  base,  erect,  6-12 
in.  high,  covered  with  silky  silvery  down.  Leaflets  7-25,  obovate  or 
nearly  so,  obtuse,  narrowed  at  the  base,  \-\  in.  long.  Flowers  white. 
Pod  slender,  dry,  few-seeded.    Prairies  W.  and  S.W. 

IX.  LUPINUS    L. 

Biennial  or  perennial  herbs.  Leaves  simple  or  palmately 
compound.  Flowers  showy,  in  terminal  racemes.  Calyx 
2-lipped,  5-toothed.  Standard  round,  with  the  sides  reflexed; 
keel  scythe-shaped.  Stamens  monadelphous ;  anthers  alter- 
nately oblong  and  roundish.  Ovary  sessile ;  matured  pod 
oblong,  several-seeded,  often  compressed  between  the  seeds.* 

1.  L.  perennis  L.  Perennial.  Stem  erect,  downy,  12-18  in.  high. 
Leaves  palmately  7-9 -foliate  ;  leaflets  obovate  or  oblanceolate,  obtuse 
and  mucronate  at  the  apex,  slightly  downy  ;  petiole  slender ;  stipules 
small.  Racemes  terminal,  slender,  loosely  many-flowered.  Flowers 
purple,  blue,  pink,  or  white.  Pod  oblong,  densely  downy,  few-seeded. 
Dry,  sandy  soil.* 

X.   LABURNUM    Medic. 

Trees  or  shrubs.  Leaves  of  3  leaflets,  with  very  small 
stipules  or  none.  Flowers  golden-yellow,  in  slender,  drooping 
racemes.  Calyx  2-lipped,  the  upper  lip  2-toothed,  the  lower 
3-toothed.    Standard  ovate,  upright,  of  the  same  length  as  the 


PULSE   FAMILY  133 

straight  wings.    Stamens  cliadelphous  (9  and  1).    Ovary  and 
pod  somewhat  stalked  above  the  calyx,  several-seeded. 

1.  L.  vulgare  Griseb.  Laburnum,  Golden  Chain.  A  small  tree, 
with  smooth,  greenish  bark.  Leaves  with  slender  petioles;  leaflets 
oblong-ovate,  acute  at  the  base,  taper-pointed,  downy  beneath. 
Flowers  showy,  in  graceful  racemes.    Cultivated  from  Europe. 

XI.   CYTISUS    L. 

Shrubs,  rarely  spiny.  Leaves  of  1-3  leaflets  or  none ;  stipules 
very  small.  Calyx  2-lipped,  the  upper  lip  slightly  2-toothed, 
the  lower  3-toothed.  Keel  straight  or  a  little  curved,  blunt, 
turned  down  after  flowering.  Stamens  with  their  filaments 
all  united ;  anthers  every  other  one  short  and  attached  by  its 
center,  the  alternate  ones  long  and  fastened  by  their  bases. 
Style  curved  in,  or,  after  the  flower  opens,  coiled  up.  Pod 
flat,  long,  many-seeded. 

1.  C.  canariensis  Dumont.  A  shrub  with  many  rather  stiff,  erect, 
slender  branches.  Leaves  abundant,  very  small,  covered  with  soft 
gray  hairs;  leaflets  3,  obovate.  Flowers  rather  small,  yellow,  in 
somewhat  erect  racemes.  Cultivated  in  greenhouses.  From  the 
Canary  Islands. 

XII.   TRIFOLIUM    L. 

Annual,  biennial,  or  perennial  herbs.  Stems  more  or  less 
spreading.  Leaves  petioled,  of  3  toothed  or  serrate  leaflets ; 
stipules  united  to  the  petioles.  Flowers  white,  yellow^,  or  red, 
in  heads.  Calyx  5-cleft,  the  teeth  nearly  equal,  awd-shaped. 
Petals  withering-persistent ;  keel  shorter  than  the  wings.  Sta- 
mens diadelphous.   Pod  smooth,  1-6-seeded,  scarcely  opening.* 

1.  T.  arvense  L.  Rabbit  Foot  Clover,  Stone  Clover.  Annual, 
silky-downy,  erect,  branching,  5-10  in.  high.  Leaflets  oblanceolate  or 
linear,  minutely  toothed  above.  Heads  terminal,  peduncled.  Calyx 
teeth  very  silky-hairy,  longer  than  the  whitisli  corolla.  Old  fields,  rail- 
road embankments,  and  waste  ground.    Naturalized  from  Europe. 

2.  T.  incarnatum  L.  Crimson  Clover.  Annual.  Stem  erect, 
somewhat  branched,  downy,  1-2  ft.  high.  Lower  leaves  long-petioled, 
the  upper  short-petioled;  leaflets  obovate  or  wedge-shaped,  toothed  at 
the  apex.  Flowers  briglit  crimson,  sessile,  in  terminal  heads  which 
finally  become  much  elongated.  Calyx  silky,  its  lobes  long  and 
plumose.    Introduced  from  Europe  and  cultivated  for  fodder. 


134  KEY  AND  FLORA 

3.  T.  pratense  L.  Red  Clover.  Biennial  or  short-lived  peren- 
nial. Stems  spreading,  branching,  downy,  1-3  ft.  long.  Leaves  long- 
petioled  ;  stipules  large  ;  leaflets  oval  to  obovate,  finely  toothed,  often 
with  a  dark  triangular  spot  near  the  center.  Flowers  red  or  purple, 
in  globose  heads,  erect  in  fruit.  Calyx  teeth  bristle-shaped,  hairy. 
Pod  1-3-seeded.    Introduced  from  Europe  and  widely  cultivated.* 

4.  T.  repens  L.  White  Clover.  Perennial.  Stems  widely  branch- 
ing at  the  base,  prostrate  and  creeping,  nearly  smooth,  6-12  in. 
long.  Leaves  long-petioled ;  leaflets  oval,  obovate,  or  obcordate, 
minutely  toothed.  Heads  globose,  long-peduncled.  Flowers  white, 
reflexed  in  fruit.  Pod  3-4-seeded.  Common  about  houses  and  in 
pastures.* 

5.  T.  hybridum  L.  Alsike  Clover.  Perennial,  considerably 
resembling  'No.  4,  but  the  stems  more  upright  and  stouter.  Leaflets 
varying  from  broadly  ovate  to  ovate-lanceolate,  mucronate  or  slightly 
notched,  the  margins  fringed  with  hairs ;  stipules  prolonged  into 
bristle-like  points.  Flowers  rose  color  and  white,  very  fragrant.  In 
fields  and  along  roadsides.    Introduced  from  Europe. 

6.  T.  carolinianum  Michx.  Carolina  Clover.  Perennial.  Stems 
spreading  or  ascending,  much-branched,  downy,  6-10  in.  long.  Leaves 
short-petioled ;  leaflets  small,  obovate  or  obcordate,  slightly  toothed. 
Heads  small,  globose,  on  long  peduncles.  Flowers  white,  tinged 
with  purple,  reflexed  in  fruit.  Pod  4-seeded.  Common  in  waste 
places  S.* 

7.  T.  procumbens  L.  Low  Hop  Clover.  Annual.  Stem  slender, 
erect  or  spreading,  downy,  6-10  in.  long.  Leaves  short-petioled; 
leaflets  obovate  or  obcordate,  finely  dentate,  the  middle  one  distinctly 
stalked ;  stipules  lance-ovate.  Flowers  yellow,  reflexed  in  fruit.  Pod 
1 -seeded.  Common  on  clay  soil,  in  waste  places.  Naturalized  from 
Europe.* 

XIII.  MELILOTUS    Hill. 

Annual  or  biennial  herbs.  Leaves  petioled,  of  3  leaflets. 
Flowers  small,  white  or  yellow,  in  dense  axillary  and  terminal 
racemes.  Calyx  5-toothed,  the  teeth  nearly  equal.  Standard 
erect,  wings  and  keel  cohering.  Stamens  10,  diadelphous. 
Pod  longer  than  the  calyx,  1-4-seeded.* 

1.  M.  alba  Lam.  Melilotus.  Biennial.  Stem  erect,  branching, 
smooth  or  the  young  branches  slightly  downy.  Leaflets  oblong  or 
oblanceolate,  rounded  or  truncate  at  the  apex,  serrate ;  stipules  small. 
Racemes  long,  slender,  erect.  Flowers  white.  Standard  longer  than 
the  wings  and  keel.  Pod  ovoid,  wrinkled,  drooping,  mostly  1-seeded, 
scarcely  opening.    Common  as  a  weed  and  widely  cultivated.* 


rULSE  FAMILY  135 

2.  M.  officinalis  Willd.  Yellow  Sweet  Clover.  A  stout,  upright, 
branching  herh,  2-4  ft.  high,  looking  much  like  the  preceding  species, 
but  coarser.  Flowers  yellow.  Waste  ground  and  roadsides.  Natu- 
ralized from  Europe. 

XIV.   MEDICAGO    L. 

Annual  or  perennial  herbs.  Leaves  petioled,  of  3  toothed 
leaflets.  Flowers  in  terminal  and  axillary  spikes  or  racemes. 
Calyx  5-toothed,  the  teeth  short  and  slender.  Standard 
oblong,  much  longer  than  the  wings  or  keel.  Stamens  10, 
diadeiphous.  Ovary  sessile.  Pod  1 -several-seeded,  coiled, 
not  splitting  open,  often  spiny.* 

1,  M.  sativa  L.  Alfalfa.  Perennial.  Stems  erect,  branching, 
downy  when  young,  becoming  smooth  with  age,  2-3  ft.  high.  Leaves 
short-petioled ;  leaflets  obovate,  sharply  dentate  towards  the  apex, 
obtuse  or  sometimes  notched  or  mucronate ;  stipules  lanceolate,  entire. 
Flowevs  blue,  small,  in  rather  close  spikes.  Pods  downy,  coiled,  few- 
seeded.    Introduced  from  Europe,  and  cultivated  for  hay  and  pasture.* 

2.  M.  lupulina  L.  Black  jNIedick,  Nonesuch.  An  annual  or 
biennial,  much-branched,  reclining  herb,  with  stems  6-20  in.  long. 
Leaves  very  short-petioled ;  leaflets  obovate,  acute,  ^-f  in. long,  toothed 
near  the  tip.  Flowers  small,  yellow,  in  short  spikes.  Pods  very  small, 
1-seeded,  kidney-shaped,  black.  Roadsides  and  waste  ground,  adven- 
tive  from  Europe. 

XV.   PSORALEA    L. 

Perennial  herbs ;  whole  plant  glandular-dotted.  Leaves  of 
3-5  leaflets  ;  stipules  united  with  the  petioles.  Flowers  in  axil- 
lary or  terminal  spikes  or  racemes.  Calyx  5-cleft,  the  lobes 
nearly  equal.  Standard  ovate  or  orbicular ;  keel  incurved, 
obtuse.  Stamens  monadelphous  or  diadeiphous,  5  of  the  anthers 
often  undeveloped.  Ovary  nearly  sessile.  Pod  included  in  the 
calyx,  often  wrinkled,  remaining  closed,  1-seeded.* 

1.  P.  pedunculata  Vail.  Samson's  Snakeroot.  Stem  erect,  slen- 
der, branching  above,  downy,  1-2  ft.  high.  Leaves  of  3  leaflets; 
petioles  shorter  than  the  leaflets ;  stipules  awl-shaped ;  leaflets  ellip- 
tical or  oblong-lanceolate,  sparingly  glandular-dotted,  the  terminal 
one  stalked.  Loosely  flowered  spikes  axillary  and  terminal,  on  pedun- 
cles much  longer  than  the  leaves.  Flowers  blue  or  purple,  about  }  in. 
long.    Pod  compressed-giol)Ose,  wrinkled  transversely.    Ury  soil.* 

2.  P.  tenuiflora  Pursh.  I'pright,  slender,  bushy  and  branching, 
2-4  ft.  high,  covered  when  young  with  a  fine  grayish  down.    Leaves 


136  KEY  AND  FLORA 

palmately  compound,  with  3-5  linear  to  obovate-oblong  leaflets,  cov- 
ered with  glandular  dots.  Flowers  ^-^  in.  long,  loosely  racemed. 
Pod  rough  with  glands.    Prairies  W. 

3.  P.  argophylla  Pursh.  Silver-Leaved  Psoralea.  Densely 
silvery  downy,  with  white,  close-lying  hairs.  Stem  often  zigzag,  1-3 
ft.  high.  Leaves  palmate;  leaflets  3-5,  elliptical-lanceolate,  oval  or 
obovate.  Spikes  interrupted,  the  peduncles  longer  than  the  leaves. 
Flowers  blue  or  purplish,  }  in.  or  more  long.  Pod  ovate,  beak  straight. 
Prairies,  especially  N.W. 

4.  P.esculentaPursh.  Pomme  Blanche,  Tipsin,  Dakota  Turnip. 
Clothed  with  roughish  hairs.  Stem  5-15  in.  high,  erect  and  stout. 
Root  turnip-shaped,  starchy,  eatable.  Leaves  palmately  compound, 
with  5  lance-oblong  leaflets.  Flowers  i  in.  long,  in  a  dense  ellipsoidal 
spike.  Pod  hairy,  with  a  pointed  tip.  High  prairies  or  plains, 
especially  N.AV. 

XVI.  AMORPHA  L. 

Small  shrubs,  glandular-dotted.  Leaves  odd-pinnate.  Flowers 
purple,  blue,  or  white,  in  slender  spikes  or  racemes.  Calyx 
5-toothed,  persistent.  Standard  obovate,  concave ;  wings  and 
keel  none.  Stamens  monadelphous,  projecting  much.  Ovary 
sessile.  Pod  curved,  glandular-roughened,  1-2-seeded,  never 
opening.* 

1.  A.  canescens  Pursh.  Lead  Plant,  Shoe  Strings.  A  bushy, 
white,  silky-downy  shrub,  1-3  ft.  high.  Leaflets  small  and  crowded, 
21-49,  oval  or  oblong-elliptical.  Spikes  mostly  clustered  at  the  sum- 
mit, rather  showy.  Standard  bright  blue,  roundish.  Pod  1-seeded, 
slightly  longer  than  the  calyx.  Prairies.  Roots  very  long  and  tough, 
hence  one  common  name. 

2.  A.  microphylla  Pursh.  A  bushy  shrub  about  1  ft.  high.  Leaves 
many,  short-petioled ;  leaflets  13-19,  rigid,  oval  or  oblong.  Racemes 
mostly  solitary.  Flowers  fragrant;  standard  purplish.  Prairies, 
esj^ecially  X.W. 

3.  A.  fruticosa  L.  False  Indigo.  A  shrub,  6-15  ft.  high,  with 
smooth,  dark -brown  bark.  Leaves  petioled ;  leaflets  15-21,  short- 
stalked,  oblong,  obtuse  or  notched,  sparingly  punctate  with  clear  dots. 
Slender  flowering  spikes,  panicled  or  solitary,  4-6  in.  long.  Flowers 
blue  or  purple.  Calyx  teeth  short,  nearly  equal,  downy.  Pod  glandu- 
lar.   River  banks.* 

XVII.  ROBINIA    L. 

Trees  or  shrubs.  Leaves  odd-pinnate  ;  stipules  often  spiny. 
Flowers  showy,  in  axillary  racemes.    Calyx  short,  5-toothed, 


PULSE   FAMILY  137 

the  two  upper  teeth,  shorter  and  partially  united.  Standard 
large,  orbicular,  retlexed,  keel  obtuse.  Stamens  diadelphous. 
Style  bearded  on  one  side.    Pod  compressed,  several-seeded.* 

1.  R.  Pseudo-Acacia  L.  Black  Locust.  A  tree  of  medium  size; 
bark  rough  ami  nearly  black  ;  twigs  and  leaves  smooth.  Leaflets 
9-15,  ovate  or  oblong,  obtuse  and  slightly  mucronate  at  the  apex; 
stipules  forming  persistent  spines.  Kacemes  loose,  peudulous,  3-5  in. 
long.  Flowers  white,  fragrant.  Pod  smooth,  4-8-seeded.  Introduced, 
and  quite  common ;  wood  very  durable  when  exposed  to  the  weather, 
and  extensively  used  for  posts.* 

XVIII.  WISTERIA    Nutt.    (BRADLEYA) 

Tall,  twining  shrubs.  Leaves  odd-pinnate.  Racemes  ter- 
minal. Flowers  large  and  showy.  Calyx  2-lipped,  the  upper 
lip  2-cleft,  short,  the  lower  longer  and  3-cleft.  Standard 
large,  round,  Avith  2  calloused  ridges  at  the  base  ;  wings  eared 
at  the  base  ;  keel  scythe-shaped.  Pod  long,  stalked,  leathery, 
2-valved,  several-seeded.* 

1  W.  frutescens  Poir.  Wisteria.  Stem  climbing  30-40  ft.,  often 
2-3  in.  in  diameter  at  the  base;  branches  and  leaves  downy  when 
young,  becoming  smoother  with  age.  Leaves  short-petioled ;  stipules 
niimite;  leaflets  9-17,  ovate-lanceolate,  acute  at  the  apex,  rounded 
at  tlie  base.  Kacemes  large,  densely  flowered.  Calyx  downy.  Corolla 
lilac-purple,  wings  with  a  short  and  a  long  appendage  at  the  base. 
Pod  2-3  in.  long,  2-I:-seeded.  River  banks  S.  Often  cultivated  for 
ornament.* 

2.  W.  chinensis  DC.  Chinese  Wisteria.  Larger  and  faster 
growing  than  Xo.  1.  Racemes  longer  and  more  slender.  AVing 
appendage  at  one  side  only  of  base.  Seldom  fruiting  in  this  region. 
Cultivated  from  China  or  Japan. 

XIX.  ASTRAGALUS  L. 

Mostly  perennial  herbs.  Leaves  odd-pinnate.  Flowers  in 
spikes  or  racemes.  Calyx  5-toothed.  Petals  long,  erect,  with 
claws.  Standard  narrow.  Stamens  diadelphous  (9  and  1). 
Pod  usually  swollen,  sometimes  fleshy  and  eatable,  several- 
many-seeded.  [A  large  and  very  difficult  genus;  mostly  of  far 
western  species.] 


138  KEY  AXD  FLORA 

1.  A.  caryocarpus  Ker.  Ground  Plum,  Buffalo  Apple.  Covered 
with  pale,  close-lying  down.  Leaflets  narrow,  oblong.  Flowers  violet- 
purple,  in  a  short,  narrow  raceme.  Fruit  looking  like  a  small,  green, 
pointed  plum,  about  f  in.  in  diameter,  eatable.  N.AV.,  and  S.  to 
Texas. 

2.  A.  mexicanus  A.  DC.  Prairie  Apple.  Smooth  or  with  some 
loose  hairs.  Corolla  cream  color,  with  the  tip  bluish.  Fruit  globular, 
not  pointed,  eatable.    Prairies,  Illinois  and  S.W. 

3.  A.  canadensis  L.  Erect,  often  tall  (1-4  ft.  high),  more  or  less 
downy.  Leaflets  oblong,  21-27.  Flowers  pale  greenish,  in  long 
spikes.    Pod  dry,  2-celled,  sessile.   River  bottoms,  prairies,  and  woods. 

4.  A.  parviflorus  MacM.  Erect  and  slender,  finely  downy,  some- 
w^hat  ash-color,  1-2  ft.  high.  Leaflets  11-21,  linear,  obtuse,  distant. 
Flowers  purple,  ^}  in.  long,  in  long,  slender  racemes.  Pods  sessile, 
^  in.  or  less  in  length,  concave  on  the  back,  white-hairy,  becoming 
smooth.    Prairies,  especially  N.W. 

XX.  DESMODIUM    Desv.    (MEIBOMIA) 

Perennial  herbs.  Leaves  pinnate,  with  stipules,  usually 
with  3  leaflets.  Flowers  in  axillary  or  terminal  racemes,  or 
sometimes  in  panicles,  usually  purple,  sometimes  pink  or 
whitish.  Calyx  usually  somewhat  2-lipped.  Standard  ovate, 
obovate,  or  roundish  ;  wdngs  attached  to  the  straight  or  nearly 
straight  keel  by  a  little  appendage  projecting  from  esLch  side 
of  the  keel.  Stamens  monadelphous  (9  and  1)  or  all  united  at 
their  bases.  Pod  flat,  its  lower  margin  variously  lobed,  sepa- 
rating into  flat  segments  which  are  usually  furnislied  with 
short,  strong,  hooked  hairs,  making  the  fruit  a  troublesome 
bur.  [A  large  and  rather  difficult  genus.  Most  of  the  species 
can  only  be  distinguished  by  the  fruit,  wdiich  matures  in  late 
summer  or  autumn.] 

XXI.  VICIA  L. 

Climbing  or  spreading  herbs.  Leaves  odd-pinnate,  usually 
ending  in  a  tendril.  Leaflets  many,  entire  or  toothed  at  the 
tip ;  stipules  half  arrow-shaped.  Flowers  blue,  purple,  or  yel- 
low, in  axillary  racemes.  Calyx  teeth  nearly  equal.  Wings 
united  to  the  keel.  Stamens  diadelphous  (9  and  1) ;  filaments 
thread-shaped  ;  anthers  all  alike.  Style  bent,  smooth  or  downy 
all  round  or  bearded  below  the  stigma ;  ovules  usually  many. 
Pod  flattened,  2-several-seeded.    Seeds  globular. 


PULSE  FAMILY  139 

1.  V.  sativa  L.  Common  Yetch.  Annual.  Stem  simple,  smooth, 
reclining,  1-3  ft,  long.  Leaves  short-petioled;  leaflets  2-5  pairs, 
obovate-oblong  to  linear,  obtuse,  notched  and  mucronate  at  the 
apex.  Flowers  in  pairs,  nearly  sessile  in  the  axils,  pale  purple,  f  in. 
or  less  in  length.  Pod  linear,  several-seeded.  In  gravelly  soil.  Intro- 
duced from  Europe. 

2.  V.  caroliniana  Walt.  Perennial.  Smooth  or  nearly  so,  4-6  ft. 
high.  Leaflets  8-24,  narrowly  oblong,  blunt.  Peduncles  loosely  flow- 
ered.   Flowers  small,  whitish  or  tipped  with  pale  purple.   River  banks. 

3.  V.  americana  INIuhl.  Wild  Vetch,  Buffalo  Pea.  Perennial. 
Smooth,  1-3  ft.  high.  Leaflets  10-14,  elliptical  or  ovate-oblong, 
obtuse.  Peduncles  shorter  than  the  leaves,  4-8-flowered.  Flowers 
bluish-purple,  f  in.  long.    Common  N.  and  W. 

XXII.   LATHYRUS    L. 

Like  Vicla,  excepting  that  the  leaflets  are  fewer  and  the 
style  is  bearded  on  the  side  toward  the  standard. 

1.  L.  maritimus  Bigelow.  Beach  Pea.  Perennial.  Stem  stout, 
1-2  ft.  high.  Stipules  broadly  ovate  and  heart-  or  halberd -shaped, 
nearly  as  large  as  the  6-12  leaflets,  of  which  the  lower  pair  is  the 
largest;  tendrils  pretty  large.  Flowers  large,  blue  or  purple.  Sea- 
shores and  beaches  of  the  Great  Lakes, 

2.  L.  palustris  L.  Wild  Pea.  Stem  frequently  winged,  slender, 
and  climbing  by  delicate  tendrils  at  the  ends  of  the  leaves.  Stipules 
narrow  and  pointed;  leaflets  4-8,  narrowly  oblong  to  linear,  acute. 
Peduncles  bearing  2-6  pretty  large,  drooping,  blue,  purple,  and  white 
flowers.    Damp  thickets  and  borders  of  swamps. 

3.  L.  venosus  Muhl.  Veiny  Vetch.  Perennial.  Stem  stout, 
prominently  angled,  climbing  or  reclining,  2-5  ft.  long.  Leaves 
short-petioled ;  stipules  large,  lanceolate ;  leaflets  5-7  pairs,  broadly 
ovate-obtuse,  mucronate.  Peduncles  nearly  as  long  as  the  leaves, 
many-flowered.  Flowers  purple,  f  in,  long.  Calyx  teeth  very  unequal. 
Pod  linear,  veined,  4-6 -seeded.    Shady  banks  and  moist  prairies.* 

4.  L,  odoratus  L,  Sw^eet  Pea,  Annual.  Stem  roughish-hairy, 
it  and  the  petioles  winged.  Leaflets  only  one  pair,  oval  or  oblong. 
Flowers  large,  2  or  3  on  the  long  peduncles,  sweet-scented,  white, 
rose  color,  purple,  or  variegated.    Cultivated  from  Europe, 

XXIII,   PISUM    L, 

Climbing  or  prostrate  herbs.  Style  enlarged  above,  grooved 
on  the  back,  with  soft-hairy  down  on  the  inner  edge.  Leaflets 
1-3  pairs.    Flowers  and  fruit  much  like  those  of  Latlujrus. 


140  KEY  AND  FLORA 

1.  P.  sativum  L.  Common  Pea.  Annual.  Smooth  and  covered 
with  a  bloom.  Leaflets  usually  2  pairs;  tendrils  branching;  stipules 
large,  ovate,  rather  heart-shaped  at  the  base.  Peduncle  several-flowered. 
Flowers  white,  bluish,  reddish,  or  variegated.  Pods  large ;  seeds  glob- 
ular or  somewhat  flattened  and  wrinkled.  There  are  many  varieties, 
differing  greatly  in  size,  of  the  plant  and  of  the  fruit.  Cultivated  from 
Europe  (V). 

XXIV.   PHASEOLUS    L. 

Twining  herbs.  Leaves  pinnate,  of  3  leaflets.  Flowers  in 
axillary  racemes.  Calyx  5-toothed  or  5-cleft,  the  two  upper 
teeth  often  more  united  than  the  others.  Keel  of  the  corolla 
coiled  in  a  spiral,  together  with  the  included  stamens  and 
style.  Stamens  diadelphous  (9  and  1).  Style  bearded  length- 
wise on  the  upper  side ;  stigma  oblique  or  on  the  side  of  the 
style.  Pod  linear,  2-valved,  several-many-seeded,  tipped  with 
the  remains  of  the  style. 

1.  P.  perennis  Walt.  Wild  Bean.  Perennial,  climbing  high. 
Flowers  snuxll,  purple.    Pods  curved,  drooping,  4-6-seeded.    Thickets. 

2.  P.  vulgaris  L.  Common  or  Kidney  Bean.  Twiners  (or  some 
varieties  low  and  branching).  Racemes  of  wdiite  or  jDurplish  flowers 
shorter  than  the  leaves.  Pods  straight  or  nearly  so.  Seeds  not  much 
flattened.    Cultivated,  probably  from  tropical  America. 

3.  P.  multiflorus  Willd.  Spanish  Bean,  Scarlet  Runner.  Stems 
twining  high.  Flowers  large  and  showy,  white,  scarlet,  or  variegated ; 
racemes  longer  than  the  leaves.  The  scarlet  variety  is  the  most  com- 
monly cultivated,  for  ornament.    From  tropical  America. 

48.  GERANIACE^.     Geranium  Family 

Herbs  or  small  shrubs.  Leaves  simple,  usually  with  glan- 
dular hairs  which  secrete  an  aromatic  oil.  Flowers  bisexual, 
axillary  and  solitary  or  clustered,  actinomorphic  or  nearly  so, 
hypogynous,  their  parts  in  fives.  Stamens  5  or  10,  monadel- 
phous  at  the  base.  Carpels  5,  each  2-ovuled,  splitting  away 
with  their  long  styles  wdien  ripe  from  a  central  axis  and  thus 

scattering  the  seeds. 

I.   GERANIUM    L. 

Herbs,  rarely  shrubs.  Leaves  with  stipules,  opposite  or 
alternate,   usually   cut   or   lobed.    Flowers   actinomorphic  on 


GERAXIUM  FAMILY  141 

1-2-flowered  axillary  peduncles.   Sepals  and  petals  5.   Stamens 
10,  ripening  in  2  sets.    Ovary  5-lobed,  5-beaked ;  stigmas  5. 

1.  G.  maculatum  L.  Wild  Crane's-Bill,  Wild  Gekaxium. 
Perennial,  ^vitl^  an  erect,  hairy  stem,  12-18  in.  high.  Leaves  about 
.■^-parted,  marked  with  pale  blotchevS,  the  basal  leaves  long-petioled. 
Flowei's  large  (1  in.  or  more  in  diameter),  light  purple,  somewhat 
corymbed.  Petals  entire,  twice  as  long  as  the  calyx,  the  claw  bearded. 
Open  woods  and  thickets;  common. 

2.  G.  Robertianum  L.  Herb  Robert.  Annual  or  biennial.  Stems 
somewhat  hairy,  weak  and  spreading,  reddish.  Leaves  of  5  leaflets, 
the  latter  once  or  twice  pinnately  cut,  long-petioled.  Flowers  light 
purple,  about  J  in.  in  diameter,  streaked  with  dark  and  light  red. 
Claws  of  petals  smooth.    Damp  woods  and  ravines  E. 

II.  PELARGONIUM    L'Her. 

Perennial  herbs  or  shrubs.  Leaves  with  stipules,  scented. 
Flowers  much  as  in  the  preceding  genus,  but  one  of  the  sepals 
hollowed  out  below  into  a  nectar-bearing  tube  extending  down 
the  pedicel.  The  2  upper  petals  different  in  size  or  shape  from 
the  other  3.  Cultivated  from  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope.  [Most 
of  the  species  are  commonly,  though  not  quite  correctly,  called 
'-  geraniums."   Only  a  few  of  the  commonest  are  here  described.] 

1.  P.  peltatum  Ait.  Ivy  Geranium.  Stems  somewhat  prostrate  and 
trailing.  Leaves  somewhat  peltate,  smooth  or  nearly  so.  Flowers 
pink  or  white. 

2.  P.  zonale  AVilld.  Horseshoe  Geranium.  Stem  erect,  widely 
branched,  woody  below.  Leaves  alternate,  opposite  or  sometimes  in 
threes,  round  or  kidney-shaped,  palmately  veined,  crenate,  downy, 
usually  with  a  dark  zone  near  the  middle.  Flowers  in  a  long  pedun- 
cled  umbel,  showy,  red  or  white,  often  double.  Numberless  varieties 
in  cultivation. 

3.  P.  graveolens  Ait.  Rose  Geranium.  Stem  erect  or  ascending, 
densely  downy,  1-3  ft,  high.  Leaves  Alternate,  palmately  lobed  or 
divided,  the  lobes  often  finely  dissected,  rolled  under  at  the  edges. 
Flowers  umbeled,  small,  light  purple  with  darker  veins;  whole 
plant  very  fragrant.    Common  in  cultivation. 

4.  P.  odoratissimum  Ait.  Nutmeg  Geranium.  Branches  crooked 
and  straggling  from  a  very  short,  moderately  stout  nuiin  stem.  Leaves 
small,  roundish  and  scalloped,  covered  with  velvety  down,  very  fra- 
grant. Flowers  white,  inconspicuous,  on  short  pedicels  the  petals 
hardly  longer  than  the  calyx. 


142  KEY  AND  FLORA 

49.  OXALIDACE-^.    Wood  Sorrel  Family 

Herbs  or  woody  plants.  Leaves  compound.  Flowers  in  fives, 
bisexual,  actinomorphic,  hypogynous.  Stamens  10,  somewhat 
monadelphous  at  the  base.  Ovary  with  several  ovules  in  each 
cell.    Fruit  a  capsule. 

OXALIS    L. 

Acid  herbs.  Leaves  basal  or  alternate,  with  or  without 
stipules,  usually  of  3  leaflets,  which  droop  at  night.  Sepals  5. 
Petals  5.    Stamens  10.    Ovary  5-lobed,  5-celled;  styles  5. 

1.  0.  Acetosella  L.  AVood  Sorrel.  Apparently  stemless,  from  a 
creeping,  scaly  rootstock.  Leaves  all  basal,  long-petioled,  of  3  in- 
versely heart-shaped  leaflets  ;  scape  slender,  2-5  in.  high,  1-fiowered. 
Flowers  nearly  1  in.  in  diameter,  white,  veined  with  red  or  purple. 
Cold  woods  N. 

2.  0.  violacea  L.  Violet  Wood  Sorrel.  Perennial  from  a 
bulbous  root,  apparently  stemless.  Leaves  long-petioled ;  leaflets 
inversely  heart-shaped,  sometimes  slightly  downy,  often  with  a  dark 
zone  near  the  middle.  Scapes  usually  longer  than  the  petioles,  um- 
bellately  4-10-flowered;  pedicels  slender.  Flowers  violet-purple,  nod- 
ding. Petals  obtuse,  2-3  times  as  long  as  the  sepals;  scapes  and 
petioles  4-5  in.  long.    Common  in  rich  woods,* 

3.  0.  corniculata  L.  Common  Yellow  Wood  Sorrel.  Probably 
flowering  the  first  year  but  perennial,  propagated  by  slender  whitish 
rootstocks.  Erect  or  decumbent,  often  sparsely  hairy,  usually  1  ft. 
or  less  in  height.  Stem  leafy,  the  leaves  often  appearing  whorled. 
Leaflets  thin,  green  or  purplish,  often  ciliate.  Peduncles  few-flowered, 
the  ascending  pedicels,  clad  with  spreading  hairs,  forming  unsym- 
metrical  umbels  or  cymes  at  their  summits.  Flowers  yellow,  about 
I  in.  in  diameter.  Pods  hairy,  columnar,  grooved,  often  ^  in.  or  more 
in  length.    A  common  weed  in  light  soil. 

50.  TROP-SiOLACE^.     Indian  Cress  Family 

Smooth  and  tender  herbaceous  plants,  with  biting  juice,  often 
climbing  by  the  petioles  of  their  simple  leaves.  Leaves  alter- 
nate, without  stipules.  Peduncles  axillary,  1-flowered.  Sepals 
3-5,  the  upper  one  with  a  long,  distinct  spur.  Petals  1-5, 
hypogynous,  not  always  all  alike.    Stamens  6-10,  perigynous, 


FLAX   FAMILY  143 

distinct.    Ovary  1,  3-angled,  made  up  of  3-5  1-ovuled  carpels ; 
style  1 ;  stigmas  3-5.    Fruit  not  opening. 

TROPiEOLUM    L. 

Characteristics  of  the  genus  those  of  the  family  above  given, 
together  with  the  following  : 

Petals  usually  5,  clawed,  the  2  upper  inserted  at  the  mouth 
of  the  spur  and  unlike  the  3  lower  ones.  Stamens  8,  ripening 
unequally,  the  filaments  curved.  Fruit  3-celled,  3-seeded.  Cul- 
tivated from  S.A.  for  the  very  showy  flowers  and  the  sharp- 
flavored  fruits,  which  are  often  pickled. 

1.  T.  majusL.  Common  Nasturtium.  Climbing  by  the  petioles 
6-8  ft.  (there  is  also  a  low  variety  which  does  not  climb).  Leaves 
romidish  but  more  or  less  6-angled,  peltate,  with  the  petiole  attached 
near  the  middle.  Flowers  varying  from  almost  white  to  nearly  black, 
but  commonly  crimson,  scarlet,  or  flame  color. 

51.  LINAGES.     Flax  Family 

Herbs,  shrubs,  or  trees.  Leaves  usually  alternate,  simple, 
entire,  sometimes  with  stipules.  Flowers  variously  clustered. 
Sepals  5,  distinct  or  united.  Petals  5,  hypogynous.  Stamens 
5,  monadelphous  below.  Pod  8-10-seeded,  with  twice  as  many 
cells  as  there  are  styles. 

LINUM    L. 

Herbs  or  small  shrubs,  with  tough,  fibrous  bark.  Leaves 
sessile.  Flowers  in  corymbs  or  panicles.  Sepals  5,  entire. 
Petals  5,  distinct  or  united  below,  falling  in  a  few  hours  after 
expanding. 

1.  L.  usitatissimum  L.  Common  Flax.  Stem  erect,  witli  corymbed 
branches  at  the  top.  Leaves  narrowly  lanceolate.  Flowers  handsome, 
large,  blue.  Cultivated  for  the  fiber.  From  Europe ;  introduced  here 
to  some  extent. 

2.  L.  virginianum  L.  Wild  Flax.  Stem  rather  slender,  erect 
and  cylindrical;  branches  cyUndrical.  Leaves  small,  varying  from 
ol)long  to  lanceolate  or  spatulate,  the  lower  often  opposite.  Flowers 
small,  yellow.  Capsules  flattened  at  right  angles  to  the  pedicels.  Dry 
woods  and  pastures. 


144  KEY  AND  FLORA 

52.  RUTACE^.    Rue  Family 

Shrubs  or  trees.  Leaves  alternate,  compound,  without  stip- 
ules, marked  with  translucent  dots.  Flowers  usually  actino- 
morphic.  Sepals  and  petals  3-5  or  none  ;  petals  hypogynous 
or  perigynous  when  present.  Stamens  as  many  or  twice  as 
many  as  the  sepals,  inserted  on  the  glandular  disk.  Pistils 
2-5,  often  partially  united.  Fruit  a  capsule,  a  key  fruit,  or  in 
the  important  genus  Citrus  (orange,  lemon,  lime,  etc.,  not  here 
described)  a  leathery-skinned  berry,  the  outer  part  of  the  skin 
containing  many  spherical  oil  cavities.* 

I.   XANTHOXYLUM 

Trees  or  shrubs ;  bark,  twigs,  and  petioles  usually  prickly ; 
leaves  odd-pinnate,  marked  with  translucent  dots.  Flowers  in 
axillary  or  terminal  cymes  or  umbels,  monoecious  or  dioecious. 
Sepals  and  petals  3-5  or  none.  Stamens  3-5,  hypogynous. 
Pistils  2-5,  distinct.  Carpels  2-valved,  1-2-seeded;  seeds 
smooth  and  shining.'*^ 

1.  X.  americanum  Mill.  Northern  Prickly  Ash,  Toothache 
Tree.  A  prickly  shrub,  8-12  ft.  high,  with  aromatic  bark.  Leaves 
piniiately  compound ;  leaflets  ovate-oblong.  Flowers  small  and 
greenish,  in  axillary  umbels,  appearing  before  the  leaves.  Petals 
4-5.  Pistils  3-5,  the  styles  slender.  Pods  rather  globose,  somewhat 
more  than  \  in.  in  diameter,  roughish,  borne  on  a  short  stalk  above 
the  receptacle,  with  a  strong  scent  of  lemon  and  tasting  at  first  aro- 
matic, then  burning.    Rocky  woods,  ravines,  and  river  banks. 

II.   PTELEA    L. 

Shrubs  with  smooth  and  bitter  bark.  Leaves  with  3  leaflets. 
Flowers  in  terminal  cymes,  somewhat  monoecious.  Sepals  3-6, 
deciduous,  much  shorter  than  the  petals.  Stamens  4-5,  longer 
than  the  petals  and  alternate  with  them.  Pistillate  flowers 
producing  imperfect  stamens.  Ovary  compressed,  2-celled. 
Fruit  a  2-celled,  2-seeded,  broadly  winged  key.* 

1.  P.  trifoliata  L.  Hop  Tree,  Wafer  Ash.  A  shrub  4-8  ft.  high. 
Leaves  long-petioled ;  leaflets  oval  or  ovate,  acute,  obscurely  serrate, 


POLYGALA  FAMILY  145 

the  lateral  ones  oblique.  Cymes  compound.  Flowers  greenish.  Sta- 
mens mostly  -1 ;  filaments  bearded;  key  about  1  in.  in  diameter;  wing 
notched,  strongly  netted-veined.    Kocky  banks;  often  cultivated.* 


53.  POLYGALACE^.    Polygala  Family 

Herbs  or  shrubs.  Leaves  alternate  or  nearly  opposite,  with- 
out stipules,  simple.  Flowers  not  actinomorphic.  Sepals  un- 
equal, the  2  inner  wing-shaped  and  petal-like.  Petals  3-5, 
hypogynous,  the  2  lateral  ones  often  united  with  the  hooded 
lower  one  into  a  tube,  split  open  at  the  base  behind.  Stamens 
8  ;  filaments  united  into  a  split  sheath,  which  is  usually  joined 
to  the  petals  ;  anthers  usually  opening  by  pores.  Ovary  2- 
celled,  2-ovuled.    [A  difficult  family  for  the  beginner.] 

POLYGALA    L. 

Herbs  or  shrubs.  Flowers  racemed  or  spiked,  some  of  them 
often  cleistogamous.  Petals  united  below  to  the  stamen 
sheath.    Anthers  opening  by  transverse  pores. 

1.  P.  paucifolia  Willd.  Fringed  Polygala,  Babies'  Toes.  May 
Wings.  A  low  x>erennial  herb,  with  branches  o— 1  in.  high,  from  a 
slender,  creeping  rootstock.  Lower  leaves  scattered,  small  and  scale- 
like, the  upper  ones  with  petioles,  crowded  near  the  tips  of  the 
branches,  ovate  or  nearly  so.  Flowers  of  two  kinds,  the  cleistoga- 
mous whitish,  fertile,  borne  underground  along  the  rootstock,  the. 
ternnnal  flowers  large  and  showy  (nearly  an  inch  long),  rose-purple,, 
with  a  beautiful  fringed  crest.    Woods,  especially  X.  and  E. 

2.  P.  Senega  L.  Seneca  Snakeroot.  A  perennial  herb,  with 
several  erect  stems  arising  from  stout,  hard,  knotty  rootstocks. 
Leaves  lanceolate,  ol)long  or  lance-ovate,  sessile.  Flowers'  all  alike, 
small,  white,  in  solitary  close  spikes.    Rocky  woods. 

54.  EUPHORBIACEJE.     Spurge  Family 

Herbs,  shrubs,  or  trees,  usually  with  a  milky,  more  or  less 
acrid  and  sometimes  poisonous  juice.  Flowers  mostly  apetal- 
ous,  monoecious  or  dioecious  (Fig.  2o).  Ovary  usually  3-celled, 
with  1  or  2  ovules  in  each  cell ;  stigmas  as  many  as  the  cells 


146 


KEY  AND  FLORA 


or  twice  as  many.  Fruit  a  3-lobed  capsule.  Seeds  containing 
fleshy  or  oily  endosperm.  Most  of  the  family  are  natives  of 
hot  regions,  many  of  them  of  peculiar  aspect  from  their  adap- 
tation to  life  in  dry  climates.  [The  family  is  too  difficult  for 
the  beginner  in  botany  to  determine  many  of  its  genera  and 
species  with  certainty,  but  a  few  are  described  below.] 


I.   JATROPHA    L. 

Shrubs  or  herbs.  Leaves  alternate.  Flowers  monoecious, 
staminate  and  pistillate  intermixed  in  the  cymes,  apetalous. 
Calyx  large,  white,  5-lobed,  corolla-like.  Stamens  numerous, 
usually  monadelphous.  Ovary  usually  3-celled,  3-seeded  ;  styles 
3,  united  at  the  base,  several-parted.* 

1.  J.  stimulosa  Michx.  Spurge  Nettle.  Perennial  herbs  armed 
with  stinging  hairs ;  stems  erect,  branched,  bright  green  with  white 
lines,  8-15  in.  high.  Leaves  long-petioled,  deeply  pahiiately  3-5- 
lobed,  the  lobes  irregularly  cut  and  toothed,  often  mottled.  Sepals 
white,  spreading.    Seeds  oblong,  smooth,  mottled.    In  dry  woods  S.* 


Fig.  23.  Euphorbia  corollata 

A,  flower  cluster  with  involucre,  the  whole  appearing  like  a  single  flower. 
B,  a  single  staminate  flower:  a,  anther.  C,  fertile  flower,  as  seen  after 
the  removal  of  the  sterile  flowers.  B,  partly  matured  fruit:  i,  involucre ; 
s,  stigmas ;  c,  capsule 

II.   EUPHORBIA    L. 

Herbs  or  shrubs,  with  milky  juice,  often  poisonous.  Flowers 
monoecious,  inclosed  in  a  4-5-lobed  involucre,  which  is  often 
show^y  and  resembles  a  calyx  or  corolla,  usually  bearing  large 


SPURGE   FAMILY  147 

glands  at  its  notches.  Sterile  flowers  many,  borne  inside  the 
involucre  at  its  base  (Fig.  23,  A),  each  consisting  only  of  a 
single  stamen  attached  by  a  joint  to  a  pedicel  which  looks  like 
a  hlament.  Fertile  flower  standing  alone  at  the  center  of  the 
involucre  (Fig.  23,  C)  (soon  pushed  out  by  the  growth  of  its 
pedicel),  consisting  only  of  a  3-lobed  and  3-celled  ovary,  3  2- 
cleft  styles,  and  6  stigmas.    Pod  3-celled  and  3-seeded. 

A.  Cultivated  sJu-uhs. 

1.  E.  splendens  Bojer.  Crown  of  Thorns.  An  extremely  prickly 
shrub,  with  many  erect,  few-leaved  branches.  Leaves  obovate  or 
obovate-spatulate,  mucronate,  entire,  each  with  two  very  sharp 
prickles  (longer  than  the  petiole)  as  stipules.  Peduncles  long, 
sticky,  each  bearing  2-4  objects  which  appear  to  be  showy  scarlet 
flowers,  but  which  are  actually  2-bracted  involucres  containing  the 
true  flowers.  Invohicral  scales  somewhat  kidney-shaped,  mucronate. 
Flowering  all  the  year  round.  Cultivated  in  greenhouses.  From 
Mauritius. 

B.  Herbs  with  ratlier  sliowy  white  Jioicer  clusters. 

2.  E.  marginata  Pursh.  Snow  on  the  Mountain.  Annual.  Stem 
stout,  1-3  ft.  high.  Leaves  sessile,  ovate,  obovate  or  oblong,  acute, 
f-3  in.  long,  the  upper  ones  whorled  and  with  white  petal-like  mar- 
gins. Involucres  5-lobed  in  an  umbel-like  inflorescence  with  three 
forking  rays.    In  dry  soil  W.  and  commonly  cultivated. 

3.  E.  corollata  L.  Flowering  Spurge.  Perennial.  Stem  erect, 
umbellately  branched  above,  smooth  or  downy,  1-3  ft.  high.  Leaves 
of  the  stem  alternate,  those  of  the  branches  usually  opposite  or 
whorled,  rather  thick,  oval  to  narrowly  oblong,  pale  beneath,  usu- 
ally slightly  downy.  Flowering  branches  repeatedly  forked;  invo- 
lucres terminal  and  in  the  forks  of  the  branches,  peduncled  ;  glands 
4-5,  oblong,  green  ;  appendages  white  and  petal-like,  showy.  Cap- 
sule erect,  seed  smooth  or  faintly  pitted.  Common  in  dry,  open 
woods. 

C.  Herbs:  A^o.  4  «  natire  species:  No.  5  cultivated  from  Europe  or 
escaping  from  rjardens.  Flower  clusters  in  umbels,  not  white.  Involucre 
J^-  or  5-lobed,  each  lobe  with  a  gland. 

4.  E.  dictyosperma  Fisch.  &  iSIey.  Annual.  Stem  slender,  S-IS  in. 
high,  erect.  Stem  leaves  oblong-spatulate  to  ohovate,  serrate;  tloral 
ones  roundish-ovate,  somewhat  heart-shaped.  Flower  cluster  a  com- 
j)ound  umbel,  the  rays  once  or  twice  3-forked,  then  2-forked.  Seeds 
covered  with  a  network.    Prairies  and  roadsides. 


148  KEY  AND  FLORA 

5,  E.  Cyparissias  L.  Cypress  Spurge,  Cypress,  Graveyard 
Moss.  A  perennial,  in  dense  clusters  6-12  in.  high,  from  running 
I'ootstocks.  Leaves  much  crowded,  all  sessile,  the  stem  leaves  linear, 
floral  ones  broadly  heart-shaped.  Flower  cluster  a  simple,  many- 
rayed  umbel.  Glands  crescent-shaped.  Cemeteries,  roadsides,  etc., 
escaped  from  cultivation ;  also  cultivated  in  old  gardens.  From 
Europe. 

55.  ANACARDIACE^.     Sumac  Family 

Trees  or  shrubs,  with  resinous,  acrid,  or  milky  sap.  Leaves 
simple,  of  3  leaflets  or  pinnately  compound,  alternate,  with- 
out stipules.  Flowers  bisexual  or  unisexual,  small.  Calyx 
3-5-parted,  persistent.  Petals  3-5  or  wanting.  Stamens  as 
many  as  the  sepals  or  sometimes  twice  as  many,  inserted  in 
the  base  of  the  calyx,  distinct.  Ovary  free,  1-celled;  styles 
1-3.    Fruit  a  1-seeded  drupe.* 

RHUS    L. 

Trees  or  shrubs.  Leaves  of  3  leaflets  or  odd-pinnate. 
Flowers  in  spikes  or  panicles.  Calyx  mostly  5-parted.  Petals 
and  stamens  5.  Pistil  1,  sessile ;  styles  3,  terminal.  Fruit 
small,  smooth  or  downy.* 

1.  R.typhinaL.  Stag-Horn  Sumac.  A  small  tree,  20-40 ft.  high; 
branches  and  petioles  closely  velvety -hairy.  Leaves  odd-pinnate, 
leaflets  17-27,  lanceolate-oblong,  taper-pointed  at  the  apex,  very 
obtuse  at  the  base,  sharply  serrate,  smooth  above,  pale  and  downy 
beneath.  Flowers  somewhat  monoecious,  in  dense  terminal  panicles. 
Fruit  red,  with  crimson  hairs.    Dry  hillsides  N.  and  E.* 

2.  R.  glabra  L.  Sumac.  A  shrub  or  small  tree,  sometimes  25-30 
ft.  high;  branches  downy.  Leaves  odd-pinnate,  main  midrib  downy 
and  wing-margined;  leaflets  9-21,  ovate-lanceolate,  acute  at  the  apex, 
inequilateral,  entire  or  slightly  toothed,  smooth  and  green  above, 
pale  and  downy  beneath.  Panicle  often  large  and  spreading  ;  flowers 
somewhat  mona?cious.    Fruit  red,  hairy,  acid.    Open  woods.* 

3.  R.  Vernix  L.  Poison  Sumac,  Poison  Dogwood.  A  very 
smooth  shrub  with  gray  bark,  6-18  ft.  high.  Leaves  large  and 
glossy,  with  7-13  obovate-oblong,  entire  leaflets.  Flower  clusters 
loosely  flowered,  axillary  panicles.  Fruit  smooth,  greenish-yellow. 
Swamps  and  wet  openings  in  woods  N.  and  E.  Plant  more  poison- 
ous than  the  following  species. 


HOLLY  FAMILY  149 

4.  R.  Toxicodendron  L.  Poisox  Vine,  Poisox  Ivy,  Mercury, 
Black  ^Iekcuky.  ^Stein  a  woody  vine  climbing  higii  by  aerial  root- 
lets, or  sometimes  short  and  erect.  Leaves  petioled,  of  3  leaflets, 
downy ;  leaflets  ovate  or  oval,  taper-pointed,  entire  or  somewhat 
dentate,  often  angled  or  lobed.  Flowers  dioecious,  in  loose  axillary 
panicles.  Fruit  nearly  white,  smooth.  Common  in  open  woods  and 
along  fences.    Plant  poisonous  to  the  touch.* 

56.  AQUIFOLIACEiE.     Holly  Family 

Trees  or  shrubs.  Leaves  simple,  alternate,  petioled ;  stip- 
ules small  or  wanting.  Flowers  small,  greenish,  clustered  or 
solitary  in  the  axils,  usually  dioecious.  Calyx  4-9-parted. 
Petals  4-9,  somewhat  united  at  the  base.  Stamens  inserted 
in  the  tube  of  the  corolla  and  alternate  with  its  lobes.  Ovar}^ 
free,  4-9-celled,  with  a  single  ovule  in  each  cell.  Fruit  a 
berry-like  drupe,  4-9-seeded.* 

ILEX    L. 

Small  trees  or  shrubs.  Leaves  usually  leathery,  often  per- 
sistent and  evergreen;  stipules  minute.  Flowers  axillaiy, 
4-9-parted,  the  fertile  often  solitary  and  the  staminate  clus- 
tered.   Fruit  a  drupe  with  4-9  nutlets.* 

1.  I.  opaca  Ait.  Holly.  Trees  with  smooth,  light-colored  bark, 
and  hard,  very  white  wood  ;  young  twigs  downy.  Leaves  leath- 
ery, oval  or  ovate,  margin  prickly-toothed,  dark  green  and  shining 
above,  paler  and  sometimes  slightly  downy  beneath.  Peduncles  short, 
bracted.  Flowers  -l-parted;  staminate  flowers  in  small  cymes,  the 
pistillate  ones  usually  solitary.  Fruit  bright  red.  Damp,  sandy  soil 
E.  and  S.* 

2.  I.  decidua  Walt.  Deciduous  Holly.  Small  trees;  twigs  smooth. 
Leaves  thin,  obovate,  obtuse  or  sometimes  acute  at  the  apex,  scal- 
loped, smooth,  deciduous.  Flowers  in  sessile  clusters,  4-G-parted. 
Fruits  very  numerous,  bright  red.    On  low  ground  S.* 

3.  I.  verticillata  Gray.  Black  Alder,  "Winterberry.  A  much- 
branched  shrul)  6-8  ft.  high.  Leaves  thin,  oval  or  obovate,  taper- 
pointed,  serrate,  11-2  in.  long.  Flowers  greenish-white,  on  very 
short  peduncles.  Fruit  bright  red,  1,  2,  or  3  in  a  leaf  axil,  remain- 
ing long  after  the  leaves  have  fallen.  Swampy  ground  and  damp 
woods  and  thickets. 


150  KEY  AND  FLORA 

57.  CELASTRACE^.     Wahoo  Family 

Trees  or  shrubs,  sometimes  climbing.  Leaves  simple,  oppo- 
site or  alternate.  Flowers  small,  in  cymes.  Calyx  small, 
4-5-lobed,  persistent.  Petals  4-6,  short.  Stamens  4-6,  alter- 
nate with  the  petals  and  inserted  with  them  on  a  disk. 
Ovary  sessile,  3-5-celled ;  style  entire  or  3-5-cleft  ;  ovules  2  in 
each  cell.  Seeds  usually  covered  with  an  appendage  (aril)  grow- 
ing from  the  hilum, 

I.   EVONYMUS    L. 

Shrubs  with  4-angled  branches.  Leaves  opposite.  Flowers 
in  axillary,  peduncled  cymes,  purplish  or  greenish,  small. 
Sepals  and  petals  4-5,  spreading.  Stamens  as  man}"  as  the 
petals,  short.  Ovary  3-5-celled,  with  2  ovules  in  each  cell. 
Seeds  inclosed  in  a  red,  fleshy  pulp.* 

1.  E.  atropurpureus  Jacq.  Wahoo.  A  tree-hke  shrub  10-15  ft. 
high.  Leaves  oval  to  ovate,  taper-f)ointed,  finely  serrulate,  minutely 
downy  petioles  i-f  in.  long.  Peduncles  slender,  3 -forked,  several-flow- 
ered.   Flower  purplish.   Capsule  deeply  3-5-lobed,  smooth.  River  banks. 

2.  E.  americanus  L.  Strawberry  Bush.  A  shrub  3-8  ft.  high. 
Leaves  short-petioled,  ovate  to  ovate-lanceolate,  acute  or  taper-j^ointed 
at  the  apex,  finely  serrulate,  smooth  or  slightly  hairy.  Peduncles 
axillary,  slender,  1-3-flowered.  Flowers  greenish.  Capsule  3-5-angled, 
warty.    In  Ioav,  shady  woods. 

3.  E.  obovatus  Nutt.  Running  Strawberry  Bush.  A  low  shrub, 
the  trailing  and  rooting  branches  not  usually  rising  more  than  1  or 
2  ft.  from  the  ground.  Leaves  thin,  obovate  or  oblong,  mostly  taper- 
ing to  the  base.  Flowers  and  fruit  nearly  as  in  E.  americanus.  In 
damp  woods. 

II.   CELASTRUS    L. 

A  woody,  twining  shrub.  Leaves  alternate.  Flowers  dioe- 
cious or  somewhat  monoecious,  small,  greenish,  clustered  at 
the  ends  of  the  branches.  Pod  3-celled,  3-valved,  looking  like 
an  orange-colored  berry,  which  on  opening  shows  the  scarlet 
arils  of  the  seeds. 

1.  C.  scandens  L.  Waxwork,  Climbing  Bittersweet.  Climb- 
ing 10-15  ft.  Leaves  ovate-oblong,  2-4  in.  long,  finely  serrate, 
taper-pointed.  In  thickets  and  along  fences ;  also  planted  for  the 
showy  scarlet  seeds,  which  retain  their  color  for  many  months. 


BLADDER  NUT   FAMILY  151 

58.  STAPHYLEACEiE.     Bladder  Xut  Family 

Shrubs.  Leaves  piiinately  compound,  with  stipules,  and 
the  leaflets  with  little  individual  stipules  (stipels).  Flowers 
regular  and  perfect.  Calyx  lobes  5.  Petals  5,  inserted  in  or 
around  a  saucer-shaped  disk.  Stamens  5,  alternate  with  the 
petals,  perigynous.  Ovary  2-3-celled,  with  the  carpels  more 
or  less  distinct ;  ovules  several ;  styles  2-3,  somewhat  united 
below.    Fruit  usually  1-few-seeded. 

STAPHYLEA    L. 

Calyx  deeply  5-parted,  the  lobes  appearing  like  separate 
sepals,  erect.  Petals  spatulate,  borne  on  the  rim  of  the  thick 
disk.  Pod  large,  papery,  3-celled,  finally  opening  at  the  top. 
Seeds  1-4  in  each  cell,  bony. 

1.  S.  trifolia  L.  American  Bladder  Nut.  A  shrub  6-12  ft. 
high,  with  smooth,  slender,  greenisii-striped,  at  length  gray,  branches. 
Leaves  long-petioled,  with  3  ovate,  taper-pointed,  finely  serrate  leaf- 
lets.   Damp  thickets. 

59.  ACERACE^.    Maple  Family 

Trees  or  shrubs,  with  abundant,  often  sugary  sap.  Leaves 
opposite,  simple  and  palmately  lobed,  or  pinnate,  without 
stipules.  Flowers  regular,  mostly  somewhat  monoecious  or 
dioecious,  in  axillary  and  terminal  cymes  or  racemes.  Calyx 
4-9-parted.  Petals  as  many  as  the  lobes  of  the  calyx  or  none. 
Stamens  4-12,  hypogynous.  Ovary  2-celled ;  styles  2.  Fruit 
a  double  key.* 

ACER    L. 

Characteristics  of  the  genus  as  above  given  for  the  fainil3\ 

1.  A.  saccharum  Marsh.  Sugar  Maple.  A  large  tree.  Leaves 
simple,  palmately  lobed,  truncate  or  heart-shaped  at  the  base,  lobes 
sinuate-toothed  and  acuminate,  pale  and  slightly  downy  beneath. 
Flowers  appearing  with  the  leaves,  on  clustered  drooping  pedicels. 
Calyx  bell-shaped,  fringed.    Petals  none.    Keys  smooth,  wings  about 


152  KEY  AND  FLORA 

1-lh  in.  long.  In  cold  woods,  more  abundant  northward.  The  sap 
of  tills  tree  is  the  principal  source  of  maple  sugar,  and  some  forms 
of  the  tree  produce  the  curled  maple  and  bird's-eye  maple  used  in 
cabinet  making.* 

2.  A.  saccharinum  L.  White  Maple,  River  Maple.  A  tall 
tree  with  the  main  branches  slender  and  rather  erect.  Leaves  very 
deeply  5-lobed,  with  the  notches  rather  acute,  silvery-white,  and  when 
young  downy  on  the  lower  surface,  the  divisions  narrow,  coarsely 
cut  and  toothed.  Flowers  greenish,  in  umbel-like  clusters,  appearing 
long  before  the  leaves.  Petals  absent.  Fruit  woolly  at  first,  then 
smooth,  with  diverging  wings,  the  whole  2-3  in.  long.  Common  on 
river  banks  S.  and  W.,  also  planted  for  a  shade  tree,  but  not  safe, 
as  the  branches  are  easily  broken  oif  by  the  wind. 

3.  A.  rubrum  L.  Red  Maple.  A  small  tree  with  red  or  purple 
twigs.  Leaves  simple,  broadly  ovate,  palmately  3-5-lobed  or  some- 
times merely  serrate  or  cut-toothed,  taper-pointed  at  the  apex, 
rounded  or  heart-shaped  at  the  base,  smooth  or  downy,  becoming 
bright  red  in  autumn.  Flowers  appearing  before  the  leaves  on  erect, 
clustered  pedicels.  Petals  red  or  yellow,  oblong  or  linear.  Fi*uiting 
pedicels  elongated  and  drooping.  Key  red,  smooth,  wings  about  an 
inch  long.    Swamps  and  river  banks  E.* 

4.  A.  Pseudo-Platanus  L.  Sycamore  Maple.  Easily  recognized 
by  its  drooping  clusters  of  rather  large  green  flowers,  which  appear 
with  the  leaves.    Cultivated  from  Europe. 

5.  A.  platanoides  L.  Norway  Maple.  A  large  tree,  with  milky 
sap,  which  exudes  from  broken  shoots  or  leafstalks  in  the  spring. 
Cultivated  from  Europe;  a  very  desirable  shade  tree. 

6.  A.  Negundo  L.  Box  Elder.  A  small  tree.  Leaves  opposite, 
pinnately  3-5-foliate ;  leaflets  ovate,  lobed,  toothed  or  entire,  downy 
when  young.  Flowers  dioecious,  appearing  from  lateral  buds  before 
or  with  the  leaves ;  the  staminate  on  long  and  drooping  pedicels, 
the  pistillate  in  drooping  racemes.  Keys  smooth,  1-H  in.  long. 
River  banks.    Often  cultivated  as  a  quick-growing  shade  tree.* 

60.  HIPPOCASTANACE^.    Buckeye  Family 

Trees  or  shrubs.  Leaves  opposite,  long-petioled,  palmately 
compound.  Flowers  showy,  somewhat  monoecious,  in  termi- 
nal panicles.  Calyx  5-lobed,  oblique.  Petals  4-5,  unequal. 
Stamens  5-8,  hypogynous.  Pistil  1 ;  ovary  3-celled,  2  ovules 
in  each  cell ;  style  slender.  Fruit  a  1-3-eelled,  leathery  cap- 
sule, 1-3-seeded.    Seeds  with  a  large  scar.* 


BALSAM  FAMILY  '153 

^SCULUS    L. 
Characteristics  of  the  genus  as  above  given  for  the  family. 

1.  JE.  Hippocastanum  L.  Horse-Chestnut.  A  round-topped  tree 
with  frequently  forking  branches  and  stumpy  twigs.  Leaves  very 
large,  with  7  straight-veined  leaflets.  Flowers  large  and  showy. 
Corolla  open  and  spreading,  of  5  white  petals,  spotted  with  purple 
and  yellow.  Stamens  with  long,  curved  filaments.  Fruit  large,  cov- 
ered with  stout,  soft  prickles  when  young.    Cultivated  from  Asia. 

2.  M.  glabra  Willd.  Ohio  Buckeye.  A  large  tree,  not  unlike 
a  horse-chestnut.  Leaflets  generally  5.  Flowers  small.  Corolla  of  -i 
upright,  pale  yellow  petals.  Stamens  curved,  about  twice  as  long  as 
the  petals.    Fruit  prickly  at  first.    River  banks. 

3.  JE.  octandra  ]Marsh.  Sweet  Buckeye.  Varying  in  size  from  a 
low  shrub  to  a  tall  tree.  Leaves  with  5-7  leaflets.  Flowers  in  a  short, 
dense  panicle.  Petals  4,  in  2  unlike  pairs,  bending  inward ;  blades  of 
the  longer  pair  very  small.    Fruit  not  prickly.   AYoods  W.  and  S. 

4.  jk.  Pavia  L.  Bed  Buckeye.  Shrubs.  Stems  erect,  branched, 
4-8  ft.  high.  Leaflets  usually  5,  lanceolate  to  narrowly  oval,  taper- 
pointed  at  both  ends,  finely  serrate,  smooth  or  nearly  so.  Flowers 
in  dense,  erect  panicles,  bright  red.  Stamens  rather  longer  than  the 
petals.    Fruit  nearly  smooth.    Common  in  open  woods.* 

61.  BALSAMINACE^.    Balsam  Family 

Tender,  fleshy-stemmed,  annual  herbs.  Leaves  simple,  with- 
out stipules.  Flowers  bisexual,  zygomorphic.  Sepals  usually 
3,  the  largest  one  with  a  spur.  Petals  3.  Stamens  5,  dis- 
tinct or  nearly  so.    Ovary  5-celled,  bursting  when  ripe  into 

5  valves. 

IMPATIENS    L. 

Characteristics  of  the  genus  those  above  given  for  the  family. 
Fruit  a  capsule  (very  fleshy  in  our  species),  ^vhich  when  ripe 
bursts  open  -svith  considerable  force,  throwing  the  seeds  about. 

1.  I.  pallida  Xutt.  AVild  Balsam,  Lady's  Slipper.  Stem  3-5  ft. 
high,  branching.  Leaves  oblong-ovate,  2-6  in.  long,  the  lower  often 
long-petioled,  the  upper  nearly  sessile.  Peduncles  axillary,  1-3  in. 
long,  slender,  2-5-flowered.  Flowers  pale  yellow,  slightly  dotted 
with  brownish-red.  Sac  of  the  large  sepal  broader  than  it  is  long, 
ending  in  a  recurved  spur  about  \  in.  long.  Damp,  shaded  ground, 
not  verv  common. 


154  KEY  AND  FLORA 

2.  I.  biflora  Walt.  Wild  Balsam,  Lady's  Slipper,  Jewelweed, 
Snapweed,  Kicking  Colt.  Stem  2-4  ft.  high,  branching.  Leaves 
rhombic-ovate,  1-4  in.  long.  Peduncles  about  1  in.  long,  generally 
2-3-flowered.  Flowers  orange  color,  with  many  pretty,  large,  reddish- 
brown  spots.  Sac  longer  than  it  is  broad,  ending  in  a  recurved  spur 
about  ^  in.  long.  Damp,  shaded  ground,  commoner  than  No.  1  and 
usually  blossoming  earlier. 

62.  RHAMNACE^.    Buckthorn  Family 

Trees  or  shrubs.  Leaves  simple,  often  3-5-nerved ;  stipules 
small.  Flowers  small,  sometimes  unisexual,  green  or  yellow. 
Calyx  4-5-lobed.  Petals  4,  5,  or  absent,  inserted  on  a  disk  at 
the  throat  of  the  calyx,  very  small,  hooded,  usually  with, 
claws.  Stamens  4-5,  inserted  with  the  petals  and  opposite 
them,  often  inclosed  by  the  petals;  filaments  awl-shaped; 
anthers  small,  versatile.     Ovary  3-celled,  3-ovuled. 

I.   BERCHEMIA   Neck. 

Shrubs ;  stems  twining  or  erect.  Leaves  alternate,  promi- 
nently pinnate-veined,  stipules  minute.  Flowers  in  axillary 
or  terminal  panicles,  or  rarely  solitary.  Calyx  tube  hemi- 
spherical, 5-lobed.  Petals  5,  sessile,  concave,  as  long  as  the 
calyx.  Ovary  2-celled,  half  inferior  ;  stigmas  2.  Fruit  an  oval^ 
2-seeded  drupe.  ^ 

1.  B.  scandens  Trel.  Supple  Jack,  Rattan  Vine.  Woody,  often 
twining  high;  older  bark  yellowish,  twdgs  purple,  wood  very  touglu 
Leaves  ovate  or  oval,  acute  or  obtuse,  cuspidate  at  the  apex,  rounded 
at  the  base,  wavy  on  the  margins,  green  above,  pale  beneath. 
Flowers  in  small  panicles.  Fruit  purple.  In  moist  woods  and  along 
streams  S.* 

II.   RHAMNUS    L. 

Leaves  alternate,  deciduous.  Flowers  in  small,  axillary 
cymes,  often  unisexual.  Petals  4-5  or  wanting.  Stamens  4 
or  5,  very  short.    Drupe,  2-4-seeded. 

1.  R.  lanceolata  Pursh.  A  tall  shrub.  Leaves  with  short  petioles,, 
taper-pointed  or  somewhat  obtuse,  very  variable  in  size,  smooth  or 
nearly  so  above,  more  or  less  downy  beneath,  finely  serrate.    Flowers 


VINE   FAMILY  155 

2  or  3  together  in  the  axils,  greenish,  about  |  in.  in  diameter,  usually 
dioecious,  appearing  at  the  same  time  as  the  leaves.  Calyx  4-lobe(l. 
Petals  4.  Stamens  4.  Fruit  black,  about  \  in.  in  diameter.  Hills 
and  river  banks. 

2.  R.  caroliniana  Walt.  Carolina  Buckthorn.  A  small  tree 
with  black  bark  and  very  hard  wood ;  twigs  finely  downy.  Leaves 
alternate,  prominently  veined,  elliptical  to  broadly  oval,  entire  or 
obscurely  serrate,  smooth  or  sometimes  downy  below ;  petioles  slen- 
der, downy.  Flowers  in  axillary,  peduncled  umbels;  petals  minute. 
Fruit  globose,  j-h  in.  in  diameter,  3-seeded.  Seeds  smooth.  On  river 
banks.* 

m.   CEANOTHUS    L. 

Shrubs.  Leaves  alternate,  petioled.  Flowers  bisexual,  in 
terminal  panicles  or  corymbs  formed  of  little  umbel-like  clus- 
ters. Calyx  tube  top-shaped  or  hemispherical,  with  a  5-lobed 
border.  Petals  5,  with  hoods,  on  slender  claws.  Stamens  5 ; 
filaments  long  and  thread-like.  Fruit  dry,  3-lobed,  splitting 
when  ripe  into  3  carpels. 

1.  C.  americanus  L.  New  Jersey  Tea,  Red  Root,  Shrub,  with 
many  branching  stems,  1-3  ft.  high,  from  a  deep  red  root.  Leaves 
1-3  in.  long,  ovate  or  nearly  so,  acute  or  taper-pointed  at  the  tip, 
obtuse  or  somewhat  heart-shaped  at  the  base,  downy  beneath,  serrate, 
3-nerved.    Flowers  small,  white. 

2.  C.  ovatus  Desf.  Smaller  Red  Root.  Similar  to  C.  americanus 
but  usually  smaller  and  nearly  smooth.  Leaves  narrowly  oval  or 
elliptical-lanceolate,  finely  glandular-serrate,  |-2  in.  long.  Dry  rocks 
and  prairies,  especially  S.W. 

63.  VITACE^.    Vine  Family 

Shrubs,  with  the  stem  swollen  at  the  insertion  of  the  peti- 
oles and  climbing  by  tendrils  borne  opposite  the  leaves. 
Leaves  alternate,  with  stipules  simple  or  compound.  Flowers 
small,  greenish,  generally  in  clusters,  borne  in  similar  posi- 
tions to  the  tendrils,  hypogynous  or  nearly  so.  Sepals,  petals, 
and  stamens  4-5.  Carpels  2,  each  2-ovuled.  Calyx  very  small. 
Corolla  deciduous,  the  petals  often  hooded.  Stamens  opposite 
the  petals.  A  disk  inside  the  calyx  bears  nectar  and  its  lobes 
alternate  with  the  stamens.    Fruit  a  berry. 


156  KEY  AND  FLORA 

I.   PSEDERA    Neck.     (PARTHENOCISSUS) 

Woody  vines,  climbing  by  tendrils  and  rootlets.  Leaves 
palmately  compound.  Flowers  in  compound  cymes,  perfect 
or  somewhat  monoecious.  Petals  5,  distinct,  spreading;  disk 
none.  Stamens  5.  Ovary  2-celled,  4-ovuled.  Fruit  a  1-4- 
seeded  berry,  not  edible.* 

1.  P.  quinquefolia  Greene.  Woodbine,  Virginia  Creeper.  Stem 
smooth.  Leaflets  dull  green,  paler  below;  tendrils  5-12-branched, 
most  of  the  branches  ending  in  disks  which  cling  to  supporting 
objects.  Flowers  panicled,  the  main  branches  of  the  cluster  unequal. 
Fruit  hardly  fleshy.    Thickets,  common. 

2.  P.  yitacea  Greene.  AVoodbine,  Virginia  Creeper.  Stem 
smooth  or  slightly  downy.  Leaflets  deep  green  above,  not  much 
paler  below;  tendrils  2-5-branched,  the  branches  usually  ^vithout 
disks  at  the  tips.  Flower  cluster  forking  regularly,  the  main 
branches  nearly  equal.  Fruit  more  fleshy  than  in  No.  1.  Moist 
woods  and  thickets  in  deep,  rich  soil ;  common. 

3.  P.  tricuspidata  Rehder.  Japanese  Ivy,  Boston  Ivy.  A  freely 
branching,  hardy  climber.  Tendrils  numerous,  branching  with  closely 
adhesive  disks.  Leaves  occasionally  with  3  leaflets,  but  usually  with 
only  one,  which  is  jointed  with  the  main  petiole  and  in  autumn  falls 
before  the  petiole  ;  leaflet  3-lobed  or  only  scalloped,  roundish-ovate  or 
heart-shaped,  rather  thick  and  shining.    Cultivated  from  Japan. 

II.  VITIS    L. 

Climbing  woody  vines.  Stems  with  enlarged  joints,  climb- 
ing by  tendrils  opposite  some  of  the  leaves.  Leaves  simple, 
palmately  veined  or  lobed  ;  stipules  small,  soon  deciduous. 
Flowers  mostly  somewhat  monoecious  or  dioecious.  Petals 
often  united  at  the  apex  and  not  expanding.  Stamens  in- 
serted between  the  lobes  of  the  disk.  Ovary  usually  2-celled, 
4-ovuled.    Fruit  juicy,  1-4-seeded.* 

1.  V.  labrusca  L.  Fox  Grape.  Stems  climbing  high,  often  1  ft. 
or  moi-e  in  diameter;  bark  shreddy,  coming  off  in  long  strips;  young 
branches  woolly.  Leaves  broadly  heart-shaped,  more  or  less  deeply 
3-5-lobed,  mucronate-dentate,  very  woolly  when  young,  becoming- 
smooth  above.  Panicles  of  pistillate  flowers  compact,  of  staminate 
flowers  looser.  Fruit  about  i  in.  in  diameter,  dark  purple  or  some- 
times nearly  white.  In  rich  woods  E.,  S.,  and  S.W.  Many  of  the 
cultivated  varieties,  such  as  Concord,  Niagara,  etc.,  have  been  devel- 
oped from  this  species.* 


LINDEN   FAMILY  157 

2.  V.  aestivalis  Michx.  Summer  Gkapk.  Stem  climbing  high; 
bark  shreddy.  Leaves  broadl}'  heart-shaped,  8-5-lobed,  the  lobes 
dentate,  notches  rounded,  white-woolly  when  young,  often  nearly 
smooth  when  old ;  tendrils  or  panicles  opposite  2  out  of  every  3 
leaves,  panicles  long  and  slender.  Fruit  dark  blue,  small,  very  acid. 
In  rich  woods  E.  and  S.* 

3.  V.cinereaEngelm.  Dow^ny  Grape.  Branchlets  angular,  covered 
with  whitish  or  grayish  down.  Leaves  entire  or  slightly  3-lobed,  with 
whitish  or  grayish  down,  especially  on  the  under  side.  Berries  small, 
black,- without  bloom.    S.W. 

4.  V.  cordifolia  Michx.  Frost  Grape,  Chickex  Grape.  Leaves 
rather  smooth,  thin,  and  shining,  either  not  lobed  or  somewhat  3-lobed, 
heart-shaped,  with  the  notch  at  the  base  deep  and  acute,  taper-pointed, 
with  large,  sharp  teeth.  Flower  clusters  large  and  loose.  Grapes 
shining  black,  very  sour,  not  ripening  until  after  frosts ;  seeds  1  or 
2,  rather  large.    Moist  thickets  and  banks  of  streams  S. 

5.  V.  vulpina  L.  Riverside  or  Sw'EET-Scented  Grape.  Re- 
sembling V.  cordifolia,  but  the  leaves  more  shining  and  more  com- 
monly 3-lobed.  Fruit  bluish-black,  with  a  bloom,  moderately  sweet, 
i  in.  or  more  in  diameter,  beginning  to  ripen  in  July.  Along  ponds 
and  streams,  especially  W.  and  S.W. 

6.  V.  rotundifolia  Michx.  ^Muscadine  Grape.  Stem  climbing 
high;  joints  short;  bark  not  shreddy;  wood  very  hard,  often  pro- 
ducing long,  aerial  roots.  Leaves  orbicular,  heart-shaped  at  the  base, 
coarsely  toothed,  nearly  or  quite  smooth.  Panicle  small.  Grapes  few 
in  a  cluster,  large.    The  original  form  of  the  Scuppernong  grape.    S.* 

64.  TILIACEiE.    Linden  Family 

Trees  or  shrubs,  rarely  herbs.  Leaves  alternate,  w-ith 
stipules.  Flowers  bisexual  in  cymes,  the  latter  usually  in 
corymbs  or  panicles.  Sepals  5.  Petals  5  or  fewer,  or  want- 
ing. Stamens  many,  inserted  on  a  s woollen  disk.  Ovary  2-10- 
celled,  with  one  or  more  ovules  in  each  cell.   Fruit  1-12-celled, 

dry  or  berry-like. 

TILIA    L. 

Trees  with  rough  gray  bark  on  the  trunk  ;  bark  of  the  twigs 
smooth,  lead-colored ;  wood  white  and  soft.  Leaves  cordate, 
usually  inequilateral.  Cymes  axillary  or  terminal,  peduncles 
adnate  to  a  large,  prominently  veined,  leaf-like  bract.  Flowers 
yellowish-white.    Sepals   5.    Petals  5.    Stamens   many,  in  5 


158  KEY  AXD   FLORA 

groups.  Ovary  5-celled,  with  2  ovules  in  each  cell;  stigma 
5-lobed.  Capsule  1-celled,  1-2-seeded ;  peduncle  and  bract 
deciduous  with  the  matured  fruit,  the  bract  forming  a  wing 
by  which  the  fruit  is  often  carried  to  a  considerable  distance.* 

1.  T.  americana  L.  Basswood,  Whitewood.  A  large  tree,  some- 
times 125  ft.  high.  Leaves  larger  than  in  Xo.  2  (2-5  in.  wide),  often 
unsymmetrical,  heart-shaped  or  truncate  at  the  base,  sharply  toothed. 
Floral  bract  often  narrowed  at  the  base.  Fruit  somewhat  ovoid,  i 
in.  or  more  in  diameter.  Common  in  rich  woods;  occurs  farther  N. 
than  Xo.  2. 

2.  T.  Michauxii  Xutt.  Basswood.  A  tree  of  medium  size.  Leaves 
ovate,  acuminate  at  the  apex,  obtuse  and  oblique  at  the  base,  mucro- 
nate-serrate,  woolly  on  both  sides  or  smooth  above  when  old.  Flowers 
fragrant ;  floral  bract  2-3  in.  long,  usually  rounded  at  the  base.  Fruit 
globose,  about  |  in.  in  diameter.  In  rich  woods.  Bees  gather  large 
quantities  of  nectar  from  the  flowers.* 

3.  T.  heterophylla  Vent.  White  Basswood.  A  large  tree.  Leaves 
larger  than  in  T.  americana  or  T.  pubescens,  often  6-8  in.  long,  smooth 
and  bright  green  above,  silvery-downy  underneath.  In  wooded  or 
mountainous  districts. 

4.  T.  europaea  L.  Europeax  Linden.  A  good-sized  tree.  Leaves 
roundish,  obhquely  heart-shaped,  abruptly  taper-pointed,  finely 
toothed.  Flowers  differing  from  Xos.  1  and  2  in  the  absence  of 
petal-like  scales  at  the  bases  of  the  stamens.  Cultivated  from 
Euroj^e. 

65.  MALVACE^.    Mallow  Family 

Herbs  or  shrubs,  with  simple,  alternate,  palmately-veined 
leaves,  with  stipules.  Flowers  actinomorphic.  Sepals  5,  often 
surrounded  by  an  involucre  at  the  base.  Petals  5.  Stamens 
numerous,  monadelphous.  Pistils  several,  more  or  less  dis- 
tinct.  Fruit  a  several-celled  capsule  or  a  collection  of  1-seeded 

carpels. 

I.   ABUTILON    Adans. 

Calyx  5-cleft,  the  tube  often  angled.  Styles  5-20,  with 
knobbed  stigmas.  Carpels  as  many  as  the  styles,  arranged  in 
a  circle,  each  1-celled,  3-6-seeded,  and  opening  when  ripe  by 
2  valves. 

1.  A.  striatum   Dicks.    Tassel    Tree,  Flowering  Maple.    A 

shrub  5-10  ft.  high.    Leaves  maple-like.     Flowers  show}',  solitary, 


MALLOW  FAMILY  159 

nodding  on  slender  peduncles.  CorolLa  not  opening  widely,  orange, 
striped  with  reddish-brown  veins.  Cohmiu  of  stamens  i)rojecting 
beyond  the  corolla  like  a  tassel.  Cultivated  in  hothouses.  From 
Brazil. 

II.   MALVASTRUM    Gray 

Calyx  with  an  involucel  of  2  or  3  bractlets  or  none.  Petals 
notched  at  the  end  or  entire.  Styles  5  or  more,  with  knobbed 
stigmas.  Carpels  not  splitting  open  or  somewhat  2-valved,  fall- 
ing from  the  axis  when  mature,  tipped  with  a  point  or  beak. 

1.  M.  coccineum  Gray.  Red  False  Mallow.  Perennial,  4-10  in. 
high,  covered  with  a  dense  silvery  dow^n  of  star-shaped  hairs.  Leaves 
3-5-parted.  Flowers  in  short  spikes  or  racemes.  Petals  red.  much 
longer  than  the  calyx.  Carpels  10  or  more,  with  a  wrinkled  network 
on  the  sides.    Prairies  W.  and  S.W. 

III.   MALVA    L. 

Calyx  5-cleft,  wdth  a  small,  3-leaved  involucel.  Petals  ob- 
cordate  or  truncate.  Styles  many,  slender,  with  stigmas  run- 
ning down  the  sides.  Carpels  many,  1-seeded,  arranged  in  a 
circle  and  separating  from  each  other,  but  not  opening  when 
ripe. 

1.  M.  rotundifolia  L.  Common  Mallow,  Cheeses  (from  appear- 
ance of  the  unripe  fruit).  A  common  biennial  or  perennial  weed, 
with  nearly  prostrate  stems.  Leaves  long-petioled,  round-kidney- 
shaped,  with  crenate  nuirgins.  Flowers  small,  whitish,  on  long 
peduncles. 

2.  M.  sylvestris  L.  High  Mallows  Biennial  or  perennial.  Stem 
erect,  2-3  ft.  high.  Leaves  .5-7-lobed.  Flowers  purplish,  larger  than 
those  of  the  preceding  species. 

IV.   CALLIRHOE    Nutt. 

Calyx  naked,  or  with  a  3-leaved  involucel  at  the  base.  Petals 
w^edge-shaped,  often  toothed  and  fringed.  Styles  and  stigmas 
as  in  Malva.  Carpels  10-20,  joined  in  a  circle,  1-seeded,  beaked 
at  the  tip. 

1.  C.  alcaeoides  Gray.  Light  Poppy  ^Mallow.  Perennial.  Stems 
rather  slender,  8-20  in.  high,  covered  with  close-lying  stiff  hairs. 
Basal   leaves   triangular-heart-shaped,   palmately  lobed    or  incised; 


160  KEY  AND   FLORA 

stem  leaves  palmately  divided.  Involucel  none.  Flowers  pink  or 
white,  about  1  in.  in  diameter.  Carpels  strongly  wrinkled.  In  dry 
soil  W.  and  S.W. 

2.  C.  digitata  Nutt.  Fringed  Poppy  Mallow.  Resembling 
C.  alcceo'ules.  Flowers  1^-2  in.  in  diameter.  Petals  reddish-purple 
to  white,  fringed.    In  dry  soil  S.W. 

3.  C.  involucrata  Gray.  Purple  Poppy  Mallow.  Perennial. 
Stems  1-2  ft.  high,  procumbent  or  ascending.  Leaves  round-heart- 
shaped,  palmately  lobed  or  cut.  Involucel  3-leaved.  Peduncles  long, 
slender,  and  1 -flowered.  Flowers  reddish-purple,  1-2|  in.  in  diameter. 
Carpels  with  a  wrinkled  network.    In  dry  soil  W.  and  S.W. 


66.  HYPERICACE^.     St.  John's-wort  Family 

Herbs,  shrubs,  or  trees.  Leaves  opposite,  often  covered 
with  translucent  or  dark  dots,  entire  or  with  glandular  teeth, 
without  stipules.  Flowers  usually  in  terminal  cymes.  Sepals 
5,  rarely  4.  Petals  as  many  as  the  sepals,  hypogynous. 
Stamens  usually  many,  more  or  less  grouped  in  bundles ; 
anthers  versatile.  Pod  1-celled,  wdth  2-5  parietal  placentae 
and  the  same  number  of  styles,  or  else  3-7-celled,  split- 
ting along  the  partitions. 

HYPERICUM    L. 

Herbs,  shrubs,  or  small  trees.    Leaves  sessile,  often  dotted. 
Flowers  yellow,  bisexual. 
B.  Fl.  species  2  (Sarothra). 

1.  H.  perforatum  L.  Common  St,  John's-wort,  Perennial.  Stem 
erect,  1-3  ft.  high,  2-ridged,  much  branched.  Leaves  linear  or  oblong, 
obtuse,  with  translucent  veins  and  dots.  Cymes  grouped  in  corymbs, 
many-flowered.  Flowers  1  in.  in  diameter.  Sepals  acute.  Petals 
much  longer  than  the  sepals,  oblique  at  the  tip  and  irregularly 
fringed.  A  common  weed  in  meadows  and  pastures  E,  and  N. 
Naturalized  from  Europe, 

2.  H.  gentianoides  BSP,  Orange  Grass,  Pineweed,  Low  (4-9 
in.  high),  slender  annual,  with  erect,  angled  or  almost  winged,  wiry 
stem  and  branches.  Leaves  minute  ;  awl-shaped  scales.  Corolla  about 
I  in.  in  diameter,  usually  closing  by  or  before  midday,  Sandy  banks 
and  roadsides. 


VIOLET  FAMILY 


161 


67.  VIOLACE^.    Violet  Family 

Herbs,  with  simple,  alternate  leaves,  with  stipules.  Calyx 
of  5  persistent  sepals.  Corolla  of  5  petals,  somewhat  zygo- 
morphic ;  one  petal  with  a  spur.  Stamens  5,  short,  the  fila- 
ments often  united  around  the  pistil  (Fig.  24).  Style  generally 
club-shaped,  with  a  one-sided  stigma,  with  an  opening  leading 
to  its  interior.  Pod  1-celled,  splitting  into  3  valves,  each  bear- 
ing a  placenta.  The  seeds  are  often  dispersed  by  the  splitting 
of  the  elastic  valves  (Fig.  24). 


na 


B 


Fig.  24.  Viola  tricolor 

A,  stamens  and  pistil;  B,  pistil  with  stamens  removed;  C,  stamen;  D,  pod 
split  open,  a,  anther;  c,  connective;  na,  nectarial  appendage  of  stamen; 
o,  oritice  in  stigma;  ov,  ovary;  .9,  stigma.  {A,  B,  and  C  considerably 
magnified) 

VIOLA    L. 

Sepals  ear-like  at  the  base.  Some  of  the  petals  often 
bearded  within,  thus  affording  a  foothold  for  bees,  the  lowest 
one  with  a  spur  at  the  base.  Stamens  not  very  much  united, 
the  two  lowermost  with  spurs  wliich  reach  down  into  the  spur 
of  the  lowest  petal.  Many  species  bear  inconspicuous  apeta- 
lous  flowers  later  than  the  showy  ordinary  ones,  and  produce 
most  of  their  seed  from  these  closed,  self-fertilized  flowers. 

§  1.  Apparently  stemless  perenniaU 

1.  V.  pedata  L.  Bird-Foot  Violet,  Horseshoe  Violet,  Sand 
Violet.  Kootstock  stout,  upright,  uot  scaly.  Leaves  roundish, 
all  palmately  .l-O-parted  iuto  liuear  or  linear-lanceolate  divisions. 
Flowers  showy,  about  1  in.  broad,  pale  violet  to  whitish;  petals  not 
bearded.    Dry  fields  and  hillsides. 


162  KEY  AXD  FLORA 

2.  V.  cucullata  Ait.  Marsh  Blue  Violet.  Leaves  acute,  except 
the  earliest  ones.  Petal-bearing  flowers  violet  blue,  with  a  darker  cen- 
ter ;  peduncles  usually  longer  than  the  leaves,  the  spur-bearing  petal 
smooth.  Sepals  narrowly  lanceolate,  with  long  ear-like  appendages. 
Cleistogamous  flowers  borne  on  erect  or  ascending  peduncles.  Cap- 
sule not  jnuch  longer  than  the  sepals.    Wet  ground,  common. 

3.  V.  papilionacea  Pursh.  Common  Blue  Violet,  Dooryard 
Violet.  Plants  usually  strong  and  vigorous  from  a  thick  horizontal 
rootstock,  usually  smooth.  Leaves  bright  green,  cordate  at  the  base, 
somewhat  triangular  or  rounded  and  pointed.  Scapes  at  the  time  of 
flowering  longer  than  the  leaves.  Petals  dark  violet-purple,  white  or 
greenish-yellow  at  the  base,  the  one  with  a  spur  often  narrow  and 
boat-shaped.  Capsules  from  the  cleistogamous  flowers  borne  on  hori- 
zontal peduncles  and  often  underground,  but  rising  as  they  mature. 
Very  common  about  dwellings  and  gardens. 

4.  V.  palmata  L.  Early  Blue  Violet.  Lmially  downy.  Petioles 
much  longer  than  the  blades ;  leaves,  except  the  earliest  ones,  cordate- 
ovate,  with  .5-9  variously  toothed  or  cleft  segments;  the  petioles  and  the 
veins  of  the  under  surface  very  hairy.  Scapes  not  usually  longer  than 
the  leaves.  Sepals  lanceolate,  acute  or  taper-pointed.  Petals  violet- 
purple,  occasionally  pale.  Capsules  from  the  cleistogamous  flowers 
borne  on  horizontal  or  deflexed  peduncles.    In  dry,  rich  woodlands. 

5.  V.  sororia  Willd.  Woolly  Blue  Violet.  In  size  and  appear- 
ance much  like  Xo.  3.  Leaves  ascending,  mostly  ovate  or  roundish- 
ovate,  pointed,  cordate  at  the  base,  crenate,  densely  soft-hairy  when 
young.  Peduncles  hairy ;  petals  varying  from  violet  to  lavender. 
Cleistogamous  flowers  on  short  prostrate  peduncles.  Moist  meadows 
and  rich  woods. 

6.  V.  fimbriatula  Sm.  Ovate-Leaved  Violet.  Rootstock  usu- 
ally erect,  at  length  long  and  stout.  Petioles  generally  shorter  than 
the  blades;  leaves  varying  from  ovate-lanceolate  to  oblong,  usually 
slightly  crenate,  truncate  or  almost  cordate  at  the  base.  Petals  blue, 
bearded.  Capsules  of  the  cleistogamous  flowers  borne  on  erect 
peduncles.    In  dry  w^oods. 

§  2.  Leafy-stemmed  j)erennials 

7.  V.  pubescens  Ait.  Downy  Yellow  Violet.  Soft-downy,  6-12 
in.  high.  Basal  leaves  ovate-kidney-shaped,  soon  withering;  stem 
leaves  broadh^  heart-shaped,  toothed,  pointed,  with  large  stij)ules. 
Elowers  yellow,  somewhat  purple-veined,  with  a  short  spur.  In  dry 
woods,  common. 

8.  V.  scabriuscula  Schwein.  Smoothish  Yellow  Violet.  Like 
V.  pubescens,  but  smaller,  greener,  and  less  downy.  Stems  decumbent 
or  ascending.    Basal  leaves  broadly  ovate,  usually  persistent  through 


PASSION  FLOWER  FAMILY  163 

the  flowering  period.    Flowers  pale  j^ellow,  purple-veined.    In  moist 
woods  and  thickets. 

9.  V.  canadensis  L.  Canada  Violet.  Stems  tufted,  very  leafy, 
smooth,  1  ft.  or  inore  high.  Leaves  heart-shaped,  acute  or  taper- 
pointed,  serrate  ;  stipules  lanceolate,  entire.  Flowers  large  and  hand- 
some. Petals  white  or  nearly  so,  inside,  the  upper  ones  usually 
violet-tinged  beneath  ;  lateral  petals  bearded.  In  rich  woods,  especially 
of  hilly  regions. 

10.  V.  striata  Ait.  Striped  Violet.  Similar  to  V.  canadensis, 
but  the  stipules  dentate,  pinnately  cut,  or  fringed.  Petals  cream- 
colored,  white,  or  bluish,  distinctly  veined.  Moist  woods  and  thickets. 

§  3.  Leafy-stemmed ,  from  an  annual,  biennial,  or  occasionalhj  slwrt- 
lii-ed  perennial  root ;  stipules  about  as  large  as  the  blades  of  the 
leaves. 

11.  V.  tricolor  L.  Pansy,  Heart's-Ease.  Stem  branching,  angu- 
lar, hardly  erect.  Leaves  variable,  more  or  less  ovate,  crenate  or 
crenate-serrate.  Flowers  large  (often  more  than  1  in.  across),  flattish, 
short-spurred,  exceedingly  variable  in  color.  Cultivated  from  Europe. 

12.  V.  arvensis  Murr.  Field  Pansy.  Similar  to  V.  tricolor,  but 
the  whole  plant  smaller  and  more  slender.  Leaves  narrow,  often 
lanceolate,  the  stipules  dissected  into  narrow  divisions.  Petals  all 
yellow,  equaling  or  shorter  than  the  slender,  pointed  sepals.  Com- 
mon in  old  fields.    Naturalized  from  Europe. 

13.  V.  Rafinesquii  Greene.  Wild  Pansy.  Annual,  slender,  often 
branching  from  the  base.  Leaves  small,  the  earlier  ones  roundish, 
on  slender  petioles ;  the  later  ones  obovate  or  narrower,  taj^ering  to 
the  base.  Flowers  small,  yellowish-white  to  bluish -white.  Petals 
much  longer  than  the  linear  sepals.    AVoods  and  fields. 

68.  PASSIFLORACE^.    Passion  Flower  Family 

Shrubs  or  herbs,  climbing  by  axillary  tendrils.  Leaves  al- 
ternate, simple,  mostly  3-lobed.  Flowers  axillary,  on  jointed 
peduncles,  solitary  or  few  together,  bisexual,  actinoniorphic, 
often  showy.  Calyx  tube  4-5-lobed,  persistent.  Petals  usually 
5,  inserted  on  the  throat  of  the  calyx  tube,  Avhich  is  fringed 
with  a  crown  of  1-3  rows  of  long  and  slender  filaments. 
Stamens  5,  their  filaments  united,  and  inclosing  the  stalk  of 
the  ovary.  Styles  1-5 ;  ovary  with  3-5  parietal  placentae. 
Seeds  numerous  ;  fruit  fleshy. 


1G4  KEY  AND  FLORA 

PASSIFLORA    L. 

Characters  of  the  family. 

1.  P.  incarnata  L.  Passiox  Flower.  Perennial.  Stem  often 
20-30  ft.  long,  somewhat  angled  or  striate,  smooth  below,  downy 
above.  Leaves  broadly  heart-shaped,  palmately  3-5-lobed  ;  the  lobes 
acute,  finely  serrate,  usually  heart-shaped  at  the  base ;  petiole  bear- 
ing 2  oval  glands  near  its  summit.  Flowers  2-3  in.  wide,  solitary; 
peduncles  3-bracted,  longer  than  the  petioles ;  calyx  lobes  with  a 
small  horn-like  appendage  on  the  back  near  the  apex,  white  within. 
Petals  and  crown  purple  and  white.  Fruit  yellow,  about  the  size  and 
shape  of  a  hen's  egg,  edible.  Seeds  with  a  pulpy  aril.  Common  along 
fence  rows  and  embankments  S.* 

2.  P.  lutea  L.  Yellow  Passion  Flower.  Perennial.  Stem 
slender,  smooth,  6-10  ft.  long.  Leaves  broadly  heart-shaped,  3-lobed 
at  the  summit,  entire,  often  mucronate ;  stipules  small;  petioles 
without  glands.  Peduncles  longer  than  the  leaves,  usually  in  pairs. 
Flowers  greenish-yellow,  ^-J  in.  wide.  Fruit  purple,  oval,  |  in.  long. 
Woods  and  thickets  S.* 

69.  BEGONIACEiE.    Begonia  Family 

Chiefly  perennial  herbs  or  low  shrubs,  with  fleshy  or  very 
juicy  stems.  Leaves  alternate,  generally  heart-shaped  at  the 
base,  often  very  unsymmetrical ;  stipules  deciduous.  Flowers 
monoecious,  in  cymes  or  other  clusters,  on  axillary  peduncles. 
Stamens  many  (Fig.  25).  Pistillate  flowers  wdth  the  floral 
envelopes  borne  on  the  ovary.  Ovary  3-angled  or  3-winged 
(Fig.  25),  very  many-seeded. 

BEGONIA   L. 

Flowers  wdth  the  calyx  and  corolla  of  the  same  color,  stami- 
nate  and  pistillate  ones  both  occurring  in  the  same  cluster. 
Sepals  usually  2.  Petals  2  or  in  the  fertile  flowers  3  or  4, 
sometimes  wanting.  Stamens  many  in  a  cluster,  with  short 
filaments.  Styles  of  the  fertile  flowers  3,  often  with  long, 
twisted  stigmas  (Fig.  25,  C).  The  genus  contains  a  great 
number  of  species  and  varieties,  cultivated  from  tropical  or 
subtropical  regions,  of  which  only  a  few  of  the  commonest 
are  here  described. 


BEGONIA   FAMILY 


165 


1.  B.  Rex  Putz.  Herb,  apparently  steniless  or  nearly  so,  from  a 
fleshy  rootstock.  Leaves  large,  taper-pointed,  very  unequally  heart- 
shaped ;  the  margin  sinuous,  often  bristly-fringed;  upper  surface 
AvhoUy  silvery,  or  mottled  silvery  and  dark  green;  lower  surface  green 
or  reddish,  or  of  both  colors.  Flowers  few,  large  (H-ll  in.  in  diam- 
eter) ,  varying  from  yellow  to  pinkish.  Cultivated  from  the  Himalayas. 
Many  varieties. 

2.  B.  manicata  Brongn.  Herb,  with  a  short  and  fleshy  stem. 
Leaves  very  unevenly  heart-shaped,  taper-pointed  ;  the  margins 
bristly-fringed  and  sometimes  with  very  remote  teeth ;  upper  sur- 


FiG.  25.  Begonia  flowers 

A  :  a,  staminate  flower;  b,  pistillate  flower.    Z>,  cross  section  of  ovary ; 
C,  twisted  stigmas,  enlarged 

face  dark  green,  lower  surface  and  petioles  partly  covered  with  long- 
fringed  scales ;  stipules  larger  and  fringed.  Flowers  flesh-colored, 
handsome,  in  a  loose  panicle  borne  on  a  long  peduncle.  Cultivated 
from  Mexico, 

3.  B.  coccinea  Hook.  Tall,  3-10  ft.  high,  somewhat  shrubby,  often 
with  many  erect,  smooth  stems  from  the  same  root.  Leaves  broadly 
and  unevenly  lanceolate  or  ovate-lanceolate,  half  heart-shaped  or 
broadly  one-eared  at  the  base,  acute,  nearly  or  quite  entire,  smooth, 
dull  green  above,  sometimes  tinged  with  red  below.  Peduncles  several- 
many-flowered,  reddish,  slender,  somewhat  nodding.  Flowers  showy, 
medium-sized,  scarlet.  Fruit  showy,  scarlet,  very  broadly  winged. 
Cultivated  from  Peru.    [Often  called  B.  rubra.] 


166  KEY  AND  FLORA 

4.  B.  incarnata  L,  &  O.  Herbaceous  or  mainly  so,  rather  tall 
(2-4  ft.),  stems  clustered,  slightly  reclining,  hairy  when  young,  at 
length  smoother.  Leaves  broadly  and  very  unequally  ovate-lanceo- 
late, tapering  toward  the  tip  but  at  the  extremity  somewhat  blunt, 
half  heart-shaped  at  the  base,  somewhat  lobed  and  sinuate-toothed, 
rough-hairy  above  and  below  and  on  the  petioles,  dark  green  above 
with  coppery  streaks  along  the  veins.  Flowers  on  short  peduncles, 
few,  of  medium  size;  beautiful  rose-pink  in  the  bud,  becoming  almost 
white;  thickly  covered  outside  with  soft,  moss-like  hairs.  Cultivated 
from  Mexico.    [Often  called  B.  metallica.'] 

5.  B.  semperflorens  L.  &  O.  Stems  smooth,  herbaceous,  rather 
fleshy,  branching  near  the  ground  and  reclining.  Leaves  obtuse  or 
nearly  so,  broadly  ovate,  somewhat  unevenly  heart-shaped  or  taper- 
ing at  the  base,  irregularly  serrate  or  scalloped  and  wavy,  smooth, 
dark  green,  and  very  glossy  above  ;  stipules  rather  large,  nearly  ovate. 
Flowers  in  small,  axillary  clusters  near  the  top  of  the  stem ;  whitish  to 
crimson,  about  1\  in.  in  diameter.  Ovary  in  fruit  very  broadly  winged. 
An  easily  grown  but  homely  species.    Cultivated  from  S.  Brazil. 


70.  CACTACE^.    Cactus  Family 

Plants  usually  with  very  fleshy  and  much  thickened,  often 
globular  or  cylindrical,  stems.  Leaves  usually  wanting.  Flowers 
sessile,  solitary,  often  very  showy.  Perianth  epigynous,  con- 
sisting of  several  rows  of  sepals  and  petals.  Stamens  many, 
with  slender  filaments,  borne  on  the  inside  of  the  perianth 
tube.  Style  1 ;  stigmas  numerous ;  ovary  1-celled,  many- 
ovuled.    Fruit  a  many-seeded  berry. 

I.   OPUNTIA    L. 

Stem  composed  of  a  series  of  flattened  joints,  which  are 
usually  leafless  w^hen  full  grown.  Leaves  very  small,  awl- 
shaped,  spirally  arranged,  appearing  on  the  young  joints  but 
soon  dropping  off,  with  barbed  bristles  and  sometimes  spines 
in  their  axils.  Flowers  yellow.  Sepals  and  petals  not  much 
united  into  a  tube.    Fruit  often  eatable. 

1.  0.  vulgaris  Mill.  Common  Prickly  Pear.  Prostrate  or  nearly 
so,  pale  green.  Leaves  about  \  in.  long,  rather  scale-like;  bristles 
many,  with  few  or  no  spines.     Flowers  2  in.  or  more  in  diameter, 


CACTUS  FAMILY  167 

with  about  8  petals.  Fruit  about  1  in.  long,  crimson  when  ripe,  eat- 
able. Dry  rocks  and  sandy  ground,  from  Massachusetts  south  along 
the  coast. 

2.  0.  Rafinesquii  Engelm.  Prostrate,  green.  Leaves  l-}  in.  long, 
awl-shaped,  spreading;  bristles  often  intermixed  with  a  few  small 
spines  and  a  larger  one  |-1  in.  long.  Flowers  larger  than  in  No.  1 
and  with  10-12  petals.  Fruit  about  1^  in.  long,  much  tapered  at  the 
base.    In  poor  soil. 

3.  0.  polyacantha  Haw.  Prostrate,  light  green.  Leaves  very  small, 
with  bristles  and  .3-10  spines  in  their  axils.  Flowers  2-3  in.  in  diam- 
eter.   Fruit  dry  and  spiny.    Wisconsin,  S.  and  W. 


II.   PHYLLOC ACTUS    Link. 

Stems  cylindrical  when  old,  with  long,  flattened,  fleshy  but 
leaf-like,  sinuate  or  serrate  branches.  Flowers  nearly  or  quite 
regular,  from  the  notches  in  the  margins  of  the  joints. 

1.  P.  Ackermanni  Solm.  D.  Flowers  very  show^y,  bright  red. 
Perianth  tube  shorter  than  the  petals.  Sepals  scattered,  small  and 
bract-like.  Petals  many,  2-3  in.  long,  widely  spreading,  somewhat 
channeled,  sharp-pointed.   Cultivated  from  Mexico. 


III.   CEREUS    L. 

Stem  more  or  less  prismatic  but  strongly  ridged,  with  bun- 
dles of  spines  borne  on  the  ridges  ;  sometimes  prostrate  or  trail- 
ing, sometimes  erect,  columnar,  and  50  or  60  ft.  high.  Flowers 
usually  showy,  borne  on  the  sides  of  the  stem,  generally  wdth 
a  rather  long  perianth  tube,  which  is  covered  outside  w4th  scale- 
like sepals,  usually  with  tufts  of  wool  in  their  axils.  Petals 
many,  mostly  long  and  spreading. 

1.  C.  speciosus  K.  Sch.  Stems  2-3  ft.  high,  with  3-4  broad-winged 
and  sinuate  ridges.  Flowers  open  in  the  daytime  and  lasting  several 
days,  red  or  crimson,  very  showy.  Petals  longer  than  the  tube,  stamens 
white,  drooping,  very  numerous.    Commonly  cultivated  from  Mexico. 

2.  C.  grandiflorus  M\\\.  Night-Blooming  Cerkus.  Stems  long, 
climbing  by  aerial  roots,  nearly  cylindrical,  but  with  5  or  nu^re  blunt 
angles.  Flowers  very  showy,  opening  only  for  one  night,  wilting  early 
in  the  morning,  extremely  fragrant.  Sepals  dull  yellow.  Petals  pearly 
white,  spreading,  G-8  in.  long.    Cultivated  from  Mexico. 


168  KEY  AND  FLORA 

71.  ONAGRACE^.    Evening  Primrose  Family 

Herbs,  rarely  shrubs  or  trees.  Leaves  opposite  or  alternate, 
without  stipules.  Flowers  actinomorphic.  Limb  of  the  calyx 
epigynous,  2-4-lobecl.  Petals  2-4,  rarely  wanting,  quickly  fall- 
ing off.  Stamens  1-8.  Ovary  usually  4-celled.;  style  thread- 
like ;  stigma  entire  or  4-lobed ;  ovules  1  or  more  in  the  inner 
angle  of  each  cell.  Fruit  a  capsule,  berry,  or  drupe.  Seeds 
1  or  more,  smooth  or  hairy. 

I.   (ENOTHERA    L. 

Herbs,  rarely  shrubby.  Leaves  alternate.  Flowers  large,  yel- 
low, red,  or  purple.  Calyx  tube  4-angled.  Petals  4.  Stamens 
8.    Capsule  usually  4-celled,  many-seeded. 

B.  Fl.  species  1  {Onagra);  species  2,  3  {Kneiffid)  ;  species  4 
(^Hartmannia)',  species  5  (^Mega2)teriuni). 

1.  (E.  biennis  L.  Common  Evening  Primrose.  Annual  or  bien- 
nial. Erect  and  usually  stout,  1-5  ft.  high,  stem  usually  simple, 
more  or  less  downy  and  hairy.  Leaves  lanceolate,  acute  or  taper- 
pointed,  sessile  or  the  lower  ones  petioled.  Flowers  bright  yellow, 
1-2  in.  in  diameter,  opening  in  the  evening.  Pod  oblong,  narrowed 
above,  erect,  nearly  cylindrical.    In  dry  soil. 

2.  (E.  pumila  L.  Small  Sundrops.  Perennial.  Stem  erect,  finely 
downy,  4-'24  in.  high.  Leaves  usually  smooth,  entire,  obtuse  or  nearly 
so,  the  basal  ones  spatulate,  those  of  the  stem  varying  from  oblanceo- 
late  to  lanceolate.  Spikes  loose,  nodding  when  young.  Flowers  \-l 
in.  in  diameter.  Pods  slightly  glandular-downy,  club-shaped,  \-\  in. 
long.    In  dry  soil. 

3.  (E.  fruticosa  L.  Sundrops.  Biennial  or  perennial.  Stem  erect, 
often  rather  stout,  1-3  ft.  high,  downy  or  sometimes  smooth.  Leaves 
lance-oblong,  or  in  one  variety  linear  or  nearly  so,  usually  minutely 
toothed.  Racemes  often  corymbed.  Flowers  open  in  the  daytime, 
showy,  yellowy  1-2  in.  in  diameter.  Pod  nearly  sessile,  ellipsoidal, 
with  prominent  ribs  and  strong  wings.    Dry  soil,  common. 

4.  (E.  speciosa  ISTutt.  Showy  Primrose,  Perennial.  Stem  downy, 
erect  or  somewhat  decumbent,  6  in.-.3  ft.  high.  Leaves  broadly 
lanceolate  to  linear,  sinuate-denticulate  or  sinuate-pinnatifid,  2-6  in. 
long.  Flowers  opening  in  the  daytime,  few%  l^-3i^  in.  in  diameter, 
white  to  pale  pink.    Pod  strongly  8-ribbed.    Prairies  S.W. 


GINSENG  FAMILY  169 

5.  CE.  missouriensis  Sims.  Perennial.  Stems  low,  decumbent,  with 
short,  silky  down.  Leaves  thick,  from  oval  to  linear,  usually  lanceo- 
late, narrowed  to  a  slender  petiole,  2-6  in.  long,  entire  or  remotely 
toothed.  Flowers  axillary,  yellow,  3-6  in.  in  diameter.  Capsule 
orbicular,   with  broad  wings.     In  dry  soil  S.W. 

II.  FUCHSIA    L. 

Herbs,  shrubs,  or  trees.  Leaves  opposite  or  .3  in  a  whorl. 
Flowers  showy.  Calyx  colored,  tubular-funnel-shaped,  the 
tube  extending  much  beyond  the  ovary,  the  margin  4-lobed. 
Petals  4,  borne  in  the  throat  of  the  calyx.  Stamens  8,  project- 
ing outside  the  corolla.   Capsule  berry-like,  ellipsoidal,  4-angled. 

1.  F.  macrostemma  R.  &  P.  Common  Fuchsia,  Ladies'  Ear- 
drops. Smooth.  Leaves  slender-petioled,  toothed.  Flowers  on  long, 
drooping  peduncles  from  the  axils  of  the  leaves.  Calyx  tube  oblong 
or  a  short  cylinder,  not  as  long  as  its  spreading  lobes.  Petals  obovate 
and  notched,  wrapped  spirally  around  the  projecting  filaments  and 
style.  Found  in  many  varieties,  sometimes  the  calyx  white  or  nearly 
so  and  the  petals  dark  or  with  dark  calyx  and  light  petals.  Culti- 
vated from  Chile. 

III.  CIRC^A    L.  ' 

Slender,  erect  herbs,  with  creeping  rootstocks.  Stem  simple. 
Leaves  opposite,  petioled.  Flowers  small,  in  terminal  and 
lateral  racemes.  Calyx  tube  ovoid,  the  limb  2-parted,  reflexed, 
deciduous.  Petals  2,  inversely  heart-shaped,  inserted  with  the 
2  stamens  under  the  margin  of  a  disk  which  is  borne  on  the 
pistil.  Ovary  1-2-celled ;  style  thread-like ;  stigma  knobbed, 
2-lobed  ;  ovules,  1  in  each  cell.  Fruit  ovoid,  not  splitting  open, 
covered  with  hooked  bristles. 

1.  C.  lutetiana  L.  Enchanter's  Nightshade.  Stem  1-2  ft. 
high,  glandular-downy.  Leaves  ovate,  faintly  toothed,  long-petioled. 
Flowers  J  in.  in  diameter,  white  or  pink,  on  slender  pedicels,  jointed 
at  the  base.    Damp,  shaded  places;   very  connnon. 

72.  ARALIACEJE.     Ginseng  Family 

Herbs,  shrubs,  or  trees.  Leaves  alternate,  simple  or  com- 
pound ;  stipules  united  to  the  petiole  or  wanting.  Flowers 
regular,  in  umbels  or  heads.    Limb  of  the  calyx  epigynous, 


170  KEY  AND  FLORA 

very  short.  Petals  5,  very  deciduous.  Stamens  5,  filaments 
bent  inward,  anthers  versatile.  Ovary  2-celled  or  several- 
celled  ;  styles  or  stigmas  as  many  as  the  cells  ;  ovules  1  in 
each  cell.  Fruit  a  drupe  or  berry.  [The  English  ivy,  an 
important  member  of  the  family,  flowers  too  late  for  school 

study.] 

ARALIA    L. 

Perennial  plants,  with  pungent  or  spicy  roots,  bark,  and  fruit. 
Leaves  once  or  more  compound.  Flowers  more  or  less  monoe- 
cious, white  or  greenish,  in  umbels.    Drupe,  berry-like. 

1.  A.  hispida  A^eiit.  Bristly  Sarsaparilla,  Wild  Elder.  Stem 
1-2  ft.  high,  rather  shrubby  below,  with  prickly  bristles.  Leaves 
once  or  twice  pinnate ;  leaflets  ovate,  acute,  cut-serrate,  and  often 
lobed.  Peduncle  bearing  several  umbels  of  cream-colored  flowers,  in 
a  terminal  corymb.    Fruit  blue-black.    Dry  fields  and  pastures  E. 

2.  A.  nudicaulis  L.  Wild  Sarsaparilla.  Perennial  herb.  Roots 
very  long,  somewhat  fleshy,  aromatic ;  stem  very  short  or  none.  Leaf 
solitary,  from  a  sheathing  base,  petioled,  6-12  in.  long;  compound  in 
threes,  each  division  3-5-pinnate  ;  leaflets  oval  or  ovate,  taper-pointed, 
finely  and  sharply  serrate,  smooth  above,  often  downy  below.  Scape 
nearly  as  long  as  the  petiole,  usually  bearing  3  short,  peduncled 
umbels.  Flowers  greenish.  Styles  distinct.  Fruit  globose,  black.  In 
rich  woods. 

73.  UMBELLIFER^.     Parsley  Family 

Herbs,  usually  with  hollow,  grooved  stems.  Flowers  small, 
generally  in  umbels.  Limb  of  the  calyx  either  w-anting  or 
present  only  as  a  5-toothed  rim  or  margin  around  the  top  of 
the  ovary.  Petals  5.  Stamens  5,  inserted  on  the  disk,  which 
is  borne  by  the  ovary  (Fig.  26).  Ovary  2-celled  and  2-ovuled 
(Fig.  26),  ripening  into  2  akene-like  carpels,  which  separate 
from  each  other.  Each  carpel  bears  5  longitudinal  ribs,  in 
the  furrows  between  which  secondary  ribs  frequently  occur. 
On  a  cross  section  of  the  fruit  oil  tubes  are  seen,  traversing 
the  interspaces  between  the  ribs,  and  near  the  surface  of  the 
fruit  (Fig.  26,  D).  The  seeds  contain  a  small  embryo,  inclosed 
in  considerable   endosperm.    [The   family  is  a  difficult   one, 


PARSLEY  FAMILY 


171 


since  the  flowers  are  so  much  alike  that  the  species  are  dis- 
tinguished from  each  other  mainly  by  minute  characteristics 
of  the  fruit.] 

I.  ERYNGIUM    L. 

Annual,  biennial,  or  perennial  herbs.  Stems  erect  or  creep- 
ing. Leaves  simple,  mostly  linear  and  spiny-toothed.  Flowers 
white  or  blue,  in  dense,  bracted  heads  or  spikes,  flowers  brac- 
teolate.  Calyx  teeth  rigid,  persistent.  Petals  erect,  pointed. 
Styles  slender.  Fruit  top-shaped,  scaly  or  granular ;  ribs 
wanting ;  oil  tubes  usually  5,  minute.* 


Fig.  26.  Flower  and  fruit  of  UmbelUfercB 

A-D,  Canon  Carvi:  A,  flower;  7>,  partly  matured  pistil;  C,  mature  fruit; 
I),  cross  section  of  fruit.  E,  fruit  of  parsnip ;  /',  fruit  of  carrot,  c,  cari)els ; 
cp,  carpophore,  or  stalk  to  which  ripe  carpels  are  attached;  d,  disk;  o,  oil 
tubes;  oi\  ovary;  s,  stigmas.    {A-D,  after  Schnizleiu;  E,  after  Bischoff) 

1.  E.  yuccifolium  ]\Iichx.  Button  Snakeroot,  Rattlesnake 
Mastku.  Perennial.  Stem  erect,  branched  above,  striate,  covered 
with  a  bloom,  2-3  ft.  high.    Leaves  linear,  often  2  ft.  or  more  in 


172  KEY  AND  FLORA 

length,  rigid,  covered  with  abloom,  parallel-veined,  fringed  with  white 
bristles.  Bracts  shorter  than  the  heads,  entire ;  bractlets  similar 
but  smaller.    Flowers  white.    Fruit  scaly.    In  damp  soil.* 

II.   SANICULA    L. 

Slender,  erect,  perennial  herbs.  Rootstock  short,  stout, 
creeping.  Leaves  palmately  cut.  Umbels  small,  somewhat 
globular,  irregularly  compound  ;  bracts  leafy  ;  bractlets  few  ; 
flowers  bisexual  or  staminate,  greenish  or  yellowish.  Calyx 
teeth  as  long  as  the  small  petals,  sharp-pointed.  Fruit  ovoid, 
covered  with  hooked  prickles,  ribless,  each  carpel  with  5  oil 
tubes. 

1.  S.  marilandica  L.  Sanicle,  Black  Snakekoot.  Perenniah 
Stem  rather  stout,  1-4  ft.  high.  Leaves  3-7-parted,  the  divisions 
irregularly  serrate  or  dentate  and  often  cut.  Flowers  bisexual  and 
staminate,  the  latter  in  separate  heads.  Petals  greenish-white,  very 
small.  Styles  slender,  recurved,  and  longer  than  the  prickles  of  the 
fruit.    Rich  woods. 

2.  S.  gregaria  Bicknell.  Clustered  Snakeroot.  Stems  gener- 
ally clustered,  1-3  ft.  high.  Leaves  5-divided,  obovate-wedge-shaped 
to  lanceolate.  Some  of  the  staminate  flowers  in  separate  heads. 
Petals  yellow,  much  longer  than  the  calyx.  Styles  longer  than  the 
prickles  of  the  fruit.    Woods  and  thickets. 

3.  S.  canadensis  L.  Short-Styled  Snakeroot.  Leaves  peti- 
oled,  3-5-divided.  Staminate  flowers  never  in  separate  heads.  Styles 
shorter  than  the  prickles  of  the  fruit.    In  woodlands. 

III.   ERIGENIA    Nutt. 

A  little  smooth  plant,  with  a  slender,  unbranched  stem,  from 
a  deep,  nearly  globular  tuber.  Leaves  1  or  2,  twice  or  thrice 
compound  in  threes.  Flowers  few,  small,  in  an  imperfect 
leafy-bracted  umbel.  Calyx  teeth  wanting.  Petals  obovate  or 
spatulate.  Fruit  smooth,  roundish,  notched  at  both  ends,  the 
two  carpels  touching  only  at  top  and  bottom,  each  with  5 
slender  ribs. 

1.  E.  bulbosa  Nutt.    Harbinger  of  Spring,  Turkey  Pea,  Pep- 

per-and-Salt.  Stem  scape-like,  with  a  leaf  which  forms  an  invo- 
lucre to  the  flower  cluster.  Petals  white,  anthers  brown-purple.  A 
pretty,  though  inconspicuous  plant ;  welcomed  as  one  of  the  earliest 
spring  flowers  S. 


PARSLEY  FAMILY  173 

IV.   OSMORHIZA    Raf.     (WASHINGTONIA) 

Perennials,  springing  from  stout,  aromatic  roots.  Leaves 
compound  in  threes.  Flowers  white,  in  compound  umbels. 
Calyx  teeth  wanting.  Fruit  linear  or  nearly  so,  tapering  at 
the  base,  with  5  equal  bristly  ribs,  without  oil  tubes. 

1.  0.  Cla5d:oni  Clarke.  Hairy  Sweet  Cicely.  Rather  stout  and 
hairy,  especially  when  young,  l|-3  ft.  high.  Lower  leaves  on  long 
petioles,  large,  twice  compound  in  threes,  the  divisions  ovate  or  oval, 
cut-toothed ;  upper  leaves  nearly  sessile,  less  compound.  Umbels  with 
long  peduncles  and  spreading  rays.  Style  and  its  enlarged  base  some- 
what conical.    Root  nauseous.    Rich  woods. 

2.  0.  longistylis  DC.  Smooth-Leaved  Sweet  Cicely.  Much 
like  No.  1  in  general  appearance.  Smooth  or  nearly  so.  Style  rather 
thread-like.  Root  of  a  pleasant  aromatic  flavor  (as  is  also  the  fruit). 
Woods. 

Caution.  So  many  plants  of  this  family  have  actively  poisonous 
roots  and  foliage  that  it  is  unsafe  for  any  one  but  a  botanist,  who 
can  distinguish  the  poisonous  species  from  the  harmless  ones,  to  taste 
them. 

V.   CARUM    L. 

Herbs,  with  slender,  smooth  stems.  Leaves  pinnately  com- 
pound, smooth.  Umbels  compound.  Flowers  white  or  yellow- 
ish. Calyx  teeth  minute.  Fruit  smooth,  oblong  or  ovate,  with 
thread-like  ribs  ;  oil  tube  single  in  the  intervals  between  the 
ribs  ;  base  of  the  styles  thickened  into  a  conical  mass. 

1.  C.  CarviL.  Caraway.  Perennial.  Leaves  large,  with  the  leaf- 
lets cut  into  numerous  thread-like  divisions.  Flowers  white.  Fruit 
aromatic,  used  somewliat  in  this  country  and  more  in  N.  Europe  for 
flavoring  cookies,  bread,  etc.    Introduced  from  Europe. 


VI.  ZIZIA    Koch. 

Smooth  perennials.  Leaves  generally  as  in  Thasjyium.  In- 
volucre wanting ;  involucels  of  small  bractlets.  Umbels  com- 
pound. Flowers  yellow.  Calyx  teeth  prominent.  Fruit  more 
or  less  ovoid,  smooth,  with  thread-like  ribs  ;  oil  tubes  large  and 
solitary  between  the  ribs,  and  a  little  one  in  each  rib  ;  the 
central  fruit  of  each  umbellet  sessile. 


174  KEY   AND   FLORA 

1,  Z.  aurea  Koch.     Meadow   Parsnip,  Golden  Alexanders. 

Smooth,  stem  erect,  1-2  ft.  high.  Basal  leaves  mostly  heart-shaped 
and  serrate ;  stem  leaves  usually  once  compound  in  threes.  Flowers 
deep  yellow.  Fruit  between  globose  and  ovoid,  about  ^  in.  long ;  all 
the  ribs  generally  winged.    Woods  and  thickets. 

VII.  THASPIUM    Nutt. 

Perennial  herbs.  Stem  erect.  Leaves  1-2,  compound  in 
threes.  Umbels  compound ;  involucre  and  involucels  usually 
wanting.  Flowers  yellow  or  purple.  Calyx  teeth  small,  acute. 
Fruit  ovoid  or  oblong,  somewhat  laterally  compressed  ;  carpels 
smooth,  strongly  ribbed  ;  oil  tubes  between  the  ribs.* 

1.  T.  barbinode  Nutt.  Hairy  Meadow  Parsnip.  Stem  erect, 
branching  above,  downy  at  the  nodes,  2-7  ft.  high.  Leaves  petioled, 
slightly  downy  ;  leaflets  mostly  thin,  ovate,  toothed,  incised  or  lobed 
toward  the  apex,  entire  toward  the  base.  L^mbels  long-peduncled, 
few-rayed.  Fruit  oblong ;  lateral  and  central  ribs  strongly  winged. 
Along  streams.* 

VIII.  LOMATIUM   Raf. 

Perennial  herbs,  appearing  stemless.  Eoots  thickened.  Leaves 
dissected.  Flowers  white  or  yellow,  in  compound  umbels,  with 
no  general  involucre.  Calyx  teeth  usually  wanting.  Fruit 
orbicular,  oval  or  oblong,  much  flattened  dorsally,  the  lateral 
ribs  extended  into  broad  wings  ;  oil  tubes  1-4  on  the  intervals 
between  wings  and  2-6  on  the  junctions  of  the  carpels. 

1.  L.  orientale  Coult.  &  Rose.  White-Flowered  Parsley. 
Downy,  with  peduncles  3-8  in.  high.  Leaves  twice  pinnate,  the 
segments  oblong  or  ovate,  generally  cut  into  rather  obtuse  linear  or 
nearly  linear  lobes.  Bracts  of  the  involucels  lanceolate,  with  thin 
membranous  margins.  Flowers  white  or  pinkish.  Fruit  oval  or 
round,  notched  at  the  base,  smooth ;  oil  tubes  solitary  in  the  inter- 
vals betw^een  ribs.    Dry  soil  W. 

2.  L.  daucifolium  Coult.  &  Rose.  Carrot-Leaved  Parsley. 
Leaves  finely  dissected  into  short  linear  or  thread-like  segments. 
Petals  yellow^    Fruit  oval,  with  prominent  dorsal  ribs.    Prairies  W. 

IX.   PASTINACA    L. 

A  tall,  smooth  biennial,  with  a  stout,  grooved  stem.  Leaves 
pinnate.    Flowers  yellow,  in  large  umbels,  with  hardly  any 


DOGWOOD  FAMILY  175 

involucre.    Calyx  teeth  wanting.    Fruit  oval,  very  flat,  witli  a 
thin  wing;  oil  tubes  single,  running  the  whole  length. 

1.  P.  sativa  L.  Common  Parsnip.  Cultivated  from  Europe  for 
its  large,  conical,  sweet  and  edible  roots.  Also  introduced  in  waste 
places. 

X.   HERACLEUM    L. 

A  stout  perennial,  with  the  very  large  leaves  compound  in 
threes.  Umbels  large,  compound,  with  the  involucels  many- 
leaved.  Petals  white,  inversely  heart-shaped,  the  outer  ones 
usually  2-cleft  and  larger.  Calyx  with  5  small  teeth.  Fruit 
tipped  with  a  thick,  conical  enlargement  of  the  style,  with 
three  blunt  ribs  on  the  outer  surface  of  each  carpel  and  a  large 
oil  tube  in  each  interval  between  the  ribs.    Seeds  flat. 

1.  H.  lanatum  ]\Iichx.  Cow  Parsnip.  Stem  grooved  and  woolly, 
4-8  ft.  high.    Leaflets  petioled,  broad,  deeply  and  irregularly  toothed. 

XI.   DAUCUS    L. 

Annual  or  biennial,  bristly-hairy  herbs.  Leaves  pinnately 
twice  or  more  compound,  the  divisions  slender.  Umbels  com- 
pound, many-rayed.  Flowers  small,  white.  Calyx  teeth  slen- 
der or  wanting.  Petals  notched,  the  point  bent  inward,  often 
unequal.    Fruit  ovoid  or  ellipsoid,  with  rows  of  spines. 

1.  D.  Carota  L.  Common  Carrot.  Erect,  1-3  ft.  high,  with  a 
conical,  fleshy,  orange-colored  root.  Lower  and  basal  leaves  2-3- 
pinnate.  Central  flower  of  each  umbel  and  sometimes  of  each  um- 
bellet  larger  and  very  dark  purple,  with  the  corolla  irregular.  Cul- 
tivated from  Euroi)e  for  the  edible  roots;  also  introduced  in  pastures 
and  meadows  and  along  roadsides  E. 

74.  CORNACE^.    Dogwood  Family 

Shrubs  or  trees,  rarely  herbs.  Leaves  opposite  or  alternate, 
without  stipules.  Flowers  small,  actinomorphic,  variously 
clustered.  Limb  of  the  calyx  epigynous,  very  short.  Petals 
4-5,  borne  on  the  margin  of  a  disk  on  top  of  the  ovary. 
Stamens  4-5,  inserted  with  the  petals.  Ovary  1-4-celled,  with 
one  ovule  in  each  cell ;  style  1.  Fruit  (in  our  species)  a  1-2- 
celled  and  1-2-seeded  drupe. 


176  KEY  AND  FLORA 

I.   CORNUS    L. 

Trees,  shrubs,  or  herbs.  Leaves  usually  opposite.  Flowers 
in  forking  cymes,  or  in  umbels  or  heads,  each  with  an  invo- 
lucre, white  or  yellow.  Calyx  teeth  4.  Petals  4.  Stamens  4. 
Ovary  2-celled.  Drupe  ovoidal  or  ellipsoidal,  the  stone 
2-celled. 

1.  C.  canadensis  L.  Dwarf  Cornel,  Bunchberry,  Pudding 
Berry.  Stem  herbaceous,  excepting  at  the  base,  low  (3-9  in.),  and 
unbranched.  Rootstock  rather  woody,  slender,  and  creeping.  Leaves 
in  what  appears  to  be  a  whorl  of  4  or  6  at  the  summit  of  the  stem, 
sessile,  ovate,  oval  or  nearly  so,  acute  at  each  end,  entire,  smooth  or 
very  slightly  downy.  Flower  stalk  slender,  i-ll  in.  long,  with  a 
whorl  of  4-6  large,  white,  petal-like  bracts,  forming  an  involucre 
round  the  small  head  of  greenish  flowers;  the  head  with  its  invo- 
lucre appearing  to  others  than  botanists  like  a  single  flower.  Fruit 
nearly  spherical,  scarlet,  about  i  in.  in  diameter,  in  a  close  cluster, 
sweet  and  eatable,  though  rather  insipid.    Damp  woods,  especially  X. 

2.  C.  florida  L.  Flowering  Dogwood.  Small  trees;  bark  rough, 
black.  Leaves  opposite,  petioled,  ovate  to  ovate-lanceolate,  entire, 
green  and  shining  above,  paler  and  often  downy  beneath.  Flowers 
small,  greenish,  in  heads  which  are  subtended  by  4  large,  white  or 
pink,  inversely  heart-shaped  bracts,  thickened  and  greenish  at  the 
notch.    Fruit  ovoid,  bright  red.    In  rich  woods  S.  and  E.* 

3.  C.  circinata  L'Her.  Round-Leaved  Dogwood.  A  shrub  3-10 
ft.  high,  with  green,  warty  twigs.  Leaves  petioled,  roundish-oval, 
contracted  to  an  abrupt  point,  entire,  usually  rounded  or  truncate 
at  the  base,  pale  and  soft-downy  beneath.  Flowers  in  flat  cymes, 
li-2i  in.  in  diameter.  Fruit  globose,  light  blue,  i  in.  or  less  in 
diameter.  Thickets  often  in  rocky  soil  X.  and  along  Allegheny 
Mountains. 

4.  C.  Amomum  Mill.  Kinnikinnik.  A  shrub  6-10  ft.  high;  twigs 
purple,  downy  when  young.  Leaves  opposite,  petioled,  ovate  or  ob- 
long, taper-pointed,  smooth  above,  silky-downy  below.  Flowers  white, 
in  rather  close  cymes.  Fruit  blue,  stone  somewhat  oblique.  In  low 
woods.* 

5.  C.  asperifolia  Michx.  Rough-Leaved  Dogwood.  A  shrub 
8-12  ft.  high  ;  twigs  slender,  reddish-brown,  often  warty,  densely 
downy  when  young.  Leaves  opposite,  short-petioled,  lance-ovate  or 
oblong,  acute  or  taper-pointed,  with  rough  down  above,  downy-woolly 
below.  Cymes  flat,  spreading,  the  peduncle  and  branches  covered 
with  rough  down.  Flowers  white.  Fruit  white  or  pale  blue,  stone 
depressed-globose.    In  dry  woods.* 


PYROLA  FAMILY  177 

6.  C.  stolonifera  Micbx.  Red  Osier  Dogwood.  A  shrub  3-15  ft. 
high,  witli  smooth,  reddish-purple  bark  on  all  the  younger  twigs; 
spreading  by  suckers  from  the  base  and  therefore  the  stems  usually 
clustered.  Leaves  on  rather  slender  petioles,  acute  or  taper-pointed, 
rounded  or  taj^ered  at  the  base  ;  covered,  at  least  beneath,  by  very  fine, 
closely  appressed  hairs.  Fruit  white  or  nearly  so,  globose,  ^  in.  or 
more  in  diameter.    Common  in  wet  ground,  especially  N. 

7.  C.  alternifolia  L.  f.  Alternate-Leaved  Dogwood.  A  shrub  or 
small  tree;  tAvigs-  greenish,  striped.  Leaves  alternate,  often  clustered 
at  the  ends  of  the  twigs,  long-petioled,  oval,  acute  at  the  apex  and 
often  at  the  base,  minutely  toothed,  pale  and  covered  with  fine,  ap- 
pressed hairs  beneath.  Cymes  loose  and  open;  flowers  white.  Fruit 
deep  blue.    Banks  of  streams.* 

II.   NYSSA   L. 

Trees  or  shrubs.  Leaves  alternate,  petioled,  entire  or  few- 
toothed.  Flo\vers  some^vhat  monoecious  or  dioecious,  the 
staminate  in  many-tiowered  heads  or  cymes,  the  pistillate  in 
small  clusters  or  solitary.  Calyx  tube  5-toothed  or  truncate. 
Petals  minute  or  wanting.  Stamens  5-10.  Ovary  1-celled, 
1-ovuled ;  style  long  and  recurved.    Fruit  a  1-seeded  drupe. 

1.  N.  sylvatica  Marsh.  Black  Gum.  A  tree  with  widely  spread- 
ing branches  and  dark,  rough  bark ;  wood  light-colored,  very  tough  ; 
base  of  trunk  often  enlarged.  Leaves  often  clustered  at  the  ends  of 
the  twigs,  oval  or  obovate,  taper-pointed  or  obtuse  at  the  apex,  entire, 
smooth  and  shining  above,  downy  beneath,  becoming  bright  red  in 
autumn.  Staminate  flowers  in  heads;  pistillate  flowers  o-lO,  in  a 
long-peduncled  cluster.  Fruit  ovoid,  dark  blue  or  nearly  black,  |  in. 
long ;  stone  slightly  ridged.    In  rich,  wet  soil  S.  and  E.* 

2.  N.  aquatica  L.  Tupelo.  A  large  tree,  similar  to  the  preceding. 
Leaves  long-petioled,  oval  or  ovate,  acute  at  each  end,  entire  or 
coarsely  toothed,  the  lower  sometimes  heart-shaped,  smooth  above, 
downy  beneath,  4-8  in.  long.  Staminate  flowers  in  heads ;  pistillate 
flowers  on  long  peduncles,  solitary.  Fruit  ovoid,  dark  blue;  stone 
sharply  ridged.    In  swamps  S.   and  E.* 


75.  PYROLACE^.    Pyrola  Family 

Perennial  herbs,  evergreen  or  else  pale  and  without  chlo- 
rophyll. Petals  usually  free  from  each  other  and  falling  off 
separately  after  flowering.    Stamens  hypogynous,  the  anthers 


178  KEY  AND  FLORA 

without  appendages  and  opening  by  pores  or  by  a  transverse 

slit.    Fruit  a  capsule  containing  a  great  number  of  very  small 

seeds. 

I.   CHIMAPHILA    Pursh. 

Low  plants,  nearly  herbaceous,  with  reclining  stems,  from 
long,  horizontal,  underground  shoots.  Leaves  opposite  or 
whorled,  leathery,  shining,  evergreen,  on  .short  petioles. 
Flowers  fragrant,  white  or  purplish,  on  a  corymb  or  umbel 
which  terminates  the  stem.  Calyx  5-cleft  or  5-parted,  per- 
sistent. Petals  5,  concave,  roundish,  spreading.  Stamens  10, 
the  filaments  enlarged  and  downy  in  the  middle,  the  anthers 
somewhat  4-celled,  opening  when  mature  by  pores  at  the 
outer  end.  Style  top-shaped,  nearly  buried  in  the  top  of  the 
globular  ovary.    Capsule  erect,  5-celled. 

1.  C.  umbellata  Nutt.  Prince's  Pine,  Pipsissewa.  Branches 
leafy,  4-12  in.  high.  Leaves  spatulate  or  wedge-oblanceolate,  obtuse 
or  nearly  so,  sharply  serrate,  very  green  and  glossy.  Flowers  sev- 
eral, umbeled  or  somewhat  corymbed,  white  or  pinkish,  the  anthers 
violet.    Dry  woods,  especially  under  pine  trees. 

2.  C.  maculata  Pursh.  Spotted  Wintergreen.  Much  resem- 
bles No.  1,  but  has  only  scattered  teeth  on  the  leaves,  which  are 
mottled  with  white  on  the  upper  surface  and  are  often  broad  or 
rounded  at  the  base.    Dry  woods. 

II.   PYROLA    L. 

Biennial  or  perennial,  almost  woody  herbs ;  rootstocks  slen- 
der and  creeping.  Leaves  mostly  basal,  with  broad  petioles, 
evergreen.  Flowers  in  racemes,  nodding,  on  a  bracted  scape. 
Sepals  5.  Corolla  usually  globose,  of  5  free  or  nearly  free, 
roundish  petals.  Stamens  10,  in  pairs  opposite  the  petals, 
hypogynous ;  anthers  as  in  ChimaphUa.  Capsule  globose, 
5-celled,  splitting  into  5  valves,  the  latter  usually  with  downy 
edges. 

1.  P.  elliptica  Nutt.  Shin  Leaf.  Scape  5-10  in.  high.  Leaf  blades 
obovate-oval  or  elliptical,  rather  thin,  dark  green,  faintly  scalloped, 
almost  always  longer  than  their  margined  petioles.  Flowers  greenish- 
white,  very  fragrant.    Rich,  usually  dry,  woods,  especially  N. 

2.  P.  americana  Sweet.  Round-Leaved  Wintergreen,  Scape 
6-20  in.  high.    Leaf  blades  roundish  or  oval,  leathery,  shining  above, 


HEATH   FAMILY  179 

faintly  scalloped,  often  rounded  at  tlie  base  or  almost  heart-shaped, 
usually  shorter  than  the  slightly  margined  petioles.  Flowers  white, 
very  fragrant.    Varies  greatly.    Fsually  in  dry  woods  N. 

III.   MONOTROPA    L. 

Leafless,  simple,  erect,  white,  brown,  or  red  root  parasites 
or  saprophytes  or  fed  by  slender  fungus  threads  which  cluster 
on  the  roots.  Stem  scaly,  the  upper  scales  often  passing  into 
bracts.  Flowers  solitary  or  in  spikes  or  racemes.  Sepals  or 
bracts  2-5,  erect,  deciduous.  Petals  4  or  5,  erect  or  spreading. 
Stamens  8or  10, hypogynous,the  filaments  awl-shaped. ;  anthers 
kidney-shaped.  Ovary  4-5-celled  ;  style  simple  ;  stigma  disk- 
like, wdth  1-5  rays. 

B.F'l.  species  2  (^Hypopitys). 

1.  M.  uniflora  L.  Indian  Pipe.  Stem  smooth,  fleshy,  4-6  in.  high. 
Bracts  ovate  or  lanceolate.  Flower  single,  tubular,  |-1  in.  long,  inodor- 
ous. Stamens  a  little  shorter  than  the  petals.  Capsule  angled,  ^-|  in. 
long.  Whole  plant  waxy-white,  turning  black  in  drying.  In  moist, 
shady  woods  X.  and  E.* 

2.  M.  Hypopitys  L.  Pinesap.  Stems  single  or  clustered,  white 
or  reddish,  4-8  in.  high.  Bracts  ovate-lanceolate.  Flowers  several, 
in  a  scaly  raceme,  fragrant,  ^-|  in.  long.  Capsule  oval,  \  in.  long. 
In  dry,  shady  woods,  especially  under  oaks  or  pines.* 


76.  ERICACEAE.    Heath  Family 

Usually  shrubs  or  slightly  shrubby  plants.    Leaves  simple, 

generally   alternate.     Corolla  commonly  actinomorphic,  4-5- 

cleft,  sometimes  choripetalous.    Stamens  hypogynous,  distinct, 

as  many  or  twice  as  many  as  the  petals ;  the  anthers  mostly 

opening  by  a  hole  at  the  end.    Ovary  usually  with  as  many 

cells  as  there  are  corolla  lobes ;  style  1.   Seeds  small,  with 

endosperm. 

A 

Shruhs  or  small  trees,     ddrp-  free  from  the  orari/.    Corolla  Itj/po</i,>ioKs, 
iisualli/  sympetalous. 

Shrubs  or  small  trees,  with  siiowy  flowers.    Anthers  not   hcKl 
down  in  pockets  in  the  corolla.  Rhododendron,  I 


180  KEY  AND   FLORA 

Shrubs  with  showy  flowers.    Anthers  at  first  held  in  pocket- 
like depressions  in  the  corolla.  Kalmia,  II 
Shrubs  with  small,  mostly  white,  urn-shaped  flowers. 

Lyonia,  III 

A  prostrate  plant,  hardly  at  all  shrubby.    Leaves  rather  large, 

often  Ih  in.  wide,  and  veiny.  Epigaea,  lY 

A  trailing  plant  with  small  (about  i  in.  wide),  thick,  evergreen 

leaves.  Arctostaphylos,  V 

B 

Shi'uhs.    Flowers  epigynous  :  corolla  sympetalous.    Fruit  a  true  berry  or 

resembling  one. 

Fruit  a  berry-like  drupe,  with  10  nutlets  which  resemble  seeds. 

Gaylussacia,  YI 
Fruit  a  berry  with  many  small  seeds.  Yaccinium,  Yll 

I.   RHODODENDRON    L. 

Shrubs,  often  much  branched.  Leaves  alternate,  thin, 
deciduous.  Flowers  very  showy,  in  terminal  umbels,  from 
scaly  buds  which  became  well  developed  the  previous  season. 
Calyx  very  small,  5-parted.  Corolla  bell-shaped,  the  tube 
long  and  slender,  the  limb  spreading  and  somewhat  one-sided. 
Stamens  5  or  10,  declined ;  anthers  awnless.  Style  long  and 
slender,  declined ;  stigma  knobbed.  Capsule  oblong  or  linear, 
5-celled,  many-seeded ;  seeds  very  small,  scale-like. 

1.  R.  viscosum  Torr.    Swamp  Honeysuckle,  Swamp  Pink.    A 

shrub,  4-6  ft.  high;  branches  hairy.  Leaves  obovate,  leathery, 
mucronate  at  the  apex,  mostly  smooth  above,  downy  on  the  veins 
beneath;  petioles  very  short.  Flowers  appearing  later  than  the 
leaves,  white,  fragrant,  1^-2  in.  long;  tube  long,  glandular-viscid. 
Capsule  erect,  i-f  in.  long,  bristly.    In  swamps.* 

2.  R.  nudiflorum  Torr.  Wild  Honeysuckle,  Election  Pink. 
A  branching  shrub,  4-6  ft.  high  ;  twigs  smooth  or  with  a  few  coarse 
hairs.  Leaves  obovate  or  oblong,  ciliate-serrate,  downy,  becoming 
smooth  above ;  petioles  short.  Flowers  appearing  with  or  before  the 
leaves,  pink  or  white,  sometimes  yellowish,  fragrant,  1-2  in.  wide, 
tube  downy  but  not  glandular.  Capsule  erect,  linear-oblong,  |-|  in. 
long.  Swamps  and  banks  of  streams ;  flowers  extremely  variable  in 
size  and  color.* 


HEATH   FAMILY  181 

II.   KALMIA    L. 

Erect  and  branching  shrubs.  Leaves  alternate,  opposite 
or  in  threes,  entire,  leathery,  evergreen.  Flowers  showy,  in 
corymbs,  or  1-3  in  the  axils.  Calyx  o-parted.  Corolla  llat- 
bell-shaped  or  wheel-shaped,  5-lobed.  Stamens  10,  the  anthers 
placed  in  pouches  in  the  corolla,  filaments  straightening  elas- 
tically  at  maturity  and  so  bringing  the  anthers  in  contact  with 
any  large  insect-visitor.  Style  long  and  slender.  Capsule  glo- 
bose, 5-celled,  many-seeded. 

1.  K.  latifolia  L.  Calico  Bush,  Mountain  Laurel.  A  shrub, 
4-10  ft.  high.  Branches  stout,  smooth.  Leaves  mostly  alternate, 
petioled,  elliptical  or  oval,  acute  at  each  end,  smooth  and  green  on 
both  sides.  Corymbs  terminal,  compound.  Flowers  white  to  rose 
color,  showy,  1  in.  broad.  Calyx  and  corolla  glandular;  pedicels 
long,  slender,  sticky-giaudular,  erect  in  fruit ;  calyx  and  style  per- 
sistent. Shady  banks  on  rocky  or  sandy  soil.* 

2.  K.  angustifolia  L.  Sheep  Laurel,  Lambkill.  A  shrub,  1-3  ft. 
high,  with  smooth,  nearly  erect  branches.  Leaves  petioled,  opposite 
or  in  threes,  oblong,  obtuse  at  both  ends,  dark  green  above,  paler 
beneath.  Corymbs  lateral,  glandular.  Flowers  purple  or  crimson, 
^-^In.  broad.  Pedicels  slender,  recurved  in  fruit.  Calyx  downy,  per- 
sistent. Style  persistent;  capsule  depressed-globose.  On  hillsides; 
abundant  northward.* 

III.  LYONIA    Nutt. 

Shrubs  or  small  trees.  Leaves  alternate,  persistent  or  fall- 
ing late.  Flowers  mostly  wdiite,  in  panicles,  racemes,  or  umbels. 
Calyx  5-parted ;  corolla  urn-shaped.  Stamens  10 ;  filaments 
hairy,  often  with  teeth  or  appendages  ;  anthers  oblong  or  ovoid. 
Capsule  globose  or  nearly  so,  5-angled.  Seeds  sawdust-like, 
with  a  loose  outer  coat. 

B.  Fl.  species  1  (Pieris)  ;  species  2  (Xolisnia). 

1.  L.  mariana  D.  Don,  Staggerbush.  A  smooth  shrub,  20-40 
in.  high.  Leaves  oval  or  oblong,  smooth  above,  slightly  downy  on 
the  veins  beneath.  Flowers  nodding,  on  leafless  shoots.  Filaments 
with  2  teeth  near  the  apex.  Capsule  ovoid-pyramidal,  truncate  at  its 
apex.    Low,  sandy  soil.    Foliage  said  to  be  poisonous. 

2.  L.  ligustrina  DC .  I\I ale  Berry.  A  minutely  downy  shrub,  1 1-IO 
ft.  high.  Leaves  varying  from  obovate  to  ovate,  finely  serrate  or  entire. 
Racemes  usually  leafless,  crowded  in  terminal  panicles.  Filaments  flat, 
without  appendages.   Capsule  globose.   Moist  thickets  and  swamps. 


182  KEY  AND  FLORA 

IV.  EPIG-ffiA   L. 

Prostrate  or  trailing  shrubs.  Stems  rusty-downy,  6-12  in. 
long.  Leaves  alternate,  leathery,  evergreen.  Flowers  in 
bracted,  terminal,  close  racemes  or  clusters.  Calyx  5-parted, 
persistent.  Corolla  salver-shaped,  5-lobed.  Stamens  10,  about 
the  length  of  the  corolla  tube.  Ovary  5-lobed ;  style  colum- 
nar; stigma  5-lobed.  Fruit  a  globose,  hairy,  5-celled,  many- 
seeded  capsule.^ 

1.  E.  repens  L.  Ground  Laurel,  Trailing  Arbutus,  May- 
flower. Stems  creeping,  the  young  twigs  ascending.  Leaves  oval 
or  somewhat  heart-shaped,  entire,  netted-veined,  smooth  above, 
rough-hairy  beneath;  petioles  short,  rough-hairy.  Racemes  shorter 
than  the  leaves.  Flowers  white  to  bright  pink,  I  in.  broad,  very 
fragrant.    In  dry  woods,  often  covering  considerable  areas.* 

V.   ARCTOSTAPHYLOS   Adans. 

Shrubs.  Leaves  alternate,  evergreen.  Flowers  pinkish  or 
nearly  white,  in  terminal,  bracted  racemes.  Calyx  4-5-parted, 
persistent.  Corolla  4-5-lobed,  the  lobes  recurved.  Ovary  5- 
lO-celled,  each  cell  containing  1  ovule.  Fruit  a  berry-like 
drupe,  with  5-10  nutlets. 

1.  A.  Uva-ursi  Spreng.  Bearberry.  In  trailing  clumps,  the 
branches  1-2  ft.  high.  Leaves  evergreen,  finely  woolly,  obovate  or 
spatulate,  entire,  very  leathery.  Racemes  few-flowered,  very  short. 
Corolla  urn-shaped,  the  teeth  hairy  within.  Berry  red,  \  in.  in 
diameter.    Rocks  and  dry  hilltops,  especially  N. 

VI.    GAYLUSSACIA    HBK. 

Low,  branching  shrubs,  mostly  resinous-dotted.  Leaves 
serrate  or  entire.  Flowers  small,  white  or  pink,  in  lateral, 
bracted  racemes,  nodding;  pedicels  usually  2-bracteolate. 
Calyx  tube  short,  obconic,  the  lobes  persistent.  Corolla  ovoid 
to  bell-shaped,  5-lobed,  the  lobes  erect  or  recurved.  Stamens 
equal,  usually  included ;  anthers  awnless.  Fruit  a  10-seeded, 
berry-like  drupe.* 

1.  G.  frondosa  T.  &  G.  Tangleberry,  Dangleberry.  An  erect 
shrub,  1-3  ft.  high;  branches  spreading,  slender,  gray,  slightly  downy. 
Leaves  entire,  oblong  or  obovate,  obtuse,  thin,  smooth  and  green 
above;  paler,  downy,  and  with  resinous  dots,  beneath;  petioles  short. 


HEATH  FAMILY  183 

Racemes  few-flowered.  Corolla  small,  greenish-pink,  short-bell-shaped ; 
bracts  small,  oblong,  shorter  than  the  pedicels.  Berry  depressed- 
globose,  dark  blue,  with  bloom,  sweet,  about  |  in.  in  diameter.  On 
low  ground.* 

2.  G.  baccata  C.  Koch.  Huckleberry.  A  much-branched,  .stiff 
shrub,  1-3  ft.  high,  slightly  downy  when  young.  Leaves  oval  or 
oblong,  rarely  obovate,  obtuse  or  nearly  so,  entire,  covered  when 
young  with  little  resinous  particles.  Flowers  in  short,  one-sided 
racemes.  Corolla  at  first  conical-ovoid,  becoming  afterward  nearly 
cylindrical,  i^ink  or  reddish.  Fruit  (in  the  typical  form)  black,  with 
no  bloom,  sweet;  the  seed-like  nutlets  rather  large.  Woods  and 
pastures  in  sandy  soil. 

VII.   VACCINIUM    L. 

Shrubs  or  small  trees.  Leaves  entire  or  serrulate,  often 
leathery  and  evergreen.  Flowers  terminal  or  lateral,  clus- 
tered or  solitary^,  nodding.  Pedicels  2-bracteolate.  Calyx  tube 
globose  or  hemispherical,  4-5-lobed,  persistent.  Corolla  urn- 
shaped,  cylindrical  or  bell-shaped,  4-5-lobed.  Stamens  twice 
as  many  as  the  lobes  of  the  corolla ;  anthers  awned  or  awnless. 
Ovary  4-5-celled,  each  cell  partially  divided  by  a  partition, 
which  makes  the  ovary  appear  8-10-celled ;  style  slender  ; 
stigma  simple.    Fruit  a  many-seeded  berry.* 

B.  Fl.  species  1  {Batodendroii)  ;  species  2  {Pohjcodiuiii) ; 
species  6  (Oxycoccus). 

1.  V.  arboreum  Marsh.  Farkleberry.  Tree-like,  sometimes  30  ft. 
high;  bark  gray;  twigs  slender,  smooth  or  down3\  Leaves  decidu- 
ous, ovate  or  oval,  mucronate,  entire  or  glandular-dentate,  leathery, 
green  above,  often  slightly  downy  beneath,  llacemes  with  leaf-like 
bracts;  i)edicels  slender,  drooping.  Corolla  campanulate,  wliite. 
Antliers  included;  style  projecting.  Berry  globose,  black,  mealy, 
ripening  in  winter.    Common  in  dry,  open  woods.* 

2.  V.  stamineum  L.  Deerbkrry,  Squaw  Hucklebehuy.  An 
erect  shrub.  3-10  ft.  high  ;  branches  widely  spreading,  twigs  smooth 
or  minutely  downy.  Leaves  deciduous,  oval  or  oblong,  acute  or 
taper-pointed  at  the  apex,  obtuse  or  slightly  heart-shaped  at  the 
base,  firm,  smooth,  and  green  above,  pale  and  slightly  downy  be- 
neath, petioled.  Racemes  with  leaf-like  bracts.  Flowers  numerous, 
drooping,  on  jointed,  slender  pedicels.  Corolla  bell-shaped,  purplish- 
green,  2-awned  anthers  and  style  projecting.  Berry  globo.se  or  pear- 
shaped,  inedible    Dry  woods.* 

3.  V.pennsylvanicumLam.  Dwarf  Blueberry,L()w  Blueberry. 
Low  (usually  0-12  in.  high,  sometimes  2  ft.  high)  and  smooth,  with 


184  KEY  AND  FLORA 

^\'arty  green  branches.  Leaves  oblong  or  oblong-lanceolate,  sharply- 
serrate,  with  little  bristle-pointed  teeth,  both  sides  smooth  and  shin- 
ing except  for  down  occasionally  on  the  midrib  and  veins  below, 
pointed  at  both  ends.  Flowers  few  in  a  cluster,  longer  than  their 
minute  pedicels.  Corolla  oblong,  bell-shaped,  a  little  narrowed  at 
the  throat,  white  or  pinkish.  Berry  blue,  with  much  bloom,  ripening 
earlier  than  the  other  eatable  species,  sweeter  than  No.  5  but  not  so 
high-flavored.    In  dry  or  sandy  soil,  especially  N. 

4.  V.  vacillans  Kalm.  Late  Low  Blueberry.  A  low,  stiff,  smooth 
shrub,  1-3  ft.  high ;  branches  yellowish -green.  Leaves  obovate  or  oval, 
pale  or  dull  green,  smooth  beneath,  entire  or  nearly  so.  Flowers  green- 
ish-yellow or  somewhat  pink.  Berries  late-ripening,  blue,  with  some 
bloom,  sweet.    Dry,  especially  sandy,  soil. 

5.  V.  corymbosum  L,  High-Bush  Blueberry.  An  erect  shrub, 
6-12  ft.  high;  branches  stiff,  young  twigs  minutely  warty.  Leaves 
deciduous,  oval  to  ovate-lanceolate,  acute,  margins  bristly,  serrulate, 
smooth  or  downy,  short-petioled.  Racemes  numerous,  appearing  with 
or  before  the  leaves.  Bracts  oval  or  oblong,  deciduous.  Flowers  white 
or  pink.  Corolla  almost  as  long  as  the  pedicel,  cylindrical.  Berry 
globose,  blue  or  black,  flavor  slightly  acid,  pleasant.  Common  in 
woods  and  thickets.    Whole  plant  extremely  variable.* 

6.  V.  macrocarpon  Ait.  Cranberry.  Stems  creeping,  thread-like, 
1-3  ft.  or  more  in  length,  the  branches  not  quite  erect,  sometimes 
8  in.  high.  Leaves  usually  oval  or  oblong,  obtuse,  thickish,  ever- 
green, the  younger  ones  with  the  margins  somewhat  rolled  under. 
Flowers  nodding.  Petals  strongly  reflexed,  deep  rose-red  inside  at 
the  base,  pale  pinkish  or  almost  white  at  the  tips.  Stamens  with 
the  filaments  hardly  ^  as  long  as  the  anthers.  Fruit  red  or  reddish- 
purple,  ellipsoidal  or  nearly  globose,  very  acid,  much  valued  for  sauce, 
pies,  and  jellies.    Common  in  peat  bogs  and  wet  meadows  N. 

77.  PRIMULACE^.  Primrose  Family 
Herbs,  with  simple  leaves,  often  most  or  all  of  them  basaL 
Flowers  bisexual  and  actinomorphic,  generally  sympetalous. 
Stamens  commonly  5,  inserted  on  the  corolla,  opposite  its 
lobes.  Pistil  consisting  of  a  single  stigma  and  style  and  a 
(generally  free)  1-celled  ovary,  with  a  free  central  placenta. 

A 

Leaves  all  basal. 

(a)  Segments  of  corolla  not  reflexed,  throat  open.    Stamens  in- 
cluded. Primula,  I 


PRIMROSE  FAMILY  185 

(h)  As  in  (a),  but  throat  of  corolla  narrowed.  Androsace,  II 

(c)  Segments  of  corolla  much  refiexed.    Stamens  protruding. 

Dodecatheon,  VIII 
B 

Steins  leafy,  at  least  near  the  summit. 

(a)  Corolla  yellow.    No  sterile  appendages  alternating  with  the 

stamens.  Lysimachia,  III 

(6)  Corolla    yellow.     Sterile    appendages    alternating    with   the 

stamens.  Steironema,  IV 

(c)   Corolla  white.     Stems  with  leaves  mostly  whorled  near  the 

summit.  Trientalis,  V 

(f/)   Corolla  scarlet  (sometimes  white  or  blue).    Stems  low,  leafy 

throughout,  Anagallis,  VI 

(e)  Corolla  inconspicuous,  pink.    Stems  leafy,  very  short. 

Centunculus,  VII 
I.   PRIMULA    L. 

Low",  perennial  herbs,  with  much-veined  basal  leaves  ;  scapes 
each  bearing  an  umbel  of  flowers,  which  are  often  showy.  Calyx 
tubular,  decidedly  angled,  5-cleft.  Corolla  more  or  less  salver- 
shaped,  with  the  tube  widened  above  the  insertion  of  the  sta- 
mens ;  the  5  lobes  of  the  limb  often  notched  or  cleft.  Stamens 
5,  not  protruding  outside  the  corolla  tube.  Capsule  egg-shaped, 
splitting  at  the  top  into  5  valves,  each  of  which  may  divide 
in  halves. 

1.  P.  grandiflora  Lam.  True  Primrose.  Leaves  spatulate  or 
obovate-oblong.  Flowers  rising  on  separate  slender  pedicels  from 
the  leaf  axils.  Corolla  originally  pale  yellow,  but  varying  to  white, 
red,  and  many  intermediate  shades,  with  a  broad,  flat  limb.  Culti- 
vated from  Europe. 

2.  P.  sinensis  Sabine.  Chinese  Primrose.  A  rather  coarse, 
downy  plant.  Leaves  round-heart-shaped,  more  or  less  lobed  and 
cut,  long-petioled.  Flowers  large,  in  umbels,  usually  rose  color  or 
white.  Calyx  large,  inflated  and  conical.  Cultivated  as  a  house 
plant  from  China. 

II.   ANDROSACE    L. 

Small  herbs,  with  clustered  basal  leaves.  Flowers  very  small, 
solitary  or  umbeled.  Calyx  5-cleft,  with  a  short  tube.  Corolla 
salver-  or  funnel-shaped,  contracted  at  the  throat,  its   tube 


186  KEY  AND  FLORA 

shorter  than  the  calyx.  Stamens  5,  perigynous,  not  protrud- 
ing from  the  tube  of  the  corolla.  Capsule  5-valved,  few-many- 
seeded. 

1.  A.  occidentahs  Pursh.  Annual,  smooth  or  nearly  so.  Scapes 
usually  clustered,  1-3  m.  high,  erect  or  ascending.  Lobes  of  the 
calyx  becoming  leafy.  Corolla  white,  shorter  than  the  calyx.  In  dry 
soil  W. 

III.   LYSIMACHIA    L. 

Perennials,  with  opposite  or  whorled  entire  leaves,  which 
are  often  dotted.  Calyx  5-6-parted.  Corolla  wheel-shaped, 
with  its  divisions  commonly  nearly  separate.  Stamens  gener- 
ally somewhat  monadelphous  at  the  base. 

B.  PL  species  4  (Naumburgla). 

1.  L.  quadrifolia  L.  Four-Leaved  Loosestrife.  Stem  erect  and 
simple,  1-2  ft.  high,  hairy.  Leaves  whorled,  most  frequently  in  fours,, 
broadly  lanceolate.  Flowers  small,  axillary,  and  solitary,  on  long  and 
slender  peduncles.    Damp  or  sandy  soil. 

2.  L.  terrestris  BSP.  Bulb-Bearing  Loosestrife.  Stems  1-2  ft. 
high,  finally  branching,  frequently  producing  bulblets  in  the  leaf 
axils  after  flowering.  Leaves  abundant,  generally  opposite,  narrowly 
lanceolate.  Flowers  small,  pediceled,  in  a  long,  terminal  raceme. 
Low  or  swampy  ground. 

3.  L.  Nummularia  L.  Moneywort.  Stems  creeping,  smooth. 
Leaves  small,  round  or  nearly  so.  Flowers  solitary  in  the  leaf  axils, 
yellow,  i-1  in.  in  diameter.  Cultivated  and  escaping  into  moist 
ground.    Introduced  from  Europe. 

4.  L.  thyrsiflora  L.  Tufted  Loosestrife.  Stem  simple,  erect,. 
1-2  ft.  high.  Leaves  all  opposite  and  lanceolate  except  the  lower 
ones.  Racemes  spike-like,  1  in.  or  less  long,  borne  in  the  leaf  axils 
near  the  middle  of  the  stem.  Flowers  small,  light  yellow  with  black 
spots.    In  swamps. 

IV.   STEIRONEMA    Raf. 

Perennial  herbs.  Leaves  opposite  or  whorled,  simple,  entire. 
Flowers  yellow,  axillary  or  racemose,  on  slender  peduncles. 
Calyx  tube  5-parted, persistent.  Corolla  5-parted,  wheel-shaped, 
tube  very  short  or  none,  the  lobes  denticulate  at  the  apex,  and 
in  the  bud  each  one  inclosing  a  stamen.  Stamens  5,  distinct 
or  slightly  united  at  the  base ;  sterile  rudiments  often  alter- 
nating with  them.  Ovary  globose ;  style  slender.  Fruit  a  glo- 
bose, 5-valved,  few-  or  many-seeded  capsule."* 


PRIMROSE  FAMILY  187 

1.  S.  ciliatum  Raf.  Fringed  Loosestrife.  Stems  erect,  slender, 
simple  or  branched,  1-3  ft.  high.  Leaves  opposite,  ovate  to  ovate- 
lanceolate,  acute  at  the  apex,  rounded  at  the  base;  margins  and 
petioles  hairy -fringed.  Flowers  solitary  on  axillary  peduncles,  |-1  in. 
broad;  petals  broadly  ovate  or  roundish,  denticulate;  calyx  shorter 
than  the  capsule.    Woods  and  thickets.* 

2.  S.  lanceolatum  Gray.  Lance-Leaved  Loosestrife.  Stem 
erect,  6-2-i  in.  high.  Leaves  varying  from  lanceolate  to  oblong  and 
linear,  petioled  or  almost  sessile,  acute  or  taper-pointed.  Flowers 
f-|  in.  in  diameter.  Capsule  nearly  as  long  as  the  segments  of  the 
calyx.    In  moist  ground  and  thickets. 

3.  S.  quadriflorum  Hitchc.  Linear-Leaved  Loosestrife.  Stem 
erect,  4-sided,  slender,  1-3  ft.  high.  Basal  leaves  oblong  or  line*ar- 
oblong,  on  slender  petioles  ;  stem  leaves,  all  but  the  lowest,  nearly 
or  quite  sessile,  narrowly  linear,  2-4  in.  long,  smooth  and  shining. 
Flowers  about  f  in.  in  diameter,  often  clustered  in  fours  at  the  ends  of 
the  branches.   Corolla  lobes  pointed.   Along  streams,  especially  X.W. 

V.  TRIENTALIS    L. 

Low,  smooth,  perennial  herbs,  with  slender,  erect,  un- 
branched  stems.  Leaves  lanceolate,  ovate,  or  oblong,  mostly 
in  a  w^horl  at  the  summit  of  the  stem.  Flowers  one  or  few, 
terminal,  on  slender  peduncles,  small,  white  or  pink.  Sepals 
narrow^  and  spreading.  Corolla  wheel-shaped,  with  usually 
7  taper-pointed  segments.  Ovary  globose ;  style  thread-like. 
Capsule  globose,  many-seeded. 

1.  T.  americana  Pursh.  Star  Flower,  Chickweed  Winter- 
green.  Spreading  by  long  and  slender  rootstocks ;  branches  erect, 
stem-like,  3-9  in.  high.  Leaves  very  thin,  pale  green,  pointed  at  both 
ends.  Flowers  white.  Capsules  white,  marked  off  into  polygonal 
sections,  each  corresponding  to  1  seed.    Cold  woods  ;  common  X. 

VI.  ANAGALLIS    L. 

Annual  or  perennial  herbs.  Stems  erect  or  diffuse.  Leaves 
opposite  or  whorled.  Flowers  axillary,  peduncled.  Calyx  tube 
5-parted,  persistent.  Corolla  wheel-shaped,  5-parted,  longer 
than  the  calyx.  Stamens  5,  inserted  on  the  base  of  the  corolla ; 
filaments  bearded.  Ovary  globose ;  style  slender ;  stigma 
knobbed.  Fruit  a  many-seeded  capsule,  the  top  coming  off 
like  a  lid.* 


188  KEY  AND  FLORA 

1.  A.  arvensis   L.    Poor    Man's   Weatherglass,    Pimpernel. 

Annual;  stem  spreading,  widely  branched,  4-angled,  smooth,  4-12 
in.  long.  Leaves  opposite,  sessile,  ovate,  black-dotted  beneath. 
Flowers  on  peduncles  longer  than  the  leaves,  nodding  in  fruit.  Co- 
rolla fringed  with  glandular  hairs,  longer  than  the  acute  calyx  lobes, 
bright  red  (sometimes  white  or  blue),  opening  in  sunshine.  Capsule 
globose,  tipped  by  the  j)ersistent  style.  Introduced,  and  common  in 
fields  and  gardens.* 

VII.  CENTUNCULUS  L. 

Small  annuals,  with  alternate  entire  leaves.  Flowers  axil- 
lary and  solitary,  inconspicuous.  Calyx  4-5-parted.  Corolla 
4-5-cleft,  shorter  than  the  calyx,  the  tube  urn-shaped.  Stamens 
4-5,  perigynous,  with  short  filaments.  Capsule  globose,  many- 
seeded,  the  top  falling  off  as  a  lid. 

1.  C.  minimus  L.  Chaff  weed.  False  Pimpernel.  Stems  1-6 
in.  high.  Leaves  spatulate  or  obovate,  with  short  petioles.  Flowers 
small,  pink,  nearly  sessile,  parts  of  the  perianth  usually  in  fours. 
Moist  soil  W. 

VIII.   DODECATHEON    L. 

A  smooth,  perennial  herb,  with  a  cluster  of  oblong  or  spatu- 
late basal  leaves,  fibrous  roots,  and  an  unbranched  scape,  leaf- 
less except  for  an  involucre  of  small  bracts  at  the  summit,  with 
a  large  umbel  of  showy,  nodding  flowers.  Calyx  deeply  5-cleft, 
with  reflexed,  lanceolate  divisions.  Tube  of  the  corolla  very 
short,  the  divisions  of  the  5-parted  limb  strongly  reflexed. 
Filaments  short,  somewhat  united  at  the  base ;  anthers  long, 
acute,  and  combining  to  form  a  conspicuous  cone. 

1.  D.  Meadia  L.  Shooting  Star,  Indian  Chief.  Corolla  vary- 
ing from  rose  color  to  white.  In  rich  woods  in  most  of  the  Middle 
and  Southern  states.    Often  cultivated. 


78.  EBENACE^.     Ebony  Family 

Trees  or  shrubs.  Leaves  alternate,  entire,  pinnately  veined, 
without  stipules.  Flowers  often  dioecious.  Calyx  free  from 
the  ovary,  persistent.  Stamens  2-4  times  as  many  as  the  divi- 
sions of  the  corolla.  Ovary  3-12-celled ;  ovules  1  or  2  in  each 
cell.    Fruit  a  berry.    Mostly  tropical  plants. 


OLIVE   FAMILY  189 

DIOSPYROS   L. 

Flowers  dioecious  or  somewhat  monoecious,  the  staminate 
ones  in  cymes,  the  pistillate  ones  axillary  and  solitary.  Calyx 
4-6-lobed.  Corolla  4-6-lobed.  Stamens  in  the  staminate  flowers 
usually  16,  in  the  pistillate  ones  8,  imperfect.  Fruit  large, 
with  the  persistent  calyx  attached  to  its  base,  4-8-seeded. 

1.  D.  virginiana  L.  Persimmon.  Trees,  with  rough,  bhick  bark,  and 
very  hard  wood.  Leaves  oval  or  ovate-oblong,  acute  or  acuminate 
at  the  apex,  rounded  or  slightly  cordate  at  the  base,  entire  and  dark 
green,  smooth  above,  pale  and  often  downy  beneath,  short-petioled, 
deciduous.  Flowers  yellowish-white,  the  parts  mostly  in  fours.  Fruit 
globose,  edible  when  ripe,  very  astringent  when  green ;  seeds  large, 
compressed,  often  wanting.  Fruit  ripening  late  in  the  fall.  Common 
in  old  fields  and  alons;  roadsides  S.  and  S.W.* 


79.  OLEACE^.    Olive  Family 

Shrubs  or  trees.  Leaves  opposite,  simple  or  odd-pinnate, 
without  stipules.  Flowers  usually  in  forking  cymes,  small, 
white,  greenish  or  yellow,  bisexual  or  unisexual.  Calyx  free 
from  the  ovary,  4-lobed  or  wanting.  Corolla  hypogynous,  regu- 
lar, 4-parted  or  of  4  separate  petals,  sometimes  Avanting.  Sta- 
mens 2,  borne  on  the  petals  or  hypogynous.  Ovary  2-celled. 
Fruit  1-2-celled,  each  cell  1-seeded,  rarely  2-seeded  (in  For- 
syiJtia  many-seeded). 

I.   FRAXINUS    Tourn. 

Deciduous  trees.  Flo^vers  dioecious.  Petals  wanting  (in  our 
species).  Stamens  2,  hypogynous.  Fruit  a  1-2-celled  key,  each 
cell  1-seeded. 

1.  F.  americana  L.  "White  Ash.  A  large  tree;  bark  rough,  gray; 
wood  hard,  strong,  elastic ;  twigs  and  petioles  smooth.  Leaflets  usu- 
ally 7,  ovate  to  ovate-lanceolate,  taper-pointed  at  the  apex,  rounded 
or  obtuse  at  the  base,  entire  or  slightly  serrate,  smooth  above,  often 
downy  beneath,  short^stalked.  Flowers  mostly  dioecious.  Calyx  of  the 
pistillate  flowers  persistent.  Key  1.^,-2  in.  long,  winged  only  at  the 
apex;  wing  spatulate  or  oblanceolate.  In  rich  woods  and  swamps.* 

2.  F.  pennsylvanica  Marsh.  Ked  Ash.  A  small  tree  ;  bark  rough, 
dark  gray ;  twigs  and  petioles  densely  velvety -downy.  Leaflets  5-9, 
oblong-ovate  to  ovate-lanceolate,  taper-pointed  at  the  apex,  narrowed 


190  KEY  AND  FLORA 

into  a  short  stalk  at  the  base,  finely  serrate,  smooth  above,  velvety- 
downy  beneath.  Calyx  of  the  pistillate  flowers  persistent.  Key  Ih- 
2  in.  long,  the  wing  somew^hat  extended  along  the  sides,  oblanceolate 
or  spatulate,  often  notched.    Swamps  and  moist  soil.* 

3.  F.  caroliniana  Mill.  Water  Ash.  A  small  tree  ;  wood  soft, 
light,  and  weak;  twigs  smooth  or  downy.  Leaflets  5-7,  ovate  or  ellip- 
tical, acute  at  the  apex,  acute  or  obtuse  at  the  base,  entire  or  slightly 
serrate,  smooth  or  slightly  downy,  stalked.  Flowers  dioecious.  Calyx 
persistent.  Key  often  3-angled  or  3-winged,  wings  running  nearly  to 
the  base,  oblong  or  oval,  pinnately  veined.    Li  swamps  and  wet  soil.* 

4.  F.  quadrangulata  Michx.  Blue  Ash.  A  large  tree,  with  wood 
heavy,  but  not  as  tough  as  No.  1 ;  the  most  vigorous  twigs  usually 
square.  Leaflets  7-9,  with  short  stalks,  somewhat  ovate  or  lanceolate, 
acute,  sharply  serrate.  Fruit  winged  to  the  base,  of  nearly  the  same 
width  throughout,  narrowly  oblong.    Rich  woods,  especially  W. 

II.  FORSYTHIA  Vahl. 

Shrubs.  Leaves  opposite  or  in  threes,  appearing  later  than 
the  flowers,  serrate.  Calyx  very  short,  deciduous.  Corolla  yel- 
low, bell-shaped,  its  lobes  long  and  slender.  Stamens  inserted 
on  the  base  of  the  corolla  tube.    Pod  2-celled,  many-seeded. 

1.  F.  viridissima  Lindl,  A  hardy  shrub,  with  branches  erect  or 
nearly  so.  Leaves  all  simple,  lance-oblong.  Calyx  lobes  half  as  long  as 
the  tube  of  the  corolla.  Lobes  of  the  corolla  spreading,  narrow-oblong. 
Style  equal  in  length  to  the  tube  of  the  corolla.    Cultivated  from  Asia. 

2.  F.  suspensa  Vahl.  A  hardy  shrub,  with  drooping  branches. 
Leaves  broadly  ovate,  often  some  of  them  with  3  leaflets,  the  lateral 
leaflets  small.  Lobes  of  the  corolla  longer,  broader,  and  more  spread- 
ing than  in  No.  1.  Style  shorter  than  the  tube  of  the  corolla.  Culti- 
vated from  Asia.  Less  common  than  No.  1 ;  often  trained  over  porches 
and  arbors. 

III.   SYRINGA    L. 

Tall  shrubs,  forking  frequently,  from  the  failure  of  the  ter- 
minal buds  on  most  branches.  Leaves  simple,  entire.  Flowers 
in  close,  compound  panicles.  Calyx  4-toothed.  Corolla  salver- 
shaped,  the  tube  long,  the  limb  4-lobed.  Pod  dry,  flattened  at 
right  angles  to  the  partition,  4-seeded. 

1.  S.  vulgaris  L.  Common  Lilac.  A  strong-growing,  hardy  bush. 
Leaves  ovate,  somewhat  heart-shaped.  Flowers  sweet-scented,  in  very 
close,  large  clusters,  lilac  or  white.  Corolla  lobes  concave.  Very  com- 
monly cultivated  from  eastern  Europe. 


GENTIAN  FAMILY  191 

2.  S.  persica  L.  Persian  Lilac.  A  more  slender  and  less 
branched  shrub  than  No.  1.  Leaves  lance-ovate,  somewhat  nar- 
rowed or  tapering  at  the  base.  Flowers  in  rather  loose  clusters,  not 
very  sweet-scented,  pale  lilac  or  white.  Corolla  lobes  ovate,  some- 
what bent  inward.  Pods  linear.  Cultivated  from  western  Asia,  less 
common  than  No.  1. 

IV.    CHIONANTHUS    L. 

Shrubs  or  small  trees.  Leaves  simple,  opposite,  entire, 
petioled,  deciduous.  Flowers  in  panicles  borne  on  wood  of 
the  previous  season.  Calyx  small,  4-cleft,  persistent.  Corolla 
wheel-shaped,  4-parted,  the  lobes  long  and  linear.  Stamens 
2-4,  included,  inserted  on  the  base  of  the  corolla.  Style  short ; 
stigma  2-lobed.    Fruit  a  1-seeded  drupe.* 

1.  C.  virginica  L.  Fringe  Tree,  Old  ]\L\n's  Beard.  A  small 
tree,  with  smooth,  light  gray  bark  and  spreading  branches.  Leaves 
oval  to  oblong,  acute  or  obtuse  at  each  end,  smooth  or  slightly 
downy.  Panicles  large  and  loose,  leafy-bracted,  appearing  with  the 
leaves.  Flowers  on  slender,  drooping  pedicels.  Petals  1  in.  or  more 
in  length.  Fruit  ovoid,  purple,  i-|  in.  long.  Along  streams,  usually 
on  light  soil.* 

V.    LIGUSTRUM    L. 

Shrubs.  Leaves  simple,  opposite,  entire,  deciduous  or  some- 
times persistent.  Flowers  in  terminal  panicles  or  similar 
clusters,  white,  small.  Calyx-  minutely  4-toothed  or  truncate. 
Corolla  funnel  form,  4-lobed.  Stamens  2,  short,  inserted  in  the 
tube  of  the  corolla.  Ovary  free,  2-celled,  2  ovules  in  each  cell ; 
style  short.    Fruit  a  1-4-seeded,  globose  be^r3^* 

1.  L.  vulgare  L.  Privet.  A  branching  shrub,  4-10  ft.  high: 
branches  lung  and  slender.  Leaves  somewhat  leathery,  lanceolate  to 
obovate,  short-petioled,  tardily  deciduous.  Panicles  clense,  minutely 
downy.  Flowers  j  in.  ^vide,  fragrant.  Stamens  included.  Berries 
black.    Introduced  from  Europe  and  used  largely  for  hedges.* 


80.  GENTIANACE^.    Gentian  Family 

Annual  or  perennial  herbs.  Leaves  entire,  usually  opposite, 
sometimes  alternate,  without  stipules.  Flowers  actinomor- 
phic,  solitary  or  in  cymes.  Calyx  hypogynous,  4-8-toothed 
or  lobed.    Corolla  hypogynous.  wheel-,  bell-,  or  funnel-shaped, 


192  KEY  AND  FLORA 

4-8-lobed.  Stamens  4-8,  inserted  on  the  corolla  tube;  'fila- 
ments thread-shaped ;  anthers  facing  inwards.  Ovary  1-2- 
celled  ;  ovules  many,  on  2  opposite  placentas.  Capsule  1-celled 
or  partially  2-celled,  2-valved,  many-seeded.  [The  best  known 
genus,  Gentiana,  consists  mainly  of  autumn-flowering  species.] 

I.   OBOLARIA    L. 

A  low,  smooth,  purplish-green  perennial.  Flowers  axillary 
and  terminal.  Calyx  of  2  distinct,  spatulate,  bract-like  sepals. 
Corolla  tubular-bell-shaped,  4-lobed.  Stamens  short,  inserted 
at  the  notches  of  the  corolla.  Style  short;  stigma  2-lipped. 
Capsule  ovoid,  more  or  less  2-4-celled ;  seeds  very  minute 
and  numerous. 

1.  0.  virginica  L.  Pennywort.  Stem  3-8  in.  high,  often  several 
from  the  same  root.  Leaves  somewhat  fleshy,  wedge-obovate  or 
somewhat  diamond-shaped,  often  truncate,  sessile.  Flowers  opposite 
or  terminal  in  threes,  nearly  sessile.  Corolla  pale  purple  or  nearly 
white.    Rich  woodlands,  among  dead  leaves; 

II.  MENYANTHES    L. 

Perennial,  scape-bearing  marsh  herbs.  Rootstock  creeping. 
Leaves  of  3  leaflets.  Flowers  racemed.  Calyx  5-parted. 
Corolla  fleshy,  funnel-shaped,  the  limb  5-parted.  Stamens  5, 
inserted  on  the  corolla  tube.  Disk  of  5  liypogynous  glands. 
Ovary  1-celled ;  style  thread-shaped  ;  stigma  2-lobed.  Capsule 
globose,  many-seeded. 

1.  M.  trifoliata  L.  Buck  Bean,  Marsh  Trefoil.  Rootstocks 
stout  and  matted.  Leaflets  obtuse,  entire.  Flowers  f  in.  in  diameter, 
white  or  pinkish.    Bogs,  esj^ecially  N. 

8L  APOCYNACE^.    Dogbane  Family 

Trees,  shrubs,  or  herbs,  with  milky  juice,  often  climbing. 
Leaves  usually  opposite,  rarely  whorled,  entire,  nearly  or 
quite  without  stipules.  Flowers  actinomorphic,  solitary  or  in 
cymes.  Calyx  4-5-cleft.  Corolla  hypogynous,  funnel-,  salver-, 
or  bell-shaped,  sometimes  with  scales  in  the  throat.  Stamens 
4-5,  borne  on  the  corolla  tube  or  throat ;  filaments  very  short ; 


DOGBANE  FAMILY  193 

anthers  somewhat  attached  to  tlie  stigma.  Ovary  of  2  carpels, 
free  or  somewhat  united ;  style  short ;  stigma  entire  or  2-cleft. 
Fruit  of  2  many-seeded  pods  (in  the  genera  here  described). 

I.   AMSONIA    AVult. 

Perennial  herbs.  Stems  erect,  branched.  Leaves  alternate. 
Flowers  in  terminal  panicles.  Calyx  small,  5-parted.  Corolla 
small,  pale  blue,  funnel-  or  salver-form,  downy  within.  Sta- 
mens inserted  above  the  middle  of  the  tube,  included.  Ovary 
of  2  carpels,  united  at  the  top  by  the  slender  style  ;  stigma 
globose,  surrounded  by  a  cup-shaped  appendage.  Fruit  2  slen- 
der, erect,  many-seeded  follicles  ;  seeds  without  tufts  of  hairs.* 

1.  A.  Tabernaemontana  Walt.  Amsonia.  Stem  smooth  and  gla- 
brous, branched  above,  2-3  ft.  high.  Leaves  lanceolate,  entire, 
acuminate  at  the  apex,  acute  at  the  base,  smooth  above,  with  a 
bloom  or  slightly  downy  beneath,  short-petioled.  Flowers  numer- 
ous, on  bracted  pedicels.  Corolla  tube  slender,  smooth  or  sometimes 
downy  above ;  the  lobes  narrow,  as  long  as  the  tube.  Follicles 
slender,  spreading,  4-6  in.  long;  seeds  downy.  Swamps  and  wet 
ground  S.* 

II.   VINCA    L. 

Perennial  herbs  or  small,  slender  shrubs ;  juice  not  per- 
ceptibly milky.  Leaves  evergreen.  Flowers  solitary,  white, 
blue,  or  purple.  Calyx  5-parted ;  lobes  taper-pointed,  glandu- 
lar inside  at  the  base.  Corolla  salver-shaped,  thickened  at  the 
throat,  5-lobed.  Stamens  5,  inserted  on  the  upper  or  middle 
part  of  the  corolla  tube.  Ovary  of  2  carpels.  Pods  2,  slender, 
cylindrical,  many-seeded. 

1.  V.  minor  L.  Periwinkle.  Stem  slender,  trailing,  often  rooting 
at  the  nodes,  1-3  ft.  long.  Leaves  ovate,  acute  at  the  apex,  sliort- 
petioled,  bright  green.  Flowers  axillary,  solitary,  1  in.  wide.  Calyx 
with  linear  lobes  nearly  as  long  as  the  inflated  tube  of  the  blue 
corolla.  ^Matured  pods  slender,  slightly  divergent.  Introduced  from 
Europe  and  common  in  gardens.* 

III.   APOCYNUM    L. 

Perennial  herbs.  Stems  with  very  tough  bark,  branched 
above.  Leaves  opposite,  entire.  Flowers  in  terminal  and 
axillary  bracted  cymes.    Calyx  small,  5-parted,   lobes  acute. 


194  KEY  AND  FLORA 

Corolla  bell-shaped,  5-lobed,  with  a  small,  scale-like  appendage 
at  the  base  of  each  lobe.  Stamens  5,  distinct,  inserted  on  the 
base  of  the  corolla  tube.  Ovaries  2,  distinct,  united  by  the 
styles ;  stigma  obtuse,  2-lobed.  Pods  long,  slender,  many- 
seeded;    seeds  with  a  tuft  of  hairs.* 

1.  A.  androsaemifoliuin  L.  Dogbane.  Plant  2-3  ft.  high,  usually 
smooth,  purplish,  the  branches  spreading  and  forking.  Leaves  2—3 
in.  long,  acute,  mucronate  ;  petioles  about  |  in.  long.  Cymes  mostly 
terminal,  few-flowered.  Calyx  teeth  lance-ovate,  about  half  as  long 
as  the  corolla  tube.  Corolla  pale  red  or  whitish,  its  lobes  recurved. 
Pods  stouter  than  in  No.  2.    Roadsides  and  clearings;  common. 

2.  A.  cannabinum  L.  Indian  Hemp.  Stem  erect,  smooth,  with 
numerous  erect  or  ascending  branches.  Leaves  oval  to  oblong, 
mucronate  at  the  apex,  rounded  at  the  base,  downy  beneath, 
short-petioled.  Cyjnes  terminal,  compact,  shorter  than  the  leaves. 
Flowers  are  on  short,  bracted  pedicels,  greenish-white,  about  \  in. 
broad.  Calyx  lobes  lanceolate,  nearly  as  long  as  the  tube  of  the 
corolla.  Corolla  lobes  erect.  Pods  very  slender,  tapering,  3-4  in. 
long.    Along  fences  and  in  thickets.* 

IV.   NERIUM    L. 

Shrubs.  Leaves  mostly  whorled  in  threes.  Flowers  in  termi- 
nal cymes.  Calyx  small,  lobes  acute.  Corolla  salverform,  the 
throat  of  the  tube  crowned  with  cleft  or  cut-fringed  scales. 
Stamens  5,  short,  included ;  anthers  tipped  Avith  a  hairy 
bristle.  Ovary  of  2  carpels;  style  short.  Pods  erect;  seeds 
with  a  tuft  of  hairs. "*" 

1.  N.  Oleander  L.  Oleander.  Stem  erect,  diffusely  branched 
from  below,  4-10  ft.  high.  Leaves  narrowly  elliptical,  acute  at  each 
end,  thick  and  leathery,  short-petioled.  Flowers  showy,  in  large 
clusters,  red  or  white,  often  double ;  scales  of  the  crown  3-4-pointed 
unequal  teeth.  Pods  spindle-shaped,  3-4  in.  long.  Introduced  from 
Palestine.     Common  in  cultivation.* 


82.  AS CLEPI ADAGES.    Milkweed  Family 

Shrubs  or  herbs,  often  twining;  juice  usually  milky. 
Leaves  generally  opposite  or  whorled,  entire,  without  stipules. 
Flowers  regular.  Calyx  5-parted.  Corolla  5-parted.  Stamens 
5 :  the  filaments  usually  united  around  the  styles,  often  with 


MILKWEED  FAMILY 


195 


hood-like  appendages,  each  with  an  incurved  horn  borne  on 
the  stamen  tube  and  forming  a  crown  around  the  stigma 
(Fig.  27,  Ay,  anthers  pressing  against  the  lobes  of  the  stigma ; 
the  pollen  clinging  together  in  tough,  waxy  or  fine-grained 

hn     ^--^^^     « 


Fig.  27.  Flower  of  Asclepias  syrlaca 

A,  entire  flower;  B,  vertical  section;  C,  (lia,ii:ram ;  D,  details  of  pollen-masses 
and  glands,  ca,  calyx;  c,  corolla:  hd,  hood;  hn,  horn;  a,  anther:  n.  stig- 
ma; 0,  ovary;  g,  gland;  p,  pollen-mass.    (All  considerably  enhirged.) 

masses.  Ovary  free  from  the  calyx  tube,  of  2  carpels,  more 
or  less  united  below  but  unconnected  above  ;  styles  2  ;  stigmas 
5-angled ;  ovules  several-many.  Fruit  consisting  of  1  or  2 
pods.  The  flowers  are  very  highl}^  specialized  for  pollination 
by  insects  (see  below,  under  Asclepias). 


196  KEY  AND   FLOKA 


I.   ASCLEPIODORA    Gray. 

Plants  mucli  like  Asdejnas,  but  the  hoods  without  horns. 
Lobes  of  the  corolla  ascending  or  spreading. 

1.  A.  viridis  Gray.  Green  Milkweed.  Stems  about  1  ft.  high, 
nearly  smooth.  Leaves  alternate,  short-petioled,  oblong  to  ovate-. 
lanceolate.  Umbels  clustered.  Flowers  about  1  in.  in  diameter, 
green  with  a  purplish  crown.    In  dry  soil  W.  and  S. 


11.   ASCLEPIAS    L. 

Perennial  herbs.  Flowers  in  simple  (usually  many-flowered) 
umbels.  Calyx  small,  5-parted,  its  lobes  reflexed.  Corolla  deeply 
5-parted,  with  reflexed  lobes ;  crown  of  hoods  and  horns  con- 
spicuous (Fig.  27,  A,  B).  Stamens  with  their  filaments  united 
into  a  tube  around  the  pistil  and  anthers  attached  to  the  stigma 
(Fig.  27,  D,  E)  ;  anther  cells  2,  each  cell  containing  an  elon- 
gated, pear-shaped,  tough  mass  of  pollen,  a  mass  from  one 
anther  always  paired  with  one  from  the  adjoining  anther  and 
each  two  together  suspended  from  one  of  the  5  split  glands 
on  the  angles  of  the  stigma  (Fig.  27,  D,  E).  Ovaries  2  ;  styles 
very  short.  Pods  2  or  sometimes  1  and  the  other  undeveloped. 
Seeds  flat,  each  with  a  tuft  of  long,  silky  hairs.  The  flowers 
are  pollinated  by  insects,  which  get  their  feet  entangled  in 
the  clefts  of  the  glands  (Fig.  27,  g)  and  then  carry  off  the, 
pollen  masses. 

1.  A.  tuberosa  L.  Butterfly  Weed,  Pleurisy  Root.  Stems 
roughish-hairy,  1-2  ft.  high.  Juice  not  milky.  Leaves  abundant, 
linear  to  lanceolate-oblong.  Flowers  showy,  usually  bright  orange, 
in  terminal  cyniose  umbels.  Horns  nearly  erect  and  slender.  Pods 
nearly  erect,  covered  with  fine  down.    In  dry  fields. 

2.  A.  decumbens  L.  Reclining  Butterfly  Weed.  Much  resem- 
bling ^4.  tuberosa,  but  the  stems  reclining  with  the  ends  erect.  Leaves 
elliptic  or  oblong.    Umbels  racemed  along  the  branches.    In  dry  soil. 

3.  A.  purpurascens  L.  Purple  Milkweed.  Stem  1—3  ft,  high, 
somewhat  branched  above.  Leaves  4-6  in.  long,  elliptical  or  nearly 
so,  the  upper  ones  taper-pointed,  slightly  velvety  beneath,  short- 
petioled.  Umbels  terminal.  Flowers  i  in.  long,  dark  purple  ;  pedi- 
cels shorter  than  the  peduncle  ;  horn  broadly  scythe-shaped,  with  the 
point  bent  sharply  inward.    Dry  soil. 


MORNING-GLORY  FAMILY  197 

4.  A.  syriaca  L.  Common  ]\Iilkweed.  Stem  stout,  S-i  ft.  high, 
finely  downy.  Leaves  4-8  in.  long,  oblong  or  nearly  so,  downy  be- 
neath. Uniljels  terminal  or  nearly  so.  Flowers  varying  from  purple 
or  greenish-purple  to  whitish,  numerous,  with  a  strong,  sweet  but 
sickening  odor :  hoods  with  a  tooth  on  each  side  of  the  stout  horn. 
Common  in  ricli  soil. 

5.  A.  phytolaccoides  Pursh.  Poke-Leaved  Milkweed.  Stem 
rather  slender,  3-5  ft.  high.  Leaves  6-9  in.  long,  ovate  or  oval- 
lanceolate,  taper-pointed,  short-petioled.  Umbels  several,  mostly  lat- 
eral; pedicels  slender  and  drooping.  Lobes  of  the  corolla  greenish; 
hoods  white,  with  2  teeth;  horns  with  an  awl-shaped  point  extending 
far  out  of  the  hoods.    Damp  thickets  N.  and  E. 

6.  A.  variegata  L.  White  Milkweed.  Stem  stout,  leafless  and 
smooth  below,  leafy  and  downy  in  lines  above.  Leaves  opposite,  the 
middle  ones  sometimes  in  fours,  petioled,  ovate  to  obovate,  cuspidate, 
smooth  on  both  sides,  pale  beneath,  edges  slightly  crenate.  Umbels 
1-5,  compact,  downy,  1-2  in.  long;  pedicels  erect,  as  long  as  the 
peduncles.  Corolla  white,  often  purple  at  the  base  ;  hoods  roundish, 
spreading,  a  little  longer  than  the  thick,  awl-pointed,  incurved  horn. 
Dry,  open  woods  E.  and  S.* 

7.  A.  quadrifolia  L.  Four-Leaved  Milkweed.  Stem  slender, 
l|-2  ft.  or  more  high,  usually  leafless  below.  Leaves  in  1  or  2  whorls  of 
4  each,  near  the  middle  of  the  stem,  and  a  pair  or  tw^o  opposite,  thin, 
slender-petioled,  2-4  in.  long,  ovate-lanceolate,  taper-pointed.  Umbels 
usually  2,  sometimes  1,  with  slender  pedicels.  Corolla  lobes  very  pale 
pink  or  whitish  ;  hoods  white  ;  horn  short,  stout,  and  bent  inward.  Dry 
woods  and  fence  rows. 

III.   HOYA  R.Br. 

Shrubby,  more  or  less  climbing,  smooth,  tropical  plants. 
Leaves  fleshy.  Calyx  5-cleft ;  corolla  5-lobed,  wheel-shaped, 
its  divisions  thick  and  with  a  waxy  look ;  crown  of  5  spread- 
ing segments ;  pollen  masses  fastened  by  the  bases. 

1.  H.  carnosa  R.  Br.  Wax  Plant.  Stems  long  and  slender,  root- 
ing and  trailing.  Leaves  oval  or  nearly  so,  thick,  dark  green. 
Flowers  in  close  umbels,  pink  or  whitish,  the  corolla  lobes  covered 
on  the  upper  surface  with  minute  projections.  Cultivated  from 
India  as  a  house  plant  and  in  conservatories. 

83.    CONVOLVULACEJE.    Mokning-Glouy  Famii.v 

Usually  twdning  herbs  or  shrubs,  often  w^tli  milky  juice. 
Leaves    alternate    (wanting    in    Cuscata),    without    stipules. 


198  KEY  AND  FLORA 

Flowers  variously  clustered,  rarely  solitary,  often  large  and 
showy.  Sepals  5.  Corolla  hypogynous,  regular,  tubular,  bell- 
shaped  or  funnel-shaped ;  its  limb  more  or  less  5-lobed  or 
angled.  Stamens  5,  inserted  on  the  corolla  tube.  Ovary  usu- 
ally 2-4-celled ;  style  slender,  2-4-cleft ;  ovules  1  or  2  in  each 
cell.  Capsule  1-4-celled,  2-4-valved,  or  bursting  open  across 
the  base. 

I.   IMPOMCEA    L. 

Annuals  or  perennials  ;  stems  often  twining.  Flowers  showy. 
Calyx  not  bracted  at  the  base,  of  5  sepals.  Corolla  bell-shaped 
or  funnel-shaped,  twisted  in  the  bud.  Stamens  not  projecting 
from  the  corolla.  Style  slender;  stigma  knobbed,  2-lobed. 
Fruit  a  2-3-celled  capsule.  [/.  purpurea,  the  common  morn- 
ing-glory, blossoms  too  late  for  school  study.  /.  Batatas,  the 
sweet  potato,  seldom  flowers.] 

B.  Fl.  species  1  {Quamlocit). 

1.  I.  Quamlocit  L.  Cypress  Vine.  Stem  slender,  smooth,  twin- 
ing high.  Leaves  dark  green,  pinnately  cut,  the  divisions  linear, 
smooth.  Pedmicles  slender,  as  long  as  the  leaves,  l-5-flo\vered ; 
pedicels  thickened  upward.  Sepals  ovate  or  oblong,  mucronate. 
Corolla  bright  scarlet,  or  sometimes  yellowish-white,  salverform ; 
the  tube  1-1 1  in.  long;  the  limb  flat  and  sjjreading,  |-|  in.  wide. 
Capsule  ovoid,  twice  the  length  of  the  sepals.    Common  in  gardens.* 

2.  I.  hederacea  Jacq.  Wild  Morning-Glory.  Stems  hairy,  twin- 
ing. Leaves  heart-shaped,  3-lobed.  Peduncles  1-3-flowered.  Calyx 
very  hairy  below.  Corolla  showy,  bluish-purple  or  white.  Pod  usu- 
ally 3-celled,  with  2  seeds  in  each  cell.  A  weed  in  fields  and  about 
dwellings.    Introduced  from  tropical  America. 

3.  I.  pandurata  G.  F.  W.  Mey.  "Wild  Potato  Vine.  Perennial, 
from  a  very  large,  tuberous  root ;  stem  trailing  or  twining,  smooth 
or  slightly  downy,  5-10  ft.  long.  Leaves  broadly  heart-shaped,  with 
the  apex  slender  and  obtuse,  sometimes  fiddle-shaped  or  o-lobed; 
petioles  slender.  Peduncles  longer  than  the  petioles,  1-5-flowered. 
Sepals  oblong,  obtuse,  smooth,  mucronate,  the  2  outer  ones  shorter. 
Corolla  white  with  a  purple  throat,  2-3  in.  wide,  lobes  pointed.  Cap- 
sule globose,  2-3-seeded,  the  seeds  woolly  on  the  angles.  On  dry  or 
damp  sandy  soil,  along  fences,  railroad  embankments,  etc. ;  common 
S.  and  W-* 

4.  I.  leptophylla  Torrey.  Bush  Morning-Glory.  Perennial. 
Stems  smooth,  much  branched,  erect,  ascending  or  reclining,  2-4  ft. 


PHLOX  FAMILY  199 

Leaves  2-5  in.  long-,  short-petioled,  linear, 
acute.  Peduncles  short,  1-4-flowered.  Sepals  broadly  ovate,  obtuse. 
Corolla  pink  or  purple,  funnel-shaped,  about  3  in.  long.  Pod  ovoid, 
2-celled.    Plains  W.  and  S.W. 

II.   CONVOLVULUS    L. 

Herbs  or  shrubs,  with  stems  twining  or  nearly  erect.  Calyx 
not  bracted,  or  inclosed  in  2  large,  leaf-like  bracts.  Corolla 
broadly  funnelform  or  bell-shaped.  Stamens  not  projecting 
from  the  corolla.  Style  1 ;  stigmas  2 ;  ovary  and  pod  1-2- 
celled,  4-seeded. 

1.  C.  spithamaeus  L.  Downy,  stem  6-12  in.  high,  erect  or  reclin- 
ing. Leaves  oblong,  sometimes  heart-shaped  or  eared  at  the  base. 
Flowers  white.  Calyx  inclosed  by  2  large,  oval,  acutish  bracts.  Stig- 
mas stout.    In  sandy  soil. 

2.  C.  repens  L.  Trailing  Bindweed.  Stems  downy,  1-3  ft. 
long,  trailing  or  twining.  Leaves  sometimes  heart-shaped,  often  nar- 
rowly arrow-shaped,  with  the  lobes  at  the  base  obtuse  or  rounded. 
Peduncles  1-flowered.  Corolla  white,  or  sometimes  pink.  Stigma 
ellipsoidal.    Bracts  beneath  the  calyx  2,  ovate.    In  fields. 

3.  C.  sepium  L.  Creepers,  Rutland  Beauty.  Stem  twining  or 
sometimes  extensively  trailing.  Leaves  heart-arrow-shaped  or  some- 
what halberd-shaped,  the  lobes  at  the  base  truncate.  Flowers  numer- 
ous and  showy,  white  or  tinged  with  rose  color.  Bracts  at  the  base 
of  the  flower  large,  ovate,  heart-shaped.  Thickets  and  banks  of 
streams,  often  cultivated. 

4.  C.  arvensis  L.  Bindweed.  A  perennial,  prostrate  or  climbing 
herb,  with  many  stems,  from  a  long,  slender  rootstock.  Leaves  very 
variable,  more  or  less  arrow-shaped,  1-3  in.  long.  Peduncles  mostly 
1-flowered;  flowers  white  or  pinkish,  about  f  in.  long.  Calyx  not 
bracted.  Stigmas  linear.  A  weed  in  fields  E. ;  adventive  from 
Europe. 

84.  POLEMONIACEiE.    Phlox  Family 

Annual  or  perennial  herbs,  rarely  shrubs.  Leaves  alternate 
or  the  lower  opposite,  without  stipules.  Flowers  in  terminal, 
forking  cymes.  Calyx  hypogynous,  5-lobed.  Corolla  regular 
or  nearly  so,  5-parted.  Stamens  5,  inserted  on  the  corolla  tube, 
usually  unequal.  Ovary  3-celled  ;  style  simple ;  stigmas  3, 
linear ;  capsule  3-celled,  the  cells  1-many-seeded. 


200  KEY  AXD  FLORA 


I.  PHLOX   L. 


Perennial  or  rarely  annual  herbs ;  stems  erect  or  diffuse. 
Leaves  opposite,  or  the  upper  alternate,  entire,  without 
stipules.  Flowers  showy,  white  or  purple,  in  terminal  cymes 
or  panicles.  Calyx  cylindrical  or  funnelform,  5-cleft,  the 
lobes  acute.  Corolla  salver-form,  the  tube  long  and  slender, 
the  limb  5-parted,  the  lobes  spreading,  entire  or  obcordate. 
Stamens  included,  unequal.  Ovary  3-celled,  style  slender. 
Capsule  ovoid,  3-celled,  1-few-seeded  ;  seeds  wingless  or  nar- 
row-winged.* 

1.  P.  paniculata  L.  Garden  Phlox.  Perennial;  stems  in  clumps, 
stout,  erect,  simple  or  branclied  above,  2-4  ft.  high.  Leaves  ovate- 
lanceolate  to  oblong,  taper-pointed  at  the  apex,  rounded  or  cordate  at 
the  base,  thin,  smooth ;  veins  prominent  beneath.  Cymes  numerous 
and  compact,  forming  a  pyramidal  pauicle;  pedicels  short.  Calyx 
teeth  long,  bristle-pointed.  Corolla  purple  to  white ;  lobes  round- 
obovate,  shorter  than  the  tube.  Capsule  longer  than  the  calyx  tube. 
In  rich  woods  ;  often  cultivated.* 

2.  P.  maculata  L.  Wild  Sweet  AVilliam.  Stem  erect,  smooth 
or  nearly  so,  rather  slender,  purple-spotted,  1-2  ft.  high.  Lower 
leaves  lanceolate,  the  upper  ones  broader,  taper-pointed,  roundish 
or  heart-shaped  at  the  base.  Panicle  many-flowered,  narrow,  ellip- 
soidal. Calyx  teeth  lanceolate,  hardly  acute.  Flowers  purple,  occa- 
sionally white.    Damp  woods  and  fields. 

3.  P.  glaberrima  L.  Smooth  Phlox.  Stems  smooth,  slender, 
erect,  l-o  ft.  high.  Leaves  narrowly  lanceolate  or  linear,  11-4:  in. 
long,  smooth  except  the  rough  and  sometimes  recurved  margins. 
Cymes  few-flowered,  grouped  in  loose  corymbs.  Calyx  teeth  very 
narrow  and  sharp-pointed.  Corolla  pink  or  whitish,  lobes  longer  than 
the  tube.    Prairies  and  open  woods. 

4.  P.  pilosa  L.  Downy  Phlox.  Perennial;  stem  erect,  slender, 
simple  or  branched,  1-2  ft.  high.  Leaves  linear-lanceolate  to  linear, 
distant, spreading,  long,  taper-pointed,  sessile;  stem  and  leaves  downy. 
Cymes  corymbose,  loose.  Flowers  short-pediceled.  Calyx  glandular- 
viscid,  the  teeth  shorter  than  the  tube  of  the  purple  corolla,  bristle- 
pointed.  Corolla  tube  downy,  lobes  obovate.  Capsule  twice  the 
length  of  the  calyx  tube.    In  dry,  open  woods.* 

5.  P.  divaricata  L.  Wild  Blue  Phlox.  Perennial;  stems  erect 
or  ascending  from  a  decumbent  base,  sticky-downy,  1  ft.  high. 
Leaves  distant,  lanceolate  to  oblong,  acute  at  the  apex,  rounded  at 
the  base,  sessile,  downy.  Cymes  corymbed,  loosely  flowered.  Calyx 
teeth  awl-shaped,  longer  than  the  tube.    Corolla  bluish-purple,  |-f 


WATERLEAF  FAMILY  201 

in.  long;  lobes  notched  at  the  apex,  as  long  as  the  tube.    Capsule 
oval,  shorter  than  the  calyx  teeth.    In  moist,  open  woods.* 

6.  P.  Drummondii  Hook.  Drummoxd's  Phlox.  Annual;  stem 
erect  or  ascending,  slender,  Aveak,  branching,  glandular-do^Yny,  6-12 
in.  high.  Leaves  mostly  alternate,  lanceolate  to  oblong,  downy,  the 
upper  clasping  by  a  heart-shaped  base.  Corymbs  loose.  Flowers 
rather  long-i^ediceled.  Calyx  tube  short,  the  teeth  lanceolate,  bristle- 
jwinted,  soon  recurved.  Corolla  purple  to  crimson  or  white ;  orifice 
of  the  tube  usually  with  a  white  or  yellowish  star-like  ring;  lobes 
rounded  at  the  apex.  Ovary  3 -seeded ;  angles  of  the  seeds  winged. 
Introduced  from  Texas  and  common  everywhere  in  gardens.* 

7.  P.  subulata  L.  Ground  Pink,  Moss  Pink,  Flowering  Moss. 
Stems  perennial,  prostrate,  8-18  in.  long,  with  many  short,  somewhat 
upright  branches,  2-4  in.  high.  Leaves  linear-awl-shaped,  stiff,  about 
i  in.  long,  crowded,  with  clusters  of  smaller  ones  in  their  axils.  Flower 
clusters  o-6-flowered.  Corolla  pink-purple,  with  a  darker  center,  or  some- 
times white.  Forms  dense  mats  on  rocky  or  sandy  hillsides.  S.  and  W. 
and  often  cultivated. 

II.  POLEMONIUM    L. 

Perennial  herbs.  Leaves  alternate,  pinnate.  Flowers  in 
corymbs.  Calyx  bell-shaped,  5-lobed.  Corolla  wheel-shaped, 
the  limb  wdth  5  obovate  lobes.  Stamens  borne  on  the  throat 
of  the  corolla,  the  filaments  enlarged  and  hairy  below.  Cap- 
sule ovoid,  3-celled,  many-seeded. 

1.  P.  reptans  L.  Jacob's  Ladder,  Blue  Valerian,  Bluebell. 
Stems  smooth,  branched,  and  leaning  over,  6-12  in.  high.  Leaflets 
usually  7  or  9,  about  an  inch  long.  Corolla  blue,  about  3  times  as 
long  as  the  calj^x.  Capsule  3-seeded,  borne  on  a  short  stalk  in  the 
persistent  calyx.    Damp,  open  M^oods,  sometimes  cultivated. 

85.  HYDROPHYLLACE^.     AVaterleaf  Family 

Herbs,  usually  hairy.  Leaves  commonly  alternate  and  alter- 
nate-lobed.  Flowers  with  their  parts  in  fives,  in  appearance 
not  unlike  those  of  the  following  family,  in  one-sided  cymes, 
which  are  coiled  up  at  first.  Calyx  free  from  the  ovary,  usually^ 
with  appendages  at  the  notches.  Corolla  often  with  scales  or 
nectar-bearing  folds  inside.  Stamens  borne  by  the  corolla  tube. 
Style  2-cleft,  or  styles  2.  Ovary  entire  and  usually  1-celled. 
Fruit  a  capsule,  2-valved,  4-many-seeded. 


202  KEY  AND  FLORA 

I.   HYDROPHYLLUM    L. 

Coarse  perennials.  Leaves  large,  petioled.  Flowers  white 
or  pale  blue,  inconspicuous.  Calyx  5-parted,  sometimes  ap- 
pendaged  at  the  notches.  Corolla  bell-shaped,  5-cleft,  with 
5  double,  nectar-bearing  folds  inside.  Stamens  projecting, 
the  filaments  bearded.  Style  projecting;  ovary  covered  with 
bristly  hairs,  the  placentae  very  broad  and  fleshy,  inclosing 
the  ovules.    Capsule  globular,  1-4-seeded. 

1.  H.  macrophyllum  Xutt,  A  coarse,  rough-hairy  plant,  about  1  ft. 
high,  from  scaly-toothed  rootstocks.  Leaves  oblong,  pinnate  and  jiin- 
nately  cut,  the  divisions  mucronate,  obtuse,  coarsely  toothed.  Flower 
cluster  dense,  globular,  long-peduncled.  Flowers  about  h  in.  long. 
Calyx  little  or  not  at  all  appendaged,  its  lobes  broad  at  the  base, 
but  with  slender,  tapering  points.  Corolla  white.  Rich,  rocky  woods 
W.  and  S. 

2.  H.  virginianum  L.  Nearly  smooth,  1-2  ft.  high,  stem  often  fork- 
ing at  the  base.  Leaves  of  the  stem  mostlj^  near  the  top,  pinnately 
cut  into  5-7  divisions ;  lobes  oval-lanceolate,  deeply  serrate,  the 
lowest  ones  distinct;  petioles  of  the  basal  and  lower  leaves  4-8  in. 
long.  Flower  clusters  on  peduncles  longer  than  the  petioles  of  the 
upper  leaves,  from  the  axils  of  which  or  opposite  which  they  arise. 
Flowers  about  |  in.  long.  Calyx  not  appendaged,  its  lobes  narrowly 
linear,  bristly-margined.  Corolla  whitish,  with  purplish  veins.  Moist 
woods. 

3.  H.  appendiculatum  Michx.  Hairy,  1-1 1  ft.  high.  Stem  leaves  pal- 
mately  5-lobed,  the  lobes  acute,  toothed,  lowest  ones  pinnately  divided. 
Flower  cluster  rather  loose.  Calyx  appendaged  at  the  notches.  Corolla 
blue.  Stamens  projecting  from  the  corolla  little  or  not  at  all.  Moist 
woods. 

11.   ELLISIA    L.    (MACROCALYX) 

Delicate,  branching  annuals.  Leaves  pinnately  lobed  or 
divided.  Flowers  small,  whitish.  Calyx  without  appendages, 
5-parted,  enlarged  and  leafy  in  fruit.  Corolla  bell-shaped  or 
cylindrical,  little  if  any  longer  than  the  calyx,  5-lobed,  with 
5  minute  appendages  within  the  tube.  Placentae,  fruit,  and 
seeds  nearly  as  in  Hydrophyllum. 

1.  E.  Nyctelea  L.  Plant  somew^hat  roughish-hairy,  6-12  in.  high. 
Leaves  pinnately  parted  or  divided.  Peduncles  1-flowered,  opposite 
the  leaves.  Corolla  whitish.  Pod  globose,  finally  pendulous.  In  damp, 
shady  places. 


BORAGE  FAMILY  203 

III.   PHACELIA   Juss. 

Herbs,  mostly  annual.  Leaves  alternate,  sometimes  simple, 
but  in  most  species  lobed  or  divided.  Flowers  in  one-sided 
clusters,  often  showy.  Calyx  5-parted,  without  appendages. 
Corolla  with  5  spreading  lobes.  Ovary  1-celled,  with  narrow 
placenta3. 

1.  P.  bipinnatifida  Michx.  A  hairy  biennial.  Stem  upright,  1-2  ft. 
high.  Leaves  on  long  petioles,  pinnately  divided  or  deeply  cut  into 
3-7  toothed  or  cut  segments.  Racemes  long,  loose,  many-flowered. 
Flowers  blue  or  violet,  the  spreading  or  recurved  pedicels  about  as 
long  as  the  calyx.  Calyx  segments  linear.  Corolla  broadly  bell- 
shaped,  its  appendages  in  pairs  between  the  stamens.  Rich  soil  in 
thickets  and  along  streams. 

2.  P.  tanacetifolia  Benth.  A  tall,  hairy  annual.  Leaves  pinnately 
cut.  Spikes  long,  densely  flowered.  Flowers  showy,  blue.  Stamens 
projecting.    Capsule  4-seeded.    Cultivated  from  California. 

3.  P.  Whitlavia  Gray.  AVhitlavia.  Arather  coarse,  sticky  annual. 
Leaves  broad,  ovate,  coarsely  toothed,  petioled.  Flower  clusters  a 
loose  raceme.  Flowers  showy,  about  1  in.  long,  blue  or  sometimes 
white.  Corolla  bell-shaped.  Stamens  and  style  projecting.  Capsule 
many-seeded.    Cultivated  from  California. 

4.  P.  linearis  Holz.  Eutoca.  A  much-branched,  somewhat  rough 
or  rough-hairy  plant,  3-12  in.  high.  Leaves  linear  or  lanceolate,  en- 
tire or  nearly  so.  Flowers  showy,  violet  or  white,  loosely  panicled. 
Capsule  many-seeded.    Cultivated  from  California. 

86.  BORAGINACEiE.    Borage  Family 

Mostly  herbs,  with  stems  and  foliage  roughened  with  stiff 
hairs.  Leaves  alternate  and  entire,  not  aromatic.  Flowers  gen- 
erally in  a  coiled  inflorescence.  Calyx  5-parted.  Corolla  hypogy- 
nous,  generally  5-lobed  and  regular.  Stamens  5,  inserted  on  the 
corolla  tube.  Style  1  ;  ovary  commonly  4-lobed,  ripening  into 
4  1-seeded  nutlets. 

I.   HELIOTROPIUM    L. 

Herbs  or  low  shrubs.  Leaves  petioled.  Flowers  white, 
blue,  or  lilac,  in  one-sided,  curved  spikes.  Calyx  5-parted. 
Corolla  salver-shaped,  the  throat  open.  Anthers  almost  ses- 
sile. Style  short;  stigma  conical  or  knobbed.  Fruit  sepa- 
rating into  2  or  4  nutlets. 


204  KEY  AND  FLORA 

1.  H.  peruvianum  L.  Common  Heliotrope.  Somewhat  shrubby, 
much  branched.  Leaves  lance-ovate  or  somewhat  oblong,  veined 
and  much  wrinkled,  short-petioled.  Flowers  numerous,  in  a  cluster 
of  terminal  spikes,  bluish-purple  or  lavender,  very  sweet-scented,  the 
odor  not  unlike  that  of  vanilla.    Cultivated  from  Peru. 


II.    CYNOGLOSSUM    L. 

Coarse,  rough-hairy  or  silky  biennials.  Flowers  small, 
bluish-purple  or  white,  in  forked  and  usually  bractless  cymes. 
Calyx  5-parted.  Corolla  funnel-shaped,  the  mouth  closed  by 
prominent  scales,  its  lobes  obtuse.  Stamens  not  projecting. 
Styles  stiff,  persistent.  Nutlets  4,  covered  wdth  hooked  or 
barbed  bristles,  attached  to  a  thickened,  conical  receptacle. 

1.  C.  officinale  L.  Houxd's-Toxgue,  Sheep  Lice,  Dog  Bur,  Stick- 
Tights.  Stem  1-2  ft.  high,  soft-downy,  panicled  above.  Basal 
leaves  8-10  in.  long,  long-petioled,  oblong  or  oblong-lanceolate; 
stem  leaves  sessile,  linear-oblong  or  lanceolate,  rounded  or  heart- 
shaped  at  the  base.  Corolla  h  in.  in  diameter,  reddish-purple.  Nut- 
lets I-  in.  long,  with  a  thickened  borde/.  Whole  ]>lant  with  a  strong 
smell  like  that  of  mice.  A  troublesome  weed ;  along  roadsides  and 
in  pastures  ;  naturalized  from  Europe. 

2.  C.  virginianum  L.  Wild  Co.-\ifrey.  Perennial.  Stem  stout, 
simple,  erect,  leafless  above,  2-3  ft.  high.  Leaves  oval  or  oblong,  the 
upper  clasping  by  a  heart-shaped  base.  Racemes  bractless ;  flowers 
pale  blue,  on  short  pedicels,  wdiich  are  recurved  in  fruit.  Nutlets  not 
margined,  separating  and  falling  away  at  maturity.    On  dry  soil. 


III.   LAPPULA    Moench. 

Annual  or  biennial  herbs,  grayish,  with  rough  hairs.  Flowers 
small,  blue  or  whitish,  racemed  or  spiked.  Corolla  salver- 
shaped,  its  throat  closed  with  5  concave  scales.  Nutlets  more 
or  less  covered  with  prickles,  which  are  barbed  at  the  tip, 
attached  by  their  sides  to  the  base  of  the  style. 

1.  L.  virginiana  Greene.  Beggar's  Lice.  A  coarse  biennial,  2-4 
ft.  high,  the  stem  much  branched  above.  Basal  leaves  roundish- 
ovate  or  heart-shaped,  on  slender  petioles ;  stem  leaves  3-4  in.  long, 
pointed  at  both  ends.  Racemes  1-3  in.  long,  terminating  the  slender, 
spreading  branches;  flowers  small,  bluish-white.  Fruit  forming  a 
troublesome  bur.    Fence  rows  and  thickets. 


BORAGE  FAMILY  205 

IV.   MYOSOTIS    L. 

Low,  annual,  biennial,  or  perennial  herbs  ;  stems  branching, 
erect,  or  diffuse.  Leaves  alternate,  entire.  Flowers  small, 
blue,  pink,  or  white,  in  elongated,  bractless  racemes.  Calyx 
5-cleft,  the  lobes  erect  or  spreading  in  fruit.  Corolla  salver- 
form,  5-lobed,  the  tube  as  long  as  the  calyx,  the  throat  with 
5  small  appendages.  Stamens  5,  inserted  in  the  tube  of  the 
corolla,  included.  Ovary  4-parted ;  style  slender.  Xutlets 
smooth  or  downy,  elliptical,  compressed.* 

1.  M.  scorpioides  L.  Forget-Me-Not.  Perennial,  from  slender 
rootstocks ;  stems  slender,  downy,  rooting  at  tlie  nodes,  6-15  in. 
long.  Leaves  oblong  to  oblong-lanceolate,  obtuse,  narrowed  to  the 
sessile  base,  appressed-downy.  Kacenies  many-flowered ;  pedicels 
becoming  elongated  in  fruit.  Lobes  of  the  calyx  shorter  than  the 
tube,  spreading  in  fruit.  Corolla  blue,  with  a  yellow  eye.  Xutlets 
angled,  smooth.    In  gardens  and  often  naturalized  from  Europe.* 

2.  M.  laxa  Lehm.  Small  Forget-Me-Not.  Annual  or  perennial ; 
whole  plant  downy ;  stem  slender,  weak,  decumbent  and  rooting  at 
the  base,  1-2  ft.  long.  Lower  leaves  spatulate,  the  upper  lanceolate, 
llacemes  loosely  flowered,  becoming  elongated  in  fruit ;  pedicels 
spreading.  Calyx  rough-hairy,  the  lobes  as  long  as  the  tube.  Corolla 
pale  blue,  with  a  yellow  eye.  Nutlets  convex  on  all  sides.  On  low 
ground  and  in  brooks  and  ponds.* 


V.   MERTENSIA    Roth. 

Perennial  herbs.  Leaves  generally  pale,  smooth,  and  entire. 
Calyx  short,  deeply  5-cleft  or  5-parted.  Corolla  somewhat 
trumpet-shaped  or  funnel-shaped,  often  with  5  small  folds  or 
ridges  in  the  throat,  between  the  points  of  insertion  of  the 
stamens.  Style  long  and  slender.  Nutlets  smooth,  or  at  length 
becoming  wrinkled. 

1.  M.  virginica  Link.  Lungwort,  Bluebells,  Smooth,  nearly 
erect,  1-U  ft.  high.  Basal  leaves  large,  obovate  or  nearly  so,  and 
petioled ;  stem  leaves  smaller,  sessile.  Flowers  clustered.  Corolla 
nearly  trumpet-shaped,  varying  with  age  from  lilac  to  blue  (or  occa- 
sionally white).  Stamens  with  slender  filanuMits  projecting  beyond 
the  corolla  tube.  Damp,  open  woods,  and  banks  of  streams ;  some- 
times cultivated. 


206  KEY  AND  FLORA 

VI.   LITHOSPERMUM    L. 

Herbs,  with,  stout,  usually  reddish  roots.  Flowers  appearing 
axillary  and  solitary  or  else  in  leafy-bracted  spikes.  Corolla 
funnel-shaped  or  salver-shaped,  with  or  without  folds  or 
appendages  at  the  mouth  of  the  tube ;  the  limb  5-cleft,  its 
divisions  rounded.  Stamens  included  in  the  corolla  tube,  the 
anthers  nearly  sessile.  Nutlets  either  smooth  or  wrinkled, 
generally  very  hard  and  bony. 

1.  L.  arvense  L.  Corn  Gromwell.  A  rough  weed,  about  1  ft. 
high.  Leaves  narrowly  lanceolate.  Flowers  inconspicuous,  whitish, 
in  the  upper  leaf  axils.  Corolla  hardly  extending  beyond  the  calyx, 
without  appendages  in  the  throat.  Nutlets  rough  or  wrinkled  and 
dull.    Sandy  banks  and  roadsides ;  naturalized  from  Europe. 

2.  L.  Gmelini  Ilitchc.  Hairy  Puccoon.  Rough-hairy,  perennial, 
1-2  ft.  high.  Corolla  deep  orange-yellow,  with  appendages  in  the 
throat  and  clad  with  wool  within  at  the  bottom;  flowers  handsome, 
peduncled,  in  a  crowded  cluster.    Dry,  open  pine  woods,  in  sandy  soil. 

3.  L.  canescens  Lehm.  Puccoon,  Indian  Paint.  Perennial; 
clothed  with  soft  hairs,  8-12  in.  high.  Flowers  axillary  and  sessile. 
Corolla  appendaged,  not  woolly  within,  showy,  orange-yellow.  Banks 
and  open  woods. 

4.  L.  angustifolium  Michx.  Xarrow-Leaved  Puccoon.  Peren- 
nial;  rough,  6-18  in.  high,  from  a  deep  root.  Leaves  linear,  sessile, 
acute  or  nearly  so.  Flowers  pediceled  in  terminal  leafy  racemes  of 
two  kinds,  the  earlier  showy,  bright  yellow,  with  a  corolla  tube  an 
inch  or  more  long  ;  the  latter  much  smaller,  jiale  yellow,  cleistoga- 
mous,  fruiting  abundantly.  Pedicels  of  the  cleistogamous  flowers  at 
length  recurved.  Nutlets  ovoid,  white,  very  smooth,  slightly  pitted. 
In  dry  soil  W. 

VII.   ONOSMODIUM    Michx. 

Mostly  rough-hairy  perennial  herbs.  Leaves  sessile,  entire, 
with  prominent  veins.  Flowers  rather  small,  white,  greenish 
or  yellowish,  in  leafy  one-sided  spikes  or  racemes.  Calyx  5- 
parted  into  linear  divisions.  Corolla  tubular  or  tubular- funnel- 
form,  with  5  acute  erect  lobes.  Stamens  5,  perigynous,  not 
projecting  from  the  corolla  tube.  Style  thread-like,  decidedly 
projecting.  Nutlets  usually  only  1  or  2,  white,  smooth  and 
shining. 

1.  0.  virginianum  A. DC.  Stems  rather  slender,  1-3  ft.  high,  cov- 
ered with  rough,  stiff  bristles.    Leaves  oblong  or  oblong-lanceolate, 


VERBEXA  FAMILY  207 

the  lower  ones  narrowed  at  the  base.  Corolla  narrow,  its  lobes  lance- 
awl-shaped,  slightly  bearded  outside  with  long  bristles,  in  dry 
thickets  or  on  hillsides. 

2.  0.  hispidissimum  ^Mackenzie.  Stem  stout,  upright,  1-i  ft.  high, 
shaggy  with  long  bristly  hairs.  Leaves  from  lanceolate  to  obhnig, 
acute,  2-4:^2  in.  long.  Corolla  rather  broad,  its  lobes  ovate-triangular 
or  triangular-lanceolate,  thickly  hairy  outside.  Nutlets  with  a  very 
short  neck  at  the  base.    Rich  soil  along  river  banks  and  bottom  lands, 

VIII.   ECHIUM    L. 

Herbs  or  sometimes  shrubs,  usually  stout,  coarse,  and  hairy. 
Leaves  entire.  Flowers  Avhite,  reddish-purple  or  blue,  in  spiked 
or  pauicled  racemes.  Calyx  o-parted.  Corolla  tube  cylindrical 
or  funnel-shaped ;  the  throat  dilated ;  the  limb  with  5  unequal 
lobes.  Filaments  unequal,  attached  to  the  corolla  below,  pro- 
jecting from  the  corolla.  Style  thread-like ;  stigma  2-lobed. 
Nutlets  4,  ovoid  or  top-shaped,  wrinkled. 

1.  E.  vulgare  L.    Blue   Thistle,   Blue   Weed,  Blue  Devils. 

Stems  1-3  ft.  high,  more  or  less  erect,  leafy,  covered  with  stinging 
hairs.  Root  leaves  lanceolate  or  oblong,  petioled,  4-8  in.  long; 
stem  leaves  sessile,  acute,  rounded  at  the  base.  Flowers  showy, 
reddish-purple  in  the  bud,  changing  to  bright  blue.  A  very  trouble- 
some weed,  especially  in  fallow^  fields.    Naturalized  from  Europe. 

87.  VERBENACE^.    Verbena  Family 

Herbs,  shrubs,  or  trees.  Leaves  opposite  or  wdiorled,  with- 
out stipules.  Flowers  zygomorpliic,  in  bracted  cymes.  Calyx 
hypogynous,  cleft  or  toothed.  Corolla  hypogynous,  tubular, 
usually  more  or  less  2-lipped.  Stamens  usually  4  (2  long  and 
2  short),  inserted  on  the  corolla  tube.  Ovary  usually  2-4-celled 
(in  Phrf/ma  1-celled),  with  the  style  springing  from  its  summit. 

I.   VERBENA    L. 

Annual  or  perennial  herbs.  Leaves  simple,  op]^osite,  ser- 
rate or  pinnately  lobed.  Flowers  in  terminal  spikes  which 
become  much  elongated  in  fruit.  Calyx  tubular,  5-ribbed,  5- 
toothed.  Corolla  salverform  or  funnelform,  the  tube  often 
curved,  bearded  in  the  throat,  limb  spreading,  o-lobed.  often 


208  KEY  AND  FLORA 

somewhat  2-lipped.  Stamens  4  (2  long  and  2  short),  rarely 
only  2,  included.  Ovary  2-4-celled,  2-4-ovuled ;  style  slen- 
der, 2-lobed.  Fruit  2-4  smooth  or  roughened,  1-seeded  nut- 
lets. [Several  of  the  commonest  species  are  tall,  coarse  herbs, 
which  blossom  too  late  for  school  study.]* 

1.  V.  officinalis  L.  European  Vervain.  Annual;  stem  erect, 
slender,  nearly  or  quite  smooth,  branching,  1-3  ft.  high.  Leaves 
ovate  to  obovate  in  outline,  pinnately  lobed  or  divided,  narrowed  and 
entire  toward  the  base,  downy  beneath ;  petioles  margined.  Spikes 
several,  very  slender;  flowers  small,  purple;  bracts  shorter  than  the 
calyx.    In  fields  and  waste  places.    Naturalized  from  Europe.* 

2.  V.  angustifolia  Michx.  Narrow-Leaved  Vervain.  Peren- 
nial, rough-hairy ;  stem  simple,  or  branched  below,  from  a  creeping 
base,  1-2  ft.  high.  Leaves  lanceolate  to  spatulate,  obtuse  and  toothed 
at  the  apex,  tapering  to  a  sessile  base.  Spike  peduncled,  slender, 
close-flowered;  bracts  about  the  length  of  the  calyx.  Corolla  purple, 
tube  slightly  curved,  i  in.  long.    In  dry,  open  woods.* 

3.  V.bracteosa  Michx.  Perennial ;  widely  spreading  or  decumbent, 
hairy;  stems  6-15  in.  long,  4-sided,  branching  from  the  base.  Leaves 
wedge-lanceolate,  3-cleft  or  pinnately  cut,  short-petioled.  Spikes  ses- 
sile, stout,  with  large  bracts,  the  lower  ones  pinnately  cut  and  longer 
than  the  flowers.  Flowers  small,  purple.  On  prairies  and  waste  ground. 

4.  V.  bipinnatifida  Nutt.  Perennial;  plant  rough-hairy,  producing 
suckers,  erect,  6-18  in.  high.  Leaves  with  petioles,  or  the  upper  ones 
sessile,  once  or  twice  pinnately  parted  into  oblong  or  linear  divisions. 
Spikes  stout,  dense  and  solitary  at  the  ends  of  the  branches ;  bracts 
usually  longer  than  the  calyx.  Corolla  bluish-purple  or  lilac,  less 
than  i  in.  in  diameter.    Dry  plains  and  prairies  W.  and  S. 

5.  V.  canadensis  Britton,  Wild  Verbena.  A  slender-stemmed, 
somewhat  reclining  annual,  1  ft.  or  less  in  height.  Leaves  ovate  or 
nearly  so,  wedge-shaped  at  the  base,  lobed  and  toothed  or  3-cleft. 
Flowers  showy,  reddish-purple  or  lilac  (seldom  white),  in  a  peduncled 
spike.  Calyx  teeth  as  long  as  or  longer  than  the  bracts.  Corolla  very 
slightly  bearded  in  the  throat.  In  dry  prairie  soil  and  open  woods ; 
also  cultivated.  [Other  somewhat  similar  cultivated  species  are  from 
Brazil.] 

II.   CALLICARPA    L. 

Shrubs.  Leaves  simple,  petioled,  opposite  or  whorled,  glan- 
dular-dotted. Flowers  in  axillary  cymes.  Calyx  4-toothed  or 
entire.  Corolla  funnelform,  4-cleft,  actinomorphic.  Stamens 
4,  equal,  projecting.  Ovary  4-ovuled ;  style  slender;  stigma 
knobbed.    Fruit  a  1-4-seeded  berry.* 


MINT  FAMILY  209 

1.  C.  americana  L.  Frknch  ^Mulueury,  ^Mexican  ^MrLHEintv, 
Shrubs,  with  star-shaped  glanduhir  or  scurfy  down,  widely  branched, 
3-8  ft.  high.  Leaves  ovate  to  oblong,  acute  at  each  end,  crenate- 
serrate,  rough  above,  downy  beneath,  glandular-dotted  ;  petioles  slen- 
der. Cymes  many-flowered,  the  peduncle  as  long  as  the  petiole  ; 
pedicels  short.  Calyx  cup-shaped,  the  teeth  short.  Corolla  double 
the  length  of  the  calyx,  blue.  Fruit  violet-purple,  very  conspicuous 
in  autumn.    Common  in  fields  and  thickets  S.* 

88.  LABIATiE.     Mint  Family 

Mostly  herbs,  with  square  stems  and  opposite,  more  or  less 
aromatic,  leaves,  without  stipules.  Flowers  generally  in  cyme- 
like axillary  clusters,  which  are  often  grouped  into  terminal 
spikes  or  racemes.  Calyx  tubular,  usually  2-lipped,  persistent. 
Corolla  usually  2-lipped.  Stamens  4  (2  long  and  2  short)  or 
only  2.  Ovary  free,  with  4  deep  lobes,  which  surround  the 
base  of  the  style.  Fruit  consisting  of  4  nutlets,  ripening 
inside  the  base  of  the  calyx. 

Stcnnens  4- 

(a)  Calyx  2-lipped. 

Lips  entire.  Scutellaria,  I 

Lips  toothed  and  cleft.    Plants  not  aromatic.     Prunella,  IV 

Lips  toothed  and  cleft.    Plants  aromatic.    Leaves  extremely 

small.  Thymus.  IX 

(i)  Calyx  not  2-lipped,  or  not  much  so. 

Calyx  tubular,  5-10-toothed.    Stamens  not  itrojecting  from 

tube  of  corolla.  ]\Iarrul>ium.  11 

Calyx  tubular,  with  5  eipial  teeth.    Stamens  under  uy\>vv 

lip  of  corolla.  Xepeta,  III 

Calj^  tubular,  bell-shaped,  with  .')  awl-shaped  teeth.  Stamens 

not  turned  down  after  maturing.  Laniium.  V 

Calyx  top-shaped,  with  spreading  spiny  teeth.  Leonurus.  VI 

Calyx  as  in  V.    Stamens  turned  down  after  maturing. 

Stachys.  \\l 

B 

Stamens  2.  Salvia.  VIII 


210  KEY  AND  FLORA 


I.   SCUTELLARIA    L. 


Mostly  slender  herbs,  not  aromatic.  Flowers  solitary  or  in 
pairs,  axillary  or  in  terminal  spikes  or  racemes.  Calyx  bell- 
shaped,  2-lipped,  the  upper  part  swollen  into  a  helmet-shaped 
pouch ;  mouth  of  the  calyx  closed  after  flowering.  Corolla 
tube  long,  naked  inside.  Stamens  4,  the  anthers  meeting  in 
pairs,  hairy-fringed.  Style  with  a  very  short  upper  lobe. 
[The  species  here  described  are  not  the  commonest  ones,  but 
most  of  the  others  grow  in  damp  soil  and  bloom  later.] 

1.  S.  serrata  Andr.  Skullcap.  Stem  not  much  branched,  1-3  ft. 
high.  Stem  leaves  serrate,  taper-pointed  at  both  ends,  ovate  or  nearly 
so.  Racemes  single,  loose.  Calyx  rather  hairy.  Corolla  1  in.  long, 
the  lips  of  equal  length.    Woods. 

2.  S.  pilosa  Michx.  Hairy  Skullcap.  Stem  more  or  less  hairy, 
not  much  if  at  all  branched,  1-3  ft.  high.  Leaves  a  few  distant  pairs, 
diamond-ovate,  oblong-ovate,  or  roundish-ovate,  scalloped,  obtuse, 
the  lower  heart-shaped  or  nearly  truncate  at  the  base,  with  long 
petioles.  Racemes  short,  few-flowered.  Corolla  i-  in.  long;  tube 
whitish,  lips  blue,  the  lower  one  rather  shorter.  Open  woodlands 
and  dry  soil. 

3.  S.  integrifolia  L.  Large-Flowered  Skullcap.  Stem  covered 
with  fine,  grayish  down,  usually  unbranched,  1-2  ft.  high.  Leaves 
lance-oblong  or  nearly  linear,  mostly  entire,  obtuse,  with  very  short 
petioles.  Corolla  1  in.  long,  tube  pale,  lips  large  and  spreading,  blue. 
Dry  ground. 

4.  S.  parvula  Michx.  Small  Skullcap.  Perennial  with  necklace- 
like tuber-bearing  rootstocks.  Stems  slender,  minutely  downy,  3-12 
in.  long,  erect  or  spreading.  Leaves  varying  from  ovate  to  lanceo- 
late, or  the  lower  nearly  round.  Flowers  solitary  in  the  axils  of  the 
upper  leaves.   Corolla  ^-^  in.  long,  violet,  downy.  In  moist,  sandy  soil. 

n.    MARRUBIUM    L. 

Perennial,  downy,  or  woolly  herbs.  AYhorls  of  flowers  axil- 
lary ;  flowers  small ;  bracts  leaf-like.  Calyx  tubular,  5-10- 
toothed ;  teeth  somewhat  spiny.  Corolla  short ;  upper  lip  erect, 
lower  spreading,  3-cleft,  the  middle  lobe  broadest.  Stamens  4, 
not  projecting.    Lobes  of  the  stigma  short  and  blunt. 

1.  M.  vulgare  L,  Horehound.  Stems  somewhat  reclining,  stout, 
branching,  leafy,  1-1 1  ft.  high.  Leaves  broadly  ovate,  heart-shaped 
or  wedge-shaped  at  the  base,  scalloped,  leathery  and  wrinkled.  Whorls 


:\IINT  FAMILY  211 

of  flowers  dense.  Calyx  teeth  liooked  at  the  tip,  CoroHa  .',  in.  hnig, 
white.  Cultivated  from  Europe  as  an  herb  (used  in  preparation  of 
horehound  candy)  and  somewhat  naturalized. 

III.   NEPETA    L. 

Erect  or  prostrate  herbs.  Whorls  of  flowers  axillary  or  ter- 
minal ;  flowers  blue  or  white.  Calyx  tubular,  lo-ribbed,  5- 
toothed.  Corolla  tube  slender  below,  dilated  at  the  throat, 
naked;  upper  lip  notched  or  2-cleft ;  lower  lip  3-cleft,  middle 
lobe  large.  Stamens  4,  ascending  under  the  upper  lip,  the 
upper  pair  longer.    Lobes  of  the  stigma  awl-shaped. 

B.  Fl.  species  2  (^Glecoma). 

1.  N.  Cataria  L.  Catnip.  Stem  grayish,  downy,  2-3  ft.  high, 
branched,  very  leafy.  Leaves  large,  ovate-heart-shaped,  deeply  scal- 
loped, serrate,  white  and  downy  beneath.  Corolla  about  l  in.  long, 
whitish  with  purple  dots.  Xaturalized  from  Europe ;  a  common  weed 
about  dooryards. 

2.  N.  hederacea  Trevisan.  Ground  Ivy,  Gill-over-the-Gkound, 
Creeping  Charley,  Crow  Victuals,  Robin  Runaway.  Creep- 
ing. Leaves  roundish,  kidney-shaped,  and  crenate.  Corolla  bluish- 
j)urple,  three  times  as  long  as  the  calyx.  Common  in  damp  places 
about  houses  and  gardens.    Naturalized  from  Europe. 

IV.    PRUNELLA    L. 

Perennials,  with  stems  simple  or  nearly  so,  and  sessile,  3- 
flow^ered  flower  clusters  in  the  axils  of  kidney-shaped  bracts, 
the  whole  forming  a  spike  or  head.  Calyx  tubular-bell-shaped, 
somewhat  10-ribbed;  upper  lip  broad,  3-toothed,  the  teeth  shorty 
lower  lip  with  2  longer  teeth.  Upper  lip  of  the  corolla  upright, 
arched,  and  entire  ;  the  lower  spreading,  reflexed,  fringed,  and 
3-cleft.  Stamens  4,  reaching  up  under  the  upper  lip,  with  the 
tips  of  the  filaments  2-toothed ;  only  one  tooth  anther-bearing. 

1.  P.  vulgaris  L.  Self-Heal,  IIealall,  Carpenter  Weed. 
Leaves  with  petioles,  ovate-oblong,  either  entire  or  toothed,  often 
somewhat  hairy.  Corolla  usually  blue  or  bluish,  somewhat  longer 
than  the  brown-purple  calyx.     Oj^en  woods  and  fields  everywhere. 

V.   LAMIUM    L. 

Annual  or  perennial  hairy  herbs.  Calyx  tubular-bell-shaped, 
5-veined,  with  5   awl-pointed  teeth   of   nearly  equal  length. 


212  KEY  AND  FLORA 

Corolla  with  dilated  throat,  upper  lip  arched,  middle  lobe  of 
the  lower  lip  notched,  the  lateral  lobes  small,  close  to  the 
throat  of  the  corolla.   Stamens  4,  rising  beneath  the  upper  lip. 

1.  L.  amplexicaule  L.  Henbit,  Dead  Nettle.  An  annual  or 
biennial  weed.  Leaves  roundish,  deeply  scalloped,  the  lower  ones 
petioled,  the  upper  sessile  and  clasping.  Corolla  sometimes  |  in. 
long",  downy,  rose-colored  or  purplish.  Not  uncommon  about  gardens 
and  dooryards.    Naturalized  from  Europe. 

2.  L.  purpureum  L.  Stem  6-18  in.  high,  silky -hairy  or  nearly 
smooth,  reclining  below,  branched  from  the  base.  Leaves  long-peti- 
oled,  obtuse,  heart-shaped,  scalloped.  Whorls  of  flowers  mostly 
terminal,  crowded.  Corolla  |-|  in.  long,  purple  (rarely  white).  Nat- 
uralized from  Europe. 

VI.   LEONURUS    L. 

Erect  herbs.  Leaves  lobed.  Whorls  of  flowers  axillary, 
densely  flowered,  scattered ;  bractlets  awl-shaped ;  flowers 
small,  pink  or  white.  Calyx  5-nerved,  top-shaped,  with  5 
rather  spiny,  spreading  teeth.  Corolla  with  upper  lip  erect 
and  entire,  lower  3-cleft.  Stamens  4  ;  anthers  joined  in  pairs. 
Nutlets  with  3  projecting  angles,  their  sides  channeled. 

1.  L.  cardiaca  L,  Motherwort.  Stem  2-4  ft.  high,  prominently 
angled,  stiff,  stout,  upright,  very  leafy.  Leaves  palmately  lobed  or 
cleft ;  basal  ones  long-petioled ;  lower  stem  leaves  many-cleft,  the 
upper  ones  3-cleft,  prominently  nerved,  the  divisions  acute.  Corolla 
I  in.  long,  pale  rose  color,  the  upper  lip  and  outside  of  the  tube 
densely  soft-bearded.  Common  about  dooryards  and  fence  rows. 
Naturalized  from  Europe. 

VII.   STACHYS    L. 

Herbs,  rarely  shrubs.  Leaves  scalloped  or  serrate.  Whorls 
of  flowers  2  or  more  flow^ered,  usually  in  terminal  racemes. 
Calyx  nearly  bell-shaped,  5-toothed.  Corolla  tube  cylindrical, 
usually  with  a  ring  of  hairs  inside,  not  dilated  at  the  throat ; 
upper  lip  erect  or  spreading;  lower  spreading,  3-lobed,  the 
middle  lobe  largest.    Stamens  4,  the  2  lower  longest. 

1.  S.  palustris  L.  Perennial;  stem  erect,  4-angled,  2-3  ft.  high, 
hairy,  especially  on  the  angles,  with  projecting  or  reflexed  hairs, 
leafy.  Stem  leaves  short-petioled  or  sessile,  ovate-lanceolate  or  ob- 
long-lanceolate, scalloped-serrate,  coarsely  or  finely  downy,  roundish 


MINT  FAMILY  213 

at  the  base,  rather  obtuse  at  the  tip.  Calyx  bristly,  the  lance-awl- 
shaped  teeth  rather  spiny.  Upper  lip  of  the  corolla  downy.  In  wet 
soil,  especially  X. 

2.  S.  tenuifolia  Willd.,  var.  aspera.  Taller  than  No.  1;  angles  of 
the  stem  covered  with  stiff  reflexed  bristles,  but  the  sides  often 
smooth.  Leaves  serrate,  nearly  all  with  distinct  petioles.  Calyx 
usually  smooth.  Corolla  smooth  throughout.  Damp  thickets  and 
along  streams. 

VIII.  SALVIA    L. 

Annual,  biennial,  or  perennial  herbs,  or  sometimes  shrubby. 
Flowers  in  spikes,  racemes,  or  panicles,  usually  sho^vy.  Calyx 
tubular  or  bell-shaped,  not  bearded  in  the  throat,  2-lipped, 
the  upper  lip  entire  or  3-toothed,  the  low^er  2-cleft.  Corolla 
2-lipped ;  the  upper  lip  entire  or  notched,  the  low^er  spread- 
ing, 3-lobed,  with  the  middle  lobe  longer.  Stamens  2,  short; 
anthers  2-celled,  the  upper  cell  fertile,  the  lower  imperfect. 
Style  2-cleft.    Nutlets  smooth.* 

1.  S.  lyrata  L.  Lyre-Leaved  Salvia.  Biennial  or  perennial; 
stem  erect,  sparingly  branched  above,  rough-hairy,  1-2  ft.  high. 
Leaves  mostly  basal,  spreading,  lyrate-pinnatifid,  usually  purple ; 
stem  leaves  small,  sessile  or  short-petioled.  Racemes  many-flowered, 
whorls  about  6-flowered.  Calyx  teeth  short  on  the  upper  lip,  long 
and  awl-shaped  on  the  lower.  Corolla  blue  or  purple ;  the  tube  about 
1  in.  long,  dilated  upward.    On  dry  soil.* 

2.  S.  officinalis  L.  Gakdex  Sage.  Stem  shrubby,  slender,  much 
branched  below^,  1  ft.  high.  Leaves  grayish-green,  lance-oblong,  cre- 
nate,  w^rinkled.  Flowers  in  terminal  spikes,  whorls  several-flowered. 
Corolla  blue,  upper  lip  strongly  arched,  about  equaling  the  lower. 
A  common  garden  herb.    Cultivated  from  Europe.* 

IX.   THYMUS  L. 

Small,  much-branched  shrubs,  very  aromatic.  Leaves  small, 
entire,  margins  often  rolled  under.  Whorls  of  tiow^ers  few- 
flow^ered,  in  loose  or  close  spikes ;  bracts  very  small ;  flowers 
usually  purple.  Calyx  ovoid,  2-lipped ;  upper  lip  o-toothed ; 
lower  2-cleft,  woolly  in  the  throat.  Corolla  slightly  2-lipped. 
Stamens  4,  usually  projecting  from  the  flower,  straight ;  lower 
pair  longer. 

1.  T.  Serpyllum  L.  Creeping  Thyme.  Smooth  or  hairy,  stem 
prostrate,  the  flowering  branches  somewhat  ascending.    Leaves  l-^ 


214  KEY  AXD  FLORA 

in.  long,  flat,  ovate  or  obovate-lanceolate,  obtuse.  Flowers  crowded 
in  spikes  at  the  end  of  the  branches.  Corolla  rose-purple,  ^-^  in. 
long.    Naturalized  from  Europe. 

2.  T.  vulgaris  L.  Garden  Thyme.  More  erect  than  No.  1. 
Leaves  somewhat  curled  under  at  the  edges.  Flower  clusters  shorter 
and  not  all  terminal.  Corolla  pale  purple.  Cultivated  from  Europe 
as  an  herb. 

89.  SOLANACE^.    Nightshade  Family 

Mostly  tropical  herbs  or  shrubs  (rarely  trees).  Leaves  usu- 
ally alternate,  without  stipules.  Flowers  actinomorphic,  borne 
on  bractless  pedicels  at  or  above  the  leaf  axils,  or  in  cymes. 
Calyx  hypogynous,  5-cleft,  usually  persistent.  Corolla  hypogy- 
nous,  wheel-shaped,  bell-shaped,  or  salver-shaped,  5-lobed.  Sta- 
mens 5,  short,  inserted  on  the  corolla  tube.  Ovary  2-celled  or 
imperfectly  4-celled ;  style  simple ;  stigma  simple  or  lobed. 
Fruit  a  many-seeded  capsule  or  berry, 

I.   SOLANUM   L. 

Herbs  or  shrubs  ;  stems  often  prickly,  sometimes  climbing. 
Leaves  alternate,  often  nearly  or  quite  opposite.  Flow^ers  clus- 
tered, the  peduncles  often  opposite  or  above  the  axils.  Calyx 
spreading,  5-toothed  or  5-cleft,  persistent.  Corolla  wdieel-shaped, 
5-lobed.  Stamens  5,  projecting,  the  filaments  very  short,  the 
anthers  long  and  meeting  about  the  style.  Ovary  2-celled ; 
style  slender.    Fruit  a  many-seeded,  juicy  berry.* 

1.  S.  Dulcamara  L.  Bittersweet.  Perennial;  stems  rather 
shrubby,  long,  and  climbing.  Leaves  heart-shaped,  or  some  of  them 
with  irregular  lobes,  or  ear-like  leaflets  at  the  base.  Flowers  blue  or 
purple,  somewhat  cymose.  Berries  showy,  of  many  shades  of  orange 
and  red  in  the  same  cluster,  according  to  their  maturity.  Naturalized 
from  Europe. 

2.  S.  nigrum  L.  Nightshade.  Annual;  stem  smooth,  or  downy 
with  simple  hairs,  erect,  diffusely  branched;  branches  wing-angled, 
1-3  ft.  high.  Leaves  ovate,  irregularly  toothed  or  entire,  somewhat 
inequilateral,  petioled.  Flowers  in  lateral,  peduncled  umbels,  small, 
white,  drooping.  Calyx  lobes  obtuse ;  corolla  i-^  in.  wide  ;  filaments 
downy;  berries  globose,  smooth,  black  when  ripe.  Common  in  culti- 
vated fields  and  w^aste  places.* 


NIGHTSHADE   FAMH.Y  215 

3.  S.  carolinense  L.  Horse  Xettle.  Perennial;  stem  erect, 
branched,  do^vny  with  star-shaped  hairs,  armed  witli  straight  yel- 
low prickles,  l--i  ft.  high.  Leaves  ovate-oblong,  deeply  toothed  or 
lobed,  acute  at  the  apex,  abruptly  contracted  to  the  short  petiole, 
prickly  on  the  veins.  Racemes  lateral,  few-flowered ;  pedicels  re- 
curved in  fruit.  Calyx  lobes  taper-pointed.  Corolla  deeply  angular- 
lobed,  blue  or  white ;  berry  globose,  smooth,  yellow.  A  common 
weed.* 

4.  S.  rostratum  Dunal.  Sand  Bur,  Buffalo  Bur.  Annual;  the 
whole  plant  beset  with  yellow  prickles;  stem  erect,  diffusely  branched, 
1-2  ft.  high.  Leaves  broadly  oval  or  ovate  in  outline,  deeply  pin- 
nately  lobed  or  parted,  petioled,  downy  with  star-shaped  hairs. 
Racemes  few-flowered ;  pedicels  erect  in  fruit.  Calyx  very  prickly, 
becoming  enlarged  and  inclosing  the  fruit.  Corolla  bright  yellow, 
5-angled,  about  1  in.  broad.  From  the  West,  becoming  a  troublesome 
weed  in  some  places.* 

5.  S.  tuberosum  L.  Irish  Potato.  Annual;  stem  diffusely 
branched,  downy,  undei'ground  branches  numerous  and  tuber-bear- 
ing. Leaves  irregularly  pinnatifid  and  divided.  Flowers  in  cymose 
clusters,  white  or  purple,  with  prominent  yellow  anthers ;  pedicels 
jointed.  Corolla  5-angled,  |-1  in.  broad.  Fruit  a  globose,  greenish- 
yellow,  many -seeded  berry,  about  I  in.  in  diameter.  Cultivated  from 
Chile.* 

II.   LYCOPERSICUM    Hill. 

Annual ;  stem  diffusely  branched.  Leaves  pinnately  divided. 
Flowers  in  raceme-like  clusters  on  peduncles  opposite  tlie 
leaves.  Calyx  5-many-parted,  persistent.  Corolla  wheel- 
shaped,  o-6-parted.  Stamens  5-6,  inserted  in  the  short  tube 
of  the  corolla ;  filaments  short,  anthers  elongated.  Ovary  2- 
several-celled ;  style  and  stigma  simple.  Fruit  a  many-seeded 
berry.* 

1.  L.  esculentum  ^NFill.  Tomato.  Stem  diffusely,  branched,  at 
length  leaning  over,  furrowed  and  angled  below,  sticky-hairy,  3-5 
ft.  long.  Leaves  irregularly  lobed  and  pinnatifld,  petioled.  Calyx 
lobes  linear,  al)Out  as  long  as  the  yellow  corolla.  Fruit  (in  the  wild 
state)  globose  or  ovoid,  red  or  yellow,  l-\  in.  in  diameter,  but  greatly 
enlarged  in  cultivation.  Common  in  cultivation  from  tropical 
America.* 

m.   LYCIUM    L. 

Shrubs  or  woody  vines,  often  spiny.  Leaves  entire,  alter- 
nate, often  fascicled.    Flowers  solitary  or  clustered,  terminal 


216  KEY  AND  FLORA 

or  axillary.  Calyx  persistent,  4-5-lobed  or  toothed,  not  en- 
larged in  fruit.  Corolla  funnelform  or  bell-shaped,  the  limb  4-5- 
lobed,  the  lobes  obtuse.  Stamens  4-5,  projecting.  Ovary  2-celled  ; 
style  single  ;  stigma  obtuse.    Fruit  a  many-seeded  berry.* 

1.  L.  halimifoliumMill.  Matrimony  Vine.  Stem  slender,  branch- 
ing, twining  or  trailing,  6-15  ft.  long ;  branches  angled,  spiny.  Leaves 
elliptical,  smooth,  entire,  sessile  or  short-petioled.  Flowers  solitary 
or  few  in  the  axils ;  peduncles  long  and  slender.  Corolla  spreading, 
greenish-purple,  ^-h  in.  wide.  Berry  oval,  orange-red.  Introduced 
from  Africa,  and  often  planted  for  covering  trellises.* 

IV.   DATURA    L. 

Annual  or  perennial,  strong-scented  herbs ;  stems  tall  and 
branching.  Leaves  petioled,  entire  or  lobed.  Flowers  large,  soli- 
tary in  the  forks  of  the  branches.  Calyx  tubular,  5-toothed  or 
lobed,  the  upper  part  deciduous  and  the  lower  persistent.  Corolla 
funnelform,  5-angled.  Stamens  5,  inserted  in  the  corolla  tube. 
Ovary  2-celled  or  imperfectly  4-celled ;  style  filiform  ;  stigma 
2-lobed.    Fruit  a  spiny,  4-valved,  many-seeded  capsule.* 

1.  D.  Stramonium  L.  Jimson  Weed,  Annual ;  stem  smooth,  green, 
stout,  forking  above,  1-4  ft.  high.  Leaves  ovate  to  oblong-ovate, 
acute  at  the  apex,  narrowed  at  the  base,  sinuate-toothed,  petioled. 
Calyx  5-angled.  Corolla  white,  about  4  in.  long.  Capsule  ovoid,  erect, 
2  in.  long.    A  common  weed  ;  poisonous.    Naturalized  from  Asia  (?).* 

2.  D.  Tatula  L.  Taller,  with  a  purple  stem ;  flowers  rather  later 
than  No.  1.  Corolla  violet-tinged.    Naturalized  from  tropical  America. 

V.  PETUNIA    Juss. 

Herbs  ;  leaves  alternate  and  entire.  Divisions  of  the  calyx 
oblong-spatulate.  Corolla  showy,  spreading,  funnel-shaped, 
not  perfectly  actinomorphic.  Stamens  5,  somewhat  unequal 
in  length,  inserted  in  the  middle  of  the  corolla  tube  and  not 
projecting  beyond  it.  Capsule  2-celled,  containing  many  very 
small  seeds. 

1.  P.  violacea  Lindl.  Common  Petunia.  Stems  rather  weak  and 
reclining.  Leaves  covered  with  clammy  down.  Corolla  varying  from 
pale  pink  to  bright  purplish-red,  often  variegated,  with  a  broad, 
inflated  tube,  which  is  hardly  twice  as  long  as  the  calyx.  Cultivated 
annual  from  South  America. 


FKnVORT   FAMILY  217 

2.  P.  nyctaginiflora  Juss.  White  Petunia.  Leaves  somewhat 
petioled.  Tube  of  corolla  long  and  slender.  Flowers  white.  Culti- 
A'ated  from  South  America.  This  and  the  preceding  species  much 
mixed  by  hybridization. 

90.  SCROPHULARIACE-^.     Figwort  Family 

Mostly  herbs,  with  flowers  not  actinomorphic.  Calyx  free 
from  the  ovary  and  persistent.  Corolla  often  2-lipped.  Sta- 
mens usually  2  long  and  2  short,  or  only  2  in  all,  inserted  on 
the  corolla  tube,  often  1  or  3  of  them  imperfectly  developed. 
Pistil  consisting  of  a  2-celled  and  usually  many-ovuled  ovary, 
with  a  single  style  and  an  entire  or  2-lobed  stigma. 

Corolla  wheel-shaped,  stamens  5.  Verbascum,  I 

Corolla    wheel-shaped    or    salver-shaped,    nearly    actinomorphic, 
stamens  2.  Veronica,  VI 

Corolla  2-lipped,  the  mouth  closed  by  a  palate,  tubular  below,  a 
spur  at  the  base.  Lin  aria,  II 

Corolla  2-lij)ped,  the  mouth  closed  by  a  palate,  tubular  below,  a 
short,  broad  pouch  at  the  base.  Antirrhinum,  III 

Corolla  decidedly  2-lipped. 

Stamens  with  anthers  2.  .  Gratiola,  V 

Stamens  4,  with  a  fifth  antherless  filament.  Pentstemon,  IV 

Stamens  4,  the  anther  cells  unequal.  Castilleja,  VII 

Stamens  4,  the  anther  cells  equal.  Pedicularis,  VIII 

I.   VERBASCUM    L. 

Biennial ;  stem  tall,  erect.  Leaves  alternate.  Flow^ers  in 
spikes,  racemes,  or  panicles.  Calyx  deeply  5-cleft.  Corolla 
wheel-shaped,  5-lobed,  the  lobes  nearly  equal.  Stamens  5, 
unequal,  declined ;  some  or  all  of  the  filaments  bearded. 
Style  flattened  at  the  apex.  Fruit  a  globose  capsule ;  seeds 
roughened.* 

1.  V.  Blattaria  L.  Moth  Mullein.  Stem  erect,  slender,  sinq)le 
or  sparingly  branched,  smooth  below,  downy  above,  2-4  ft.  liigh. 
Leaves  oblong  to  lanceolate,  acute  at  the  apex,  obtuse  or  truncate  at 
the  base,  dentate  to  pinnately  lobed,  the  lower  petioled,  the  upper 


218  KEY  AXD  FLORA 

sessile  and  clasping.  Raceme  long  and  loose,  glandular-downy ;  pedi- 
cels bracted.  Corolla  white  or  yellow,  marked  with  brown  on  the  back, 
about  1  in.  wide.  Filaments  all  bearded  with  purple  hairs.  Capsule 
longer  than  the  calyx.  Common  in  fields  and  waste  places.  Natural- 
ized from  Europe.* 

II.   LINARIA    Hill 

Herbs,  rarely  shrubby.  Lower  leaves  opposite,  whorled  or 
alternate.  Flowers  in  bracted  racemes. or  spikes,  or  axillary  and 
solitary.  Calyx  5-parted.  Corolla  2-lipped,  the  tube  spurred. 
Stamens  4,  with  sometimes  a  rudiment  of  a  fifth.  Stigma  notched 
or  2-lobed.    Capsule  ovoid  or  globose ;  cells  nearly  equal. 

1.  L.  vulgaris  Hill.  Butter  axd  Eggs,  Jacob's  Ladder,  Wild 
Flax.  A  perennial,  erect,  smooth  herb,  with  a  bloom ;  steni  1-2  ft. 
high.  Leaves  linear  or  lanceolate,  1-3  in.  long,  often  whorled.  Ra- 
cemes densely  flowered.  Sepals  shorter  than  the  spur.  Corolla  yel- 
low, f-1  in.  long ;  spur  parallel  to  and  as  long  as  the  tube ;  throat 
closed  by  a  palate-like  fold.  Common  in  dry  fields  and  pastures  and 
along  roadsides.    Naturalized  from  Europe. 

2.  L.  canadensis  Dumont.  Toadflax.  Biennial ;  flowering  stems 
erect,  slender,  rarely  branched,  smooth,  1-2  ft.  high ;  sterile  stems 
prostrate,  with  opposite  or  whorled  leaves,  2-6  in.  long.  Leaves 
linear,  entire,  sessile.  Racemes  erect,  slender;  pedicels  erect,  as 
long  as  the  calyx.  Corolla  small,  blue  and  white,  the  spur  thread- 
like, curved,  longer  than  the  pedicels.  Capsule  2-valved,  the  valves 
3-toothed.    On  dry  or  cultivated  ground  E. 

III.    ANTIRRHINUM    L. 

Annual  or  perennial  herbs..  Leaves  entire,  rarely  lobed,  the' 
lower  ones  opposite,  the  upper  alternate.  Flowers  axillary  and 
solitary,  or  racemed  and  bracted.  Calyx  5-parted.  Corolla  2- 
lipped ;  the  tube  with  a  sac,  the  broad-bearded  palate  closing 
the  throat.  Stamens  4.  Stigma  with  2  short  lobes.  Capsule 
2-celled,  the  upper  cell  opening  by  1  pore,  the  lower  by  2. 

1.  A.  majus  L.  Snapdragon.  Perennial;  stem  erect,  smooth 
below,  glandular-downy  above,  1-2  ft.  high.  Leaves  linear  to 
oblong-lanceolate,  entire,  smooth,  sometimes  fleshy,  sessile  or  short- 
petioled.  Flowers  in  a  terminal  raceme;  pedicels  short,  stout,  erect 
in  fruit.  Corolla  1,^-2  in.  long,  of  many  colors.  Capsule  oblique,  the 
persistent  base  of  tlie  style  bent  forward.  Common  in  gardens ;  cul- 
tivated from  Europe,  and  often  escaped.* 


FIGWORT   FAMILY  219 

IV.   PENTSTEMON   Mitchell 

Perennials,  the  stems  branching  from  the  base,  unbranche<:l 
above.  Leaves  opposite.  Flowers  usually  showy,  in  a  ter- 
minal panicle.  Calyx  of  5  nearly  distinct  sepals.  Corolla 
tubular,  the  tube  wide  above  and  narrowed  below ;  2-Iipped. 
Stamens  4  (2  long  and  2  short),  with  a  fifth  antherless  fila- 
ment as  long  as  the  others,  its  upper  half  bearded.  Capsule 
ovoid,  acute. 

1.  P.  hirsutus  Willd.  Stem  somewhat  sticky-downy,  1-2  ft.  high. 
Leaves  varying  from  oblong  to  lanceolate,  2-4  in.  long,  usually  with 
small  teeth.  Flower  cluster  narrow.  Corolla  dingy  violet,  purplish, 
or  whitish ;  tlie  tube  not  much  widened  above,  its  throat  nearly  closed 
by  a  hairy  palate.  Sterile  filament  much  bearded.  Dry  hillsides  or 
stony  ground. 

2.  P.  gracilis  Xutt.  Slender  Beakdtongue.  Stem  G-18  in. 
high,  smooth  below  but  the  flower  cluster  covered  with  glandular, 
sticky  hairs.  Basal  leaves  spatiilate  or  oblong ;  stem  leaves  most  of 
them  linear -lanceolate.  Corolla  purple  or  whitish,  |-1  in.  long,  the 
tube  enlarged  above  and  its  throat  entirely  open.  Sterile  filament 
bearded  above  along  half  its  length.   On  moist  prairies  W. 

3.  P.  laevigatas  Ait.  Stem  usually  smooth  except  the  flower  cluster, 
2-4:  ft.  high.  Leaves  shining,  those  of  the  stem  ovate-lanceolate  or 
broadly  lanceolate,  2-5  in.  long,  with  a  somewhat  heart-shaped,  clasp- 
ing base.  Flower  cluster  broader  than  in-  Xo.  1.  Corolla  Avhite  or 
oftener  purplish,  suddenly  widened  above,  the  throat  not  closed. 
Sterile  filament  slightly  bearded  toward  the  top.    Li  rich  soil. 

4.  P.  Digitalis  Xutt.  Much  resembling  No.  3,  but  taller,  sometimes 
5  ft.  high.  Corolla  white,  the  tube  abruptly  widened.  In  fields  and 
thickets ;   sometimes  cultivated. 

5.  P.  barbatus  Roth.  Stems  slender  and  rod-like,  3-4  ft.  high. 
Leaves  lanceolate,  entire.  Flower  cluster  long  and  loosely  flowered. 
Flowers  showy,  drooping.  Corolla  tube  slender,  scarlet,  somewhat 
bearded  in  the  throat.  Sterile  filament  beardless.  Cidtivated  from 
Mexico. 

V.   GRATIOLA    L. 

Low  herbs,  growing  in  wet  or  damp  ground.  Leaves  oppo- 
site, sessile.  Flowers  axillary  and  solitary,  peduncled.  Calyx 
5-parted,  usually  with  2  bractlets  at  the  base.  Corolla  some- 
what 2-lipped.  Perfect  stamens  2.  Stigma  enlarged  or  2-lipped. 
Pod  4-valved,  manv-seeded. 


220  KEY  AND  FLORA 

1.  G.  virginiana  L.  Stem  cylindrical,  4-10  in.  long,  branching  from 
the  base.  Leaves  |-1|  in.  long,  varying  from  lance-oblong  to  spatu- 
late.  Corolla  pale  yellow,  tinged  with  red.  Common  in  muddy  soil, 
along  brooksides,  etc. 

VI.   VERONICA    L, 

Herbs  or  shrubs.  Lower  leaves  or  all  the  leaves  opposite, 
rarely  whorled.  Flowers  in  axillary  or  terminal  racemes,  rarely 
solitary.  Calyx  usually  4-parted.  Corolla  wheel-shaped  or  some- 
what bell-shaped  ;  limb  usually  4-cleft,  spreading,  the  side  lobes 
commonly  narrower.  Stamens  2,  inserted  on  the  corolla  tube 
at  the  sides  of  the  upper  lobe,  projecting.  Stigma  somewhat 
knobbed.  Capsule  generally  flattened,  often  notched  at  the 
apex,  2-celled,  few-many-seeded. 

1.  V.  americana  Schwein.  Brooklime.  A  perennial,  smooth  herb, 
somewhat  prostrate  below  but  the  upper  parts  of  the  stem  erect, 
8-15  in.  high.  Leaves  1-2  in.  long,  lance-ovate  or  oblong,  serrate, 
short-petioled.  Racemes  2-4  in.  long,  axillary  and  opposite.  Corolla 
wheel-shaped,  blue.  Capsule  swollen,  roundish.  Muddy  soil  about 
springs  and  brooks. 

2.  V.  officinalis  L.  Common  Speedwell,  Gypsy  Weed.  Peren- 
nial. Roughish-downy,  with  the  prostrate  stems  spreading  and  root- 
ing. Leaves  wedge-oblong  or  nearly  so,  obtuse,  serrate,  somewhat 
petioled.  Racemes  dense,  of  many  pale  bluish  flowers.  Capsule 
rather  large,  inversely  heart-shaped  and  somewhat  triangular.  Dry 
hillsides,  open  woods  and  fields. 

3.  V.  serpyllifolia  L.  Thyme-Leaved  Speedwell.  Perennial; 
smooth  or  nearly  so ;  branching  and  creeping  below,  but  with  nearly 
simple  ascending  shoots,  2-4  in.  high.  Leaves  slightly  crenate,  the 
lowest  ones  petioled  and  roundish,  those  farther  up  ovate  or  oblong, 
the  uppermost  ones  mere  bracts.  Raceme  loosely  flowered.  Corolla 
nearly  white  or  pale  blue,  beautifully  striped  with  darker  lines.  Cap- 
sule inversely  heart-shaped,  its  width  greater  than  its  length.  Damp, 
grassy  ground;  a  common  weed  in  lawns. 

4.  V.  peregrina  L.  Purslane  Speedwell.  A  homely,  rather 
fleshy,  somewhat  erect-branched  annual  weed,  4-9  in.  high.  Lowest 
leaves  petioled,  oblong,  somewhat  toothed  ;  those  above  them  sessile, 
the  uppermost  ones  broadly  linear  and  entire.  Flowers  solitary,  in- 
conspicuous, whitish,  barely  pediceled,  appearing  to  spring  from 
the  axils  of  the  small  floral  leaves.  Corolla  shorter  than  the  calyx. 
Capsule  roundish,  barely  notched,  many-seeded.  Common  in  damp 
ground,  in  fields  and  gardens. 


FIGWORT  FAMILY  221 

Vn.   CASTILLEJA    Mutis. 

Herbs  parasitic  on  the  roots  of  other  plants.  Leaves  alter- 
nate ;  the  floral  ones  usually  colored  at  the  tip  and  more  showy 
than  the  flowers.  Flowers  yellow  or  purplish  in  terminal  leafy 
spikes.  Calyx  tubular,  flattened,  2^-cleft.  Corolla  tube  in- 
cluded within  the  calyx ;  upper  lip  of  the  corolla  very  long, 
linear,  arched,  and  inclosing  the  stamens,  2  of  which  are  long 
and  2  short.    Ovary  many-ovuled. 

1.  C.  coccinea  Sprengel.  Scaklet  Paixted  Cup,  Paint  Brush, 
Indian  Pink,  Prairie  Fire,  Wickakee.  A  hairy,  simple-stemmed 
herb,  annual  or  biennial.  Root  leaves  clustered,  obovate  or  oblong; 
stem  leaves  cut ;  floral  leaves  3-5-cleft  and  bright  scarlet  (occasion- 
ally yellow)  toward  the  tips,  as  though  dipped  in  a  scarlet  dye.  Calyx 
nearly  as  long  as  the  pale  yellow  corolla,  2-cleft.  The  spikes  are  often 
very  broad,  making  this  one  of  the  most  conspicuous  of  our  native 
flowers.  Damp,  sandy  ground,  or  on  bluffs  near  streams ;  sometimes 
in  marshes. 

2.  C.  sessiliflora  Pursh.  Downy  Painted  Cup.  Perennial;  stem 
leafy,  G-15  in,  high,  covered  with  ash-colored  down.  Lowest  leaves 
linear  and  entire,  upper  ones  usually  deeply  cleft  into  narrow  seg- 
ments; floral  leaves  green,  like  the  upper  stem  leaves.  Calyx  lobes 
more  deeply  cleft  on  the  lower  than  on  the  upper  side,  linear-lanceo- 
late. Corolla  j^ellowish,  nearly  2  in.  long;  upper  lip  about  twice  the 
length  of  the  lower  one.    On  prairies  W.  and  S.W. 


VIII.    PEDICULARIS    L. 

Perennial  herbs,  with  the  lower  leaves  pinnately  cut  and 
the  floral  ones  reduced  to  bracts.  Flowers  spiked.  Corolla 
markedly  2-lipped ;  the  upper  lip  much  flattened  laterally  and 
arched,  the  lower  lip  spreading,  3-lobed.  Stamens  4,  beneath 
the  upper  lip.  Capsule  2-celled,  tipped  with  an  abrupt  point, 
several-seeded. 

1.  P.  canadensis  L.  Common  Lousewort.  Hairy,  with  clustered 
sim})le  stems,  1  ft.  high  or  less.  Leaves  petioled,  the  lowermost  ones 
pinnately  parted,  the  others  somewhat  pinnately  cut.  Spike  short, 
closely  flowered,  and  leafy-bracted.  Calyx  split  down  the  front. 
Corolla  greenish-yellow  and  purplish,  with  its  upper  lip  liood-like, 
curved  under,  and  with  2  a\vl-like  teeth  near  the  end.  Capsule  flat, 
broadly  sword-shaped.    Knolls  and  openings  among  thickets. 


222  KEY  AND  FLORA 

91.  BIGNONIACE^.    Bignoxia  Family 

Trees  or  shrubs,  often  twining  or  climbing,  rarely  herbs. 
Leaves  usually  opposite,  without  stipules.  Flowers  showy, 
zygomorphic.  Corolla  tubular,  with  a  widened  throat  and  a 
o-lobed  limb.  Stamens  usually  2  long  and  2  short,  or  only  2. 
Ovary  free  from  the  calyx,  2-celled  or  rarely  1-celled,  with 
many  ovules.    Fruit  a  capsule  ;  seeds  large,  winged. 

I.  TECOMA    Juss. 

Woody  vines,  climbing  by  aerial  rootlets.  Leaves  compound, 
odd-pinnate.  Flowers  large,  in  terminal  clusters.  Calyx  bell- 
shaped,  unequally  5-toothed.  Corolla  funnelform,  enlarged 
above  the  calyx,  5-lobed,  slightly  2-lipped.  Stamens  4,  2  long 
and  2  short.  Capsule  slender,  spindle-shaped,  slightly  com- 
pressed contrary  to  the  partition,  2-valved,  dehiscent.  Seeds 
winged.* 

1.  T.  radicans  Juss.     Trumpet    Flower,   Trumpet    Creeper. 

Stems  climbing  high  by  numerous  rootlets ;  bark  shreddy.  Leaves 
deciduous,  petioled;  leaflets  9-11,  ovate  to  ovate-lanceolate,  ser- 
rate, short  -stalked,  smooth  or  slightly  downy.  Flowers  in  short, 
terminal  racemes  or  corymbs.  Calyx  tubular,  J  in.  long.  Corolla  2-3 
in.  long,  scarlet  without,  yellow  within,  the  lobes  spreading.  Capsule 
5-6  in.  long,  curved,  often  persistent  through  the  winter.  Seeds 
broadly  winged.  On  borders  of  fields  and  in  woods  S. ;  often  cul- 
tivated.* 

II.  CATALPA    Scop. 

Small  trees.  Leaves  large,  opposite,  simple,  petioled,  decid- 
uous. Flowers  large  and  showy,  in  terminal  panicles.  Calyx 
irregularly  2-lipped.  Corolla  tubular-bell-shaped,  oblique,  5- 
lobed,  2-lipped.  ^Fertile  stamens  2,  sterile  stamens  3,  short. 
Fruit  a  linear,  2-valved,  many-seeded  capsule.    Seeds  winged.* 

1.  C.  bignonioides  Walt.  Catalpa.  A  small  tree  with  thin, 
rough  gray  bark,  and  light,  soft  but  exceedingly  durable  wood. 
Leaves  long-petioled,  heart-shaped,  entire  or  palmately  o-lobed, 
taper-pointed  at  the  apex,  palmately  veined,  downy.  Branches  of 
the  panicle  in  threes;  flowers  large,  l-li  in.  long,  white,  variegated 
with  yellow  and  purple.    Corolla  lobes  undulate  or  crisped.    Capsule 


BROOM  RAPE   FAMILY  223 

very  slender,  1  ft.  or  more  in  length,  pendulous.  Seeds  with  long- 
fringed  wings.  On  margins  of  rivers  and  swamps  S. ;  often  cultivated.* 
2.  C.  speciosa  Warder.  Catalpa.  A  tall  tree  with  very  durable 
wood.  Leaves  large,  heart-shaped,  taper-pointed.  Corolla  about  2  in. 
long,  almost  white,  but  slightly  spotted  ;  tube  inversely  conical ;  liml) 
somewhat  oblique,  its  lower  lobe  notched.  Pod  rather  stout.  Rich, 
damp  woods,  especially  S.  W. ;  often  cultivated. 

III.   BIGNONIA    L. 

Woody  vines.  Leaves  opposite,  compound,  usually  tendril- 
bearing.  Flowers  large,  in  axillary  clusters.  Calyx  cup-shaped, 
truncate,  or  undulate-toothed.  Corolla  spreading-tubular,  some- 
what 2-lipped,  the  lobes  rounded.  Stamens  4,  2  long  and  2  short. 
Capsule  linear,  flattened  parallel  wdtli  the  partition,  the  two 
valves  separating  from  the  partition  at  maturity ;  seeds  flat, 
broadly  winged.* 

1.  B.  capreolata  L.  Cross  Vine.  Stem  climbing  high,  a  trans- 
verse section  of  the  older  stems  showing  a  conspicuous  cross  formed 
by  the  4  medullary  rays ;  branches  smooth.  Leaves  evergreen,  peti- 
oled;  leaflets  2,  ovate,  taper-pointed  with  a  blunt  apex,  heart-shai>ed 
at  the  base,  entire,  stalked ;  upper  leaflets  transformed  into  branching- 
tendrils.  Flowers  numerous,  short-peduncled.  Corolla  2  in.  long,  red- 
dish-brown without,  yellow^  within.  Capsule  G  in.  long,  flat,  the  valves 
with  a  prominent  central  nerve ;  seeds  broadly  winged  on  the  sides, 
short-winged  on  the  ends.    Common  in  woods  S.* 

92.  OROBANCHACEiE.    Broom  Rape  Family 

Leafless  brownish  root  parasites  ;  rootstock  often  tuberous, 
naked  or  scaly ;  stem  usually  stout,  solitaiy,  scaly.  Flowers 
spiked  or  racemed.  Sepals  4-5,  free  from  the  ovary.  Corolla 
hypogynous,  not  actinomorphic,  the  tube  curved,  the  limb  2- 
lipped.  Stamens  4  (2  long  and  2  short),  inserted  on  the  corolla 
tube ;  anthers  2-celled,  the  cells  spurred  at  the  base.  Ovary 
1-celled,  of  2  carpels  ;  style  simple ;  stigma  2-lobed  ;  ovules 
many.    Capsule   1-celled,   2-valved,  few^-many-seeded ;    seeds 

very  small. 

L   CONOPHOLIS    Walh-. 
Stems   often   clustered,   stout,   covered   with    scales   which 
overlap,   the  uppermost  ones   each   with   an   axillary   flower, 


224  KEY   AND  FLORA 

thus  forming  a  spike.  Calyx  irregularly  4-5-cleft,  split  down 
the  lower  side.  Corolla  swollen  below,  decidedly  2-lipped,  the 
upper  lip  arched.    Stamens  projecting. 

1.  C.  americana  Wallr.  Squawroot,  Cancer  Root.  Stems  3-6 
in.  high,  yellowish  or  yellowish-brown.  Flowers  numerous,  incon- 
spicuous. Corolla  dirty  white  or  pale  brown.  In  oak  woods ;  not  very 
common. 

II.   OROBANCHE    L.    (THALESIA) 

Brownish  or  whitish  plants,  with  naked  scapes  borne  on 
scaly,  mostly  underground,  stems.  Calyx  regular,  5-cleft. 
Corolla  54obed,  slightly  irregular.  Stamens  not  projecting 
from  the  corolla  tube. 

1.  0.  uniflora  L.  Oxe-Flowered  Cancer  Root.  Slightly  cov- 
ered with  clammy  down.  Stems  very  short-branched,  each  with  1-3 
1-flowered  scapes  3-5  in.  high.  Calyx  lobes  lance-awl-shaped,  half 
as  long  as  the  corolla.  Corolla  yellowish-white,  veiny,  purple-tinged ; 
palate  Avith  2  yellow  bearded  ridges.    Damp  woods. 

2.  0.  fasciculata  Nutt.  Stem  scaly,  upright,  3-4  in.  high  above 
ground  and  generally  longer  than  the  numerous  1-flowered  peduncles. 
Calyx  lobes  short,  triangular.  Parasitic  on  wild  species  of  Artemisia, 
etc.,  in  sandy  and  loamy  soil  N.W.  and  W. 

93,  ACANTHACE^,    Acanthus  Family 

Herbs  or  shrubs.  Leaves  opposite  or  whorled,  without 
stipules.  Flowers  zygomorphic,  usually  with  large  bracts. 
Calyx  of  4  or  5  unequal  segments  which  considerably  over- 
lap each  other.  Corolla  4-5-parted  and  usually  more  or  less 
2-lipped.  Stamens  usually  2  long  and  2  short,  sometimes  only 
2,  Ovary  free  from  the  calyx.  Fruit  usually  a  capsule.  Seeds 
not  winged.  A  large  family,  mostly  tropical,  with  only  a  few 
insignificant  wild  species  in  the  northern  United  States. 

I.   DIANTHERA    L. 

Perennial  herbs  ;  stem  smooth.  Leaves  opposite,  entire  or 
toothed.  Flowers  axillary,  solitary  or  clustered,  zygomorphic. 
Calyx  5-parted.  Corolla  2-lipped  ;  upper  lip  erect,  concave, 
entire  or  notched ;  the  lower  prominently  veined,  spreading, 


PLANTAIN   FAMILY  225 

3-lobed.  Stamens  2,  inserted  in  the  throat  of  the  corolla. 
Ovary  2-celled,  4-ovuled ;  style  simple,  acute.  Capsule  flat- 
tened, narrowed  below  into  a  little  stalk.* 

1.  D.  americana  L.  Water  Willow.  Stem  erect,  slender,  2-3  ft. 
high.  Leaves  lanceolate  to  linear-lanceolate,  taper-pointed  at  the 
apex,  narrowed  below  to  the  sessile  or  short-petioled  base.  Flowers 
bracted,  in  short  spikes,  on  peduncles  as  long  as  the  leaves.  Corolla 
pale  blue  or  purple,  the  tube  as  long  as  the  lips,  lower  lip  wrinkled. 
Capsule  about  the  length  of  the  calyx.    In  water,  S.* 

II.   RUELLIA    L. 

Perennial  herbs  ;  stems  SAvollen  at  the  joints  and  often 
between  them,  somewhat  4-angled.  Leaves  sessile  or  short- 
petioled,  mostly  entire.  Flowers  axillary,  solitary  or  clustered, 
showy,  white,  blue,  or  purple.  Calyx  2-bracted,  5-parted,  the 
divisions  linear  and  awl-shaped.  Corolla  tube  slender,  often 
much  elongated,  the  limb  spreading,  nearly  equally  5-lobed. 
Stamens  4  (2  long  and  2  short),  included  or  slightly  projecting. 
Style  slender.  Capsule  slender,  narrowed  below,  4-12-seeded.* 

1.  R.  dliosa  Pursh.  Hairy  Puellia.  Stem  erect,  rather  stout, 
often  few-branched  above,  covered  with  white  hairs,  4-30  in.  high. 
Leaves  oblong  to  ovate,  acute  or  obtuse  at  the  apex,  narrowed  and 
mostly  sessile  at  the  base,  hairy -fringed.  Flowers  pale  blue,  solitary 
or  2-3  together.  Calyx  lobes  bristle-shaped,  half  the  length  of  the 
corolla  tube.  Tube  of  the  corolla  2  iu.  long.  Capsule  short-er  than 
the  calyx,  smooth,  8-12-seeded.  A  very  variable  species,  the  flowers 
often  without  a  corolla.    In  dry  W'Oods  and  fields  S* 

2.  R.  strepens  L.  Smooth  Ruellia.  Stem  erect,  slender,  usually 
simple,  smooth  or  hairy,  1-3  ft.  high.  Leaves  ovate  to  oblong,  acute 
at  the  apex,  narrowed  below^  into  a  short  i)etiole.  Flowers  solitary  or 
in  small  clusters,  sessile  or  short -peduncled.  Calyx  lobes  shorter  than 
the  tube  of  the  corolla,  downy  or  fringed.  Corolla  blue,  the  tube  1  \-2 
in.  long,  the  limb  1-1^  in.  wide.  Capsule  usually  longer  than  the 
calyx,  smooth,  8-12-seeded.  The  later  flowers  often  without  a  corolla. 
On  rich,  dry  soil.* 

94.  PLANT  AGIN  ACEiE.    Plantain  Family 

Annual  or  perennial  scape-bearing  herbs.  Leaves  usually 
all  basal,  with  parallel  ribs.    Flowers  small,  green,  usually 


226 


KEY  AND  FLORA 


spiked,  regular  and  bisexual  (Fig.  28).    Sepals  4,  persistent. 

Corolla  hypogynous,  salver-shaped,  thin   and   dry  ;    lobes   4,. 

spreading.  Stamens  4,  usually 
inserted  on  the  corolla  tube ; 
filaments  thread-like ;  anthers 
large  and  versatile.  Ovary  free, 
usually  2-4-celled  ;  style  thread- 
like. Fruit  a  1-4-celled,  1  or 
more  seeded  membranous  cap- 
sule, which  splits  open  trans- 
versely, the  top  coming  off 
like  a  lid. 

PLANTAGO   L. 

Characteristics  of  the  genus 
as  given  above  for  the  family. 

A  B 

1.  P.  major  L.  Plantain.  Per- 
FiG.  28.  Flowers  of  plantain  {Plan-     gnnial,  from  a  very  short  rootstock. 
tago  lanceolata),  six  times  natural     Leaves  ovate  to  oval,  strongly  5-9- 
^^^^  ribbed,  acute  or  obtuse  at  the  apex, 

A,  earlier  stage,  pistil  mature,  sta-  rounded  at  the  base  into  a  long, 
mens  not  yet  appearing  outside  the  concave  petiole,  entire  or  toothed, 
corolla;  i^,  later  stage,  pistil  with-  ,,    ^      ,.    ,  , ,      ^  ^ 

ered,  stamens  mature  smooth  or  slightly  downy.    Scape 

taller  than  the  leaves,  downy,  spike 
densely  flowered;  bracts  short,  ovate.  Flowers  perfect.  Stamens  4, 
projecting.  Capsule  ovoid,  about  twice  the  length  of  the  calyx,  5-16- 
seeded;  seeds  angled  and  with  a  netted  outer  coat.  Common  in 
dooryards.* 

2.  P.  Rugelii  Decaisne.  Leaves  as  in  P.  major,  but  smaller  and 
thinner.  Spikes  less  dense,  usually  drawn  out  to  a  slender  point. 
Capsule  4-10-seeded ;  seeds  oval,  the  outer  coat  not  netted.  In  fields, 
woods,  and  waste  ground. 

3.  P.  lanceolata  L.  Rib  Grass.  Biennial  or  perennial ;  soft-hairy 
or  nearly  smooth.  Leaves  numerous,  lanceolate  to  elliptical,  acute, 
long-petioled,  strongly  3-5-ribbed,  entire  or  toothed.  Scapes  much 
longer  than  the  leaves,  striate-angied,  1-2  ft.  high ;  spike  short  and 
dense.  Bracts  and  sepals  ovate.  Corolla  smooth.  Capsule  longer 
than  the  calyx,  2-seeded.  Naturalized  from  Europe ;  common  in 
meadows.* 


MADDER  FAMILY  227 

4.  P.  Purshii  R.  &  S.  Annual.  White-woolly  or  silky.  Scapes 
slender;  leaves  linear,  usually  3-nerved ;  spikes  dense,  cylindrical,  and 
very  woolly  ;  bracts  stiif,  as  long  as  the  flowers  or  slightly  longer. 
Capsule  2-4-seeded,  somewhat  longer  than  the  calyx.  On  dry  prairies 
and  plains  A^^  and  8.W. 

5.  P.  aristata  Michx.  Large-Bracted  Plantain,  Annual. 
Leaves  broadly  linear,  entire  or  sparingly  and  finely  toothed,  nar- 
rowed below  into  a  margined  petiole,  smooth  or  silky-downy.  Scape 
longer  than  the  leaves,  6-10  in.  high ;  spike  dense.  Bracts  linear, 
1-1  in.  long.  Stamens  4.  Capsule  2-seeded,  longer  than  the  calyx. 
Common  on  dry  soil.* 

6.  P.  heterophylla  Xutt.  Many-Seeded  Plantain.  Annual. 
Leaves  linear,  fleshy,  entire  or  with  a  few  spreading  teeth,  smooth 
or  slightly  downy.  Scapes  slender,  3-6  in.  high ;  spike  very  slender, 
many-flowered,  the  lower  flowers  often  scattered.  Bracts  ovate,  longer 
than  the  sepals.  Stamens  2.  Capsule  twice  the  length  of  the  calyx, 
manj'-seeded.    Common  in  cultivated  ground,  especially  S.* 

95.  RUBIACE^.    Madder  Family 

Herbs,  shrubs,  or  trees.  Leaves  opposite  and  entire,  with 
stipules  between  them,  or  appearing;  whorled  since  the  stipules 
resemble  the  leaves.  Flowers  epigynous,  always  bisexual,  fre- 
quently dimorphous  (as  in  Houstonia,  Ilitchella,  and  Bou- 
vardia).  Limb  of  the  calyx  3-6-toothed,  Corolla  regular, 
inserted  on  the  calyx-tube,  as  many-lobed  as  the  calyx.  Sta- 
mens equal  in  number  to  the  divisions  of  the  corolla.  Ovary  2 
or  more  celled.  A  very  large  and  important  family,  of  which 
many  of  the  noteworthy  species,  for  instance  the  coffee  shrub 
and  the  cinchona  tree,  are  natives  of  warm  or  tropical  climates. 

L   GALIUM   L. 

Annual  or  perennial  herbs  ;  stems  slender,  4-angled.  Leaves 
appearing  whorled.  Flowers  small,  in  axillary  or  terminal 
cymes  or  panicles,  bisexual  or  rarely  di(vcious.  Calyx  tube 
short,  the  teeth  minute  or  wanting.  Corolla  wheel-shaped,  3- 
4-lobed.  Stamens  .S-4,  short.  Ovary  2-celled  ;  styles  2,  short, 
united  below.  Fruit  2  united,  sometimes  fleshy,  1-seeded  car- 
pels, which  do  not  split  open.* 


228  KEY  AND  FLORA 

1.  G.  Aparine  L.  Goose  Grass.  Annual;  stem  weak,  decumbent, 
sharply  4 -angled  and  with  backward-pointing  prickly  hairs,  widely 
branched,  2-4  ft.  long.  Leaves  6-8  in  a  whorl,  oblanceolate,  i:)rickly- 
hairy  on  the  margins  and  midrib.  Peduncles  axillary,  longer  than 
the  leaves,  1-3-flowered ;  flowers  white.  Fruiting  pedicels  erect; 
fruit  dry,  covered  with  hooked  bristles.    In  waste  places.* 

2.  G.  circaezans  Michx.  Wild  Licorice.  Perennial;  stems  sev- 
eral, erect,  smooth  or  downy,  12-18  in.  high.  Leaves  4  in  a  whorl, 
oval  to  ovate,  obtuse  at  the  apex,  strongly  3-nerved,  downy.  Cymes 
long-peduncled,  repeatedly  branched.  Flowers  nearly  sessile,  greenish- 
purple  ;  pedicels  at  length  recurved.  Fruit  with  hooked  bristles.  In 
dry,  open  woods  S.  Easily  recognized  by  the  sweet,  licorice-like  taste 
of  the  leaves.* 

3.  G.  borealeL.  Northern  Bedstraw.  Perennial;  stem  smooth, 
erect,  1-2  ft.  high.  Leaves  in  fours,  linear-lanceolate,  3-nerved. 
Flowers  bright  white,  in  compact  cymes,  grouped  in  a  dense  panicle. 
Fruit  usually  with  minute  bristles.  In  rocky  soil  along  banks  of 
streams,  especially  N. 

4.  G.  concinnum  T.  &  G.  Shining  Bedstraw.  Stems  slender, 
smooth,  shining,  commonly  much  branched,  6-12  in.  high,  often 
with  the  angles  minutely  roughened.  Leaves  usually  in  sixes,  linear 
or  nearly  so,  often  slightly  cuspidate.  Flowers  small,  white,  in  open 
cymes.    Fruit  small,  smooth.    Dry  hills  and  woodlands. 

5.  G.  asprellum  Michx.  Rough  Bedstraw.  Perennial;  stem 
branching,  weak,  3-5  ft.  long,  often  reclining  on  bushes,  with  many 
hooked  prickles  directed  backwards.  Leaves  usually  in  sixes,  or  on  the 
branches  in  fours  or  fives,  narrowly  oval  to  lanceolate  or  oblanceolate, 
cuspidate,  with  midribs  and  margins  almost  prickly.  Flowers  white, 
in  several-many-flowered  cymes.    Fruit  smooth.    In  rich,  moist  soil. 

6.  G.  triflorum  Michx.  Perennial ;  stems  reclining  or  prostrate, 
angles  rough-bristly.  Leaves  mostly  in  sixes,  lance-oblong,  mucro- 
nate.  Flowers  usually  in  threes,  on  slender  peduncles.  Woodlands, 
especially  N. 

7.  G.  hispidulum  Michx.  Bedstraw.  Perennial,  from  yellow 
roots ;  stems  diffusely  branched,  smooth  or  slightly  roughened, 
downy  at  the  joints,  erect  or  decumbent,  1-2  ft.  long.  Leaves  4  in 
a  whorl,  narrowly  oval,  acute,  rough  on  the  margins  and  mid-vein. 
Peduncles  1-3-flowered;  flowers  white;  pedicels  becoming  reflexed. 
Fruit  a  bluish-black,  roughened  berry.    On  dry,  sandy  soil.* 

II.  MITCHELLA    L. 

A  pretty,  trailing,  evergreen  herb.  Leaves  roundish-ovate, 
petioled.    Flowers   fragrant,   white    or   pinkish,   dimorphous, 


MADDER  FAMILY  229 

grooving  in  pairs,  joined  by  their  ovaries.  Calyx  4-tootlied. 
Corolla  funnel-shaped,  with  the  lobes  bearded  within.  Sta- 
mens 4,  short.  Style  1 ;  stigmas  4,  slender.  Fruit  double, 
composed  of  the  united  ovaries ;  really  a  drupe,  containing 
8  seed-like,  bony  nutlets,  ripening  into  tasteless  scarlet  berries, 
which  cling  to  the  plant  through  the  winter. 

1.  M.  repens  L.  Partridge  Berry,  Squaw  Vine,  Two-Eye 
Berry.  Common  in  dry  woods,  especially  under  evergreen  conif- 
erous trees. 

III.   BOUVARDIA    Salisb. 

Smooth  perennials.  Leaves  lanceolate,  thickish.  Calyx  4- 
lobed,  the  divisions  slender.  Corolla  with  a  long  and  narrow 
or  rather  trumpet-shaped  tube,  and  spreading,  4-lobed  limb. 
Anthers  4,  inserted  in  the  throat  of  the  corolla,  almost  ses- 
sile. Stigmas  2,  flat.  Capsule  globular,  2-celled,  many-seeded. 
F'lowers  dimorphous. 

1.  B.  triphylla  Salisb.  Three-Leaved  Bouvardia.  Somewhat 
shrubby.  Leaves  nearly  smooth,  ovate  or  oblong-ovate  ;  the  lower 
ones  in  threes,  the  upper  ones  sometimes  in  pairs.  Corolla  scarlet 
and  slightly  downy  outside. 

2.  B^leianthaBenth.  Dowxy-Leaved  Bouvardia.  Leaves  rather 
downy.    Corolla  deep  scarlet,  smooth  outside. 

Both  species  cultivated  from  Mexico;  in  greenhouses. 

IV.   HOUSTONIA    L. 

Annual,  biennial,  or  perennial  herbs ;  stems  erect  or  dif- 
fuse. Leaves  entire;  stipules  often  only  a  line  connecting  the 
bases  of  opposite  leaves.  Flowers  small,  solitary  or  clustered, 
dimorphous,  the  stamens  projecting  and  the  style  short  in 
one  form,  while  in  the  other  the  stamens  are  short  and  the 
style  projecting.  Calyx  4-toothed,  persistent.  Corolla  wheel- 
shaped  to  funnelform,  4-lobed.  Stamens  4.  Ovary  2-celled; 
style  slender;  stigmas  2.  Fruit  a  2-celled,  few-many-seeded 
capsule,  opening  at  the  apex,  free  from  the  calyx.* 

1.  H.  coerulea  L.  Bluets,  Innocence,  Quaker  Ladies,  Eye- 
bright.  Perennial,  from  very  slender  rootstocks ;  steins  tufted, 
erect,  smooth,  forking,  :5-G  in.  high.  Leaves  sessile,  often  hairy- 
fringed,  the  lower  spatulate,  the  upper  lanceolate.    Flowers  solitary, 


230  KEY  AND  FLORA 

on  slender  axillary  peduncles.  Calyx  small.  Corolla  salverform, 
blue  or  white,  yellow  in  the  throat,  smooth.  Capsule  laterally  com- 
pressed, 2-lobed,  shorter  than  the  calyx.    Common  on  open  ground.* 

2.  H.  patens  Ell.  Small  Bluets.  Annual;  stem  erect,  branched 
at  the  base,  forking  above,  smooth,  2-4  in.  high.  Lower  leaves  oval 
to  ovate,  petioled,  the  upper  narrower  and  sessile.  Flowers  solitary, 
on  slender,  axillary  peduncles,  blue  or  white.  Calyx  small.  Lobes 
of  the  corolla  about  as  long  as  the  tube.  Stamens  and  style  project- 
ing or  included.  Capsule  compressed,  as  long  as  the  calyx.  Common 
on  dry,  open  ground.* 

3.  H.  purpurea  L.  Large  Bluets.  Perennial ;  stem  stout,  erect, 
simple  or  branched,  smooth  or  downy,  4-angIed,  6-12  in.  high.  Leaves 
ovate  to  ovate-lanceolate,  sessile  or  short-petioled,  3-5-nerved,  often 
hairy-fringed  on  the  margins.  Flowers  in  terminal  cymes,  purple  to 
nearly  white.  Corolla  funnelform,  the  tube  longer  than  the  limb, 
hairy  within.  Stamens  and  style  projecting  or  included.  Capsule 
compressed-globose,  much  shorter  than  the  calyx.  In  dry,  open 
woods.* 

4.  H.  longifolia  Gaertn.  Long-Leaved  Bluets.  Perennial;  stem 
erect,  branched,  smooth,  4-angled,  8-12  in.  high.  Leaves  sessile,  the 
lower  oblanceolate  or  spatulate,  the  upper  linear,  1-nerved.  Corymbs 
terminal,  few-flowered.  Corolla  light  purple  to  white,  the  lobes  much 
shorter  than  the  tube.  Capsule  compressed-globose,  nearly  as  long  as 
the  calyx.    In  dry,  open  woods.* 

96.   CAPRIFOLIACE^.    Honeysuckle  Family 

Mostly  shrubs.  Leaves  opposite,  without  true  stipules. 
Flowers  epigynous,  often  zygomorphic.  Corolla  tubular  or 
wheel-shaped.  Stamens  usually  as  many  as  the  corolla  lobes 
and  inserted  on  the  corolla  tube.  Fruit  a  berry,  drupe,  or 
capsule. 

I.   DIERVILLA    Mill. 

Low,  upright  shrubs.  Leaves  taper-pointed,  serrate.  Flowers 
in  loose  terminal  or  axillary  clusters  or  cymes.  Calyx  with  a 
limb  of  5  linear  divisions.  Corolla  funnel-shaped,  almost  regu- 
larly 5-lobed.  Stamens  5.  Ovary  slender,  2-celled,  ripening 
into  a  2-valved,  many-seeded  pod. 

1.  D.  Lonicera  Mill.  Common  Bush  Honeysuckle.  Bushy,  1-4 
ft.  high.  Leaves  ovate  or  oblong-ovate,  petioled.  Peduncles  1-3- 
flowered.    Pods  tapering  to  a  slender  point.    Rocks,  especially  X. 


HONEYSUCKLE   FAMILY  231 

2.  D.  japonica  DC.  Weigela.  A  stout,  branchino;  shrub,  3-G  ft. 
high.  Leaves  broadly  oval,  acute  at  the  apex,  rouuded  at  the  base, 
coarsely  serrate,  rough  above,  downy  beneath,  short-petioled.  Flowers 
spreading,  funnelform,  rose  color,  1-1^  in.  long.  Calyx  lobes  de- 
ciduous. Corolla  downy  without,  the  lobes  spreading.  Capsule  oblong 
or  spindle-shaped.  Seeds  wdth  netted  wings.  Introduced  from  Japan ; 
common  in  cultivation,* 

II.   LONICERA    L. 

Shrubs  or  woody  vines.  Leaves  simple,  usually  entire,  those 
of  a  pair  often  appearing  as  if  joined  together  at  the  base,  so 
that  the  stem  seems  to  rise  through  them.  Calyx  tube  ovoid, 
5-toothed.  Corolla  tubular  to  bell-shaped,  often  knobbed  at 
the  base  or  2-lipped.  Stamens  5.  Ovary  2-3-celled,  ovules 
several  in  each  cell ;  style  slender ;  stigma  knobbed.  Fruit  a 
1-3-celled,  1-few-seeded  berry.* 


More  or  less  iqiright  bushes,  not  climbing. 

1.  L.  tatarica  L.  Tartarian  Honeysuckle.  A  branching  shrub, 
5-8  ft.  high.  Leaves  oval  or  ovate,  heart-shaped,  shining.  Flowers 
many,  showy,  rose-colored.  Fruit  consisting  of  2  red  berries  ;  some- 
what united  l)elow  at  maturit}'.    Cultivated  from  Asia. 

2.  L.  canadensis  ISIarsh.  Early  Fly  Honeysuckle.  A  straggling 
bush,  3-5  ft.  high.  Leaves  ovate  or  oval,  slightly  heart-shaped,  thin, 
at  first  downy  beneath.  Flowers  straw-yellow,  on  short,  slender 
peduncles.  Corolla  lobes  nearly  equal ;  tube  pouched  at  the  base. 
Fruit  2  separate  red  berries. 

B 

Stems  twining. 

3.  L.  japonica  Thunb.  Japan  Honeysuckle.  Stem  twining 
high ;  young  branches  downy.  Leaves  ovate  to  oblong,  entire, 
smooth  above,  pale  and  downy  beneath,  all  short-petioled.  Pedun- 
cles axillary,  2-bracted,  2-flowered.  Flowers  white  or  pink,  fading  to 
yellow,  2-lipped,  the  lips  nearly  as  long  as  the  downy  tube.  Stamens 
and  style  i)rojecting.  Fruit  black.  Common  in  cultivation ;  intro- 
duced from  Japan.* 

4.  L.  sempervirens  L.  Coral  Honeysuckle,  Tri'mtet  IIonkv- 
sucKLE.  stem  twining  high.  Leaves  evergreen  (in  the  South),  oval 
to    oblong,    obtuse,    entire,    smooth    above,    pale    and  often   downy 


232  KEY  AND  FLORA 

beneath ;  the  lower  petioled,  the  upper  pair  nearly  semi-orbicular  and 
joined  at  the  base.  Flowering  spikes  terminal,  bearing  several  whorls. 
Corolla  about  2  in.  long,  slender,  smooth;  the  limb  short,  nearly  equally 
5-lobed,  scarlet  without,  bright  yellow  within.  Stamens  slightly  pro- 
jecting ;  fruit  red.    On  low  ground ;  often  cultivated.* 

5.  L.  Caprifolium  L.  European  Honeysuckle.  A  moderately 
high-climbing  shrub.  Leaves  smooth  and  deciduous,  several  of  the 
upper  pairs  united  at  their  bases  to  form  a  flatfish  disk  or  somewhat 
cup-shaped  leaf.  Flowers  in  a  single  terminal  whorl,  very  sweet- 
scented.  Corolla  whitish,  red,  or  yellow,  2-lipped,  with  the  lips  re- 
curved.   Cultivated  from  Europe. 

6.  L.  Sullivantii  Gray.  Yellow  Honeysuckle.  Stem  somewhat 
twining.  Leaves  oval  to  obovate,  obtuse,  entire,  green  above,  with  a 
bloom  beneath,  the  lower  short-petioled,  the  upper  sessile  or  joined 
at  the  base.  Flowers  in  crowded,  terminal  whorls,  bright  yellow,  fra- 
grant. Corolla  tube  slender,  1-1  i  in.  long,  bilabiate,  4-lobed,  pubes- 
cent within.  Stamens  and  style  projecting.  On  river  banks  and 
hillsides;  often  cultivated.* 


III.   SYMPHORICARPOS   Ludwig 

Shrubs.  Leaves  short-petioled,  deciduous.  Flowers  in  axil- 
lary clusters.  Calyx  tube  globose,  4-5-toothed.  Corolla  bell- 
shaped,  4-5-lobed,  sometimes  knobbed  at  the  base,  smooth  or 
hairy  within.  Stamens  4-5.  Ovary  4-celled  ;  2  of  the  cells  with 
a  single  fertile  ovule  in  each,  the  other  cells  with  several  abor- 
tive ovules  ;  style  slender ;  stigma  knobbed  or  2-lobed.  Fruit 
a  4-celled,  2-seeded  berry.* 

1.  S.  racemosus  Michx.,  var.  laevigatus.  Snowberky.  An  orna- 
mental shrub,  2-3  ft.  liigh.  Flowers  in  loose  terminal  racemes,  which 
are  often  leafy.  Corolla  bell-shaped,  much  bearded  inside,  pinkish- 
white.  Stamens  and  style  not  projecting.  Berries  rather  large,  snow- 
white,  remaining  long  on  the  branches.  Rocky  banks,  often  cultivated. 

IV.   LINN^A    L. 

A  very  small,  slender,  creeping  evergreen  shrub ;  branches 
inclined,  ending  in  a  slender,  erect,  2-fiowered  peduncle. 
Leaves  opposite,  without  stipules.  Flowers  nodding,  on  slen- 
der pedicels,  with  2  bractlets.  Calyx  tube  ovoid  ;  limb  5-lobed. 
Corolla  nearly  bell-shaped,  5-lobed.  Stamens  4,  inserted  near 
the  base  of  the  corolla;  2  of  them  longer  than  the  other  2. 


HONF.YSUCKLE   FAMILY  233 

Ovary  3-celled ;  style  thread-like ;  stigma  knobbed ;  ovules 
many  in  1  cell,  solitary  in  the  2  others.  Fruit  nearly  globose, 
1-seeded. 

1.  L.  borealis  L.  Twin  Flower.  A  beautiful,  delicate  plant. 
Corolla  }>ale  pink,  very  fragrant.  Moist  woods,  in  moss  and  cold 
bogs  X. 

V.  TRIOSTEUM    L. 

Coarse,  hairy,  perennial  herbs.  Leaves  large,  those  of  each 
pair  somewhat  joined  at  the  base,  so  that  the  stem  appears  to 
rise  through  them.  Calyx  tube  ovoid ;  divisions  of  the  limb 
leaf-like,  lance-linear,  persistent.  Corolla  knobbed  at  the  base, 
nearly  equally  o-lobed.  Ovary  usually  3-celled,  ripening  into 
a  drupe  Avith  3  nutlets. 

1.  T.  perfoliatum  L.  Tinker  Weed,  Wild  Coffee,  Feverwort, 
Horse  Gentian.  Stem  unbranched,  soft-hairy,  2-4  ft.  high.  Leaves 
spatulate-ovate,  abruptly  narrowed  at  the  base,  4-7  in.  long  and  2-4 
in.  wide,  bordered  with  a  fringe  of  hairs.  Flowers  dark  brownish- 
purple.  Corolla  about  i  in.  long,  sticky-downy.  •  Fruit  ellipsoidal, 
orange-colored  when  ripe.  Conniion  along  fence  rows  and  in  rocky 
woods. 

VI.  VIBURNUM    L. 

Shrubs  or  small  trees.  Leaves  simple,  entire,  dentate  or 
lobed,  with  or  without  stipules.  Flowers  small,  white,  in  ter- 
minal cymes  ;  the  outer  flowers  of  the  cyme  sometimes  greatly 
enlarged  and  sterile.  Calyx  tube  very  small,  5-toothed.  Corolla 
wheel-shaped  or  bell-shaped,  5-lobed.  Stamens  5,  inserted  in 
the  tube  of  the  corolla.  Ovary  1-3-celled,  1-3-ovuled,  but  only 
1  ovule  maturing ;  style  short,  3-lobed.  Fruit  a  1-seeded  drupe, 
with  soft  })ulp.* 

A 

Floweret  uronnd  the  vuiri/iii  of  the  ct/ine  without  stamens  or  pistils, 
large  and  slioir//. 

1.  V.  alnifolium  ]\[arsh.  Hobrlebush,  Witch  Hobble.  A  shrub 
about  .")  ft.  high,  with  the  branches  reclining  and  often  rooting  and 
forming  loops  (whence  the  popular  names).  Leaves  very  large, 
roundish,  abruptly  taper-jiointed,  serrate,  with  a  rusty  down  on  the 
petioles  and  veinlets.  Cymes  very  broad  and  showy.  Fruit  red,  not 
eatable. 


234  KEY  AXD  FLORA 

2.  V.  Opulus  L.,  var.  americanum.  Cranberry  Tree,  High- 
Bush  Cranberry.  A  handsome,  upright  shrub.  Leaves  3-5-ribbed 
and  3-lobed.  Fruit  bright  red,  juicy,  very  acid,  and  used  as  a  sub- 
stitute for  cranberries.  Common  N.  The  form  known  as  "  snow- 
ball," with  all  the  flowers  showy  and  sterile,  is  cultivated  from  Europe. 

B 

Flowers  all  small  and  bisexual. 

3.  V.  acerifolium  L.  Maple-Leaved  Arrowwood.  A  slender 
shrub,  3-6  ft.  high.  Leaves  broadly  ovate  to  heart-shaped,  palmately 
veined  and  3-lobed,  serrate  or  nearly  entire,  petioled,  downy,  becom- 
ing smooth  above.  Cymes  peduncled,  about  7 -rayed,  2-3  in.  wide ; 
sterile  flowers  none.  Fruit  oval,  black;  stone  flat,  2-ridged  on  the 
edges.    Li  dry,  open  woods.* 

4.  V.  dentatum  L.  Arrowwood.  A  shrub  8-15  ft.  high.  Leaves 
broadly  ovate  to  oval,  acute  at  the  apex,  rounded  or  heart-shaped 
at  the  base,  coarsely  dentate,  smooth  above,  hairy  in  the  axils  of  the 
veins  beneath,  short-petioled.  Cymes  long-peduncled,  7 -rayed,  2-3 
in.  wide;  sterile  flowers  none.  Calyx  smooth.  Fruit  globose,  dark 
blue  ;  stone  compressed,  grooved  on  one  side.    In  rich,  damp  soil.* 

5.  V.  nudum  L.  Withe-Rod.  A  shrub  8-12  ft.  high.  Leaves 
ovate  to  lanceolate,  entire  or  slightly  toothed,  acute  at  both  ends, 
thick,  smooth  above,  the  veins  prominent  beneath;  petiole  short. 
Cymes  short-peduncled,  5-rayed;  sterile  flowers  none.  Fruit  ovoid, 
blue.    Common  in  swamps.* 

6.  V.  Lentago  L.  Nannyberry,  Sheepberry.  A  shrub  or  small 
tree,  sometimes  30  ft.  high.  Leaves  ovate,  sharply  serrate,  taper- 
pointed,  usually  smooth  on  both  sides.  Flower  clusters  large  com- 
pound cymes.  Fruit  oval,  \  in.  or  more  long,  bluish-black,  with  a 
bloom,  eatable.    In  woods  and  on  banks  of  streams. 

7.  V.  prunifolium  L.  Black  Haw.  A  small  tree,  15-20  ft.  high. 
Leaves  oval  to  ovate,  acute  or  obtuse  at  each  end,  flnely  and  sharply 
serrate,  smooth  and  shining  above,  often  slightly  downy  beneath; 
petioles  dilated  and  rusty-downy.  Cymes  sessile,  large,  4-5-rayed; 
sterile  flowers  none.  Fruit  oval,  bluish-black,  eatable.  In  rich,  moist 
woods.* 

VII.   SAMBUCUS    L. 

Shrubs  with  odd-pinnate  leaves.  Calyx  limb  minute  or  want- 
ing. Flowers  very  many,  small,  white,  in  compound  cymes. 
Corolla  with  a  small,  somewhat  urn-shaped  tube,  and  a  flattish, 
spreading,  5-cleft  limb.  Stamens  5.  Stigmas  3,  sessile.  Fruit 
a  globular,  pulpy  drupe,  3-seeded,  appearing  like  a  berry. 


VALERIAN   FAMILY  235 

1.  S.  canadensis  L.  Common  Elder.  Steins  5-10  ft.  high,  with 
a  thin  cylinder  of  wood  surrounding  abundant  white  pitli.  Leaflets 
5-11,  oblong,  taper-pointed,  smooth.  Cymes  flat  and  often  very 
large.  Fruit  purplish-black,  insipid  or  almost  nauseous,  but  some- 
what used  in  cookery. 

2.  S.  racemosa  L.  Red-Berried  Elder.  INIore  woody,  with 
brown  pith.  Leaflets  fewer,  downy  beneath,  especially  when  young. 
Cymes  panicled  and  somewhat  pyranddal.    Fruit  scarlet. 

97.  VALERIANACE^.    Valerian  Family 

Herbs,  rarely  shrubs.  Leaves  opposite,  without  stipules. 
Flowers  epigynous,  small,  usually  not  actinomorphic,  in  fork- 
ing cymes.  Corolla  funnel-shaped,  the  base  often  with  a  sac 
or  spur.  Stamens  1-3  or  5,  inserted  at  the  base  of  the  corolla 
tube  ;  filaments  slender,  anthers  versatile.  Ovary  cells  3 ;  two 
of  them  not  ovule-bearing,  the  third  with  a  single  ovule  hang- 
ing from  the  top  ;  style  thread-like  ;  stigma  blunt  or  2-3-lobed. 
Fruit  small,  not  splitting  open. 

I.   VALERIANA    L. 

Perennial,  rarely  annual,  herbs.  Basal  leaves  crowded  ;  stem 
leaves  opposite  or  whorled,  entire  or  pinnately  cut.  Flowers 
in  corymbed,  headed,  or  panicled  cymes.  Limb  of  the  calyx 
consisting  of  several  plumy  bristles.  Lobes  of  the  corolla  5 
or  rarely  3-4,  unequal.  Stamens  3.  Stigma  knobbed.  Fruit 
flattened,  ribbed,  1-celled,  1-seeded. 

1.  V.  edulis  Xutt.  An  upright,  straight-stemmed  plant,  1-4  ft. 
high.  Leaves  all  thickish  and  closely  fringed  with  short  hairs ;  root 
leaves  linear-spatulate  or  lanceolate-spatulate,  entire ;  stem  leaves 
pinnately  parted,  the  3-7  divisions  long  and  narrow.  Flowers  almost 
dicecious  in  a  long,  interrupted  panicle.  Corolla  whitish.  Root  long 
and  stout,  eaten  bv  Indians.  Low  ground  and  wet  prairies,  especially 
X.W. 

2.  V.  officinalis  L.  Garden  Valerian.  Plant  smooth  or  hairy 
below,  stiong  smelling.  Rootstock  short.  Leaves  all  pinnate  ;  basal 
leaves  long-})etioled,  soon  withering;  stem  leaves  2-5  in.  long,  sessile, 
the  leaflets  lanceolate,  entire  or  serrate.  Corolla  pale  pink.  Root- 
stocks  strong-scented,  used  in  medicine.     Cultivated  from  Europe. 


236  KEY  AND  FLORA 

II.   VALERIANELLA    Hill 

Annual  herbs ;  stem  forking  regularly.  Leaves  opposite,  entire 
or  dentate.  Flowers  in  crowded,  terminal,  bracted  cymes.  Calyx 
limb  toothed  or  wanting.  Corolla  white  or  purplish,  funnel  form, 
5-lobed.   Stamens  3.    Style  3-lobed.   Fruit  3-celled,  1-seeded.* 

1.  V.  Locusta  Betcke.  Lamb  Lettuce.  Stem  erect,  smooth,  or 
downy  at  the  nodes,  many  times  forked,  9-12  in.  high.  Basal  leaves 
tufted,  spatulate  to  obovate,  entire;  the  upper  lanceolate,  dentate, 
sessile.  Cymes  short-peduncled,  bracts  linear.  Flowers  pale  blue. 
Fruit  compressed,  oblique.  On  rich  soil  in  waste  places.  Some- 
times cultivated  for  salad.    Introduced  from  Europe.* 

2.  V.  radiata  Dufr.  Corn  Salad.  Stem  erect,  smooth  above, 
downy  below,  2-4  times  forked,  8-12  in.  high.  Lower  leaves  spatu- 
late, entire  ;  the  upper  lanceolate,  clasping  at  the  base,  dentate. 
Cymes  compact;  bracts  lanceolate.  Flowers  white.  Fruit  ovoid, 
downy,  furrowed.    On  damp  soil.* 

98.  CUCURBITACE^.    Gourd  Family 

Somewhat  succulent,  tendril-bearing,  prostrate  or  climbing, 

herbaceous  plants.    Leaves  alternate,  with  stipules.    Flowers 

epigynous,  dioecious  or  monoecious,  often  sympetalous.    Calyx 

limb  (if  present)  5-lobed.    Corolla  usually  5-lobed  and  with  its 

tube  more  or  less  united  with  the  calyx  tube.    Stamens  perigy- 

nous  or  borne  upon  the  corolla ;   the  anthers  usually  joined  in 

long,  serpentine  ridges.    Ovary  3-celled ;  stigmas  2  or  3.   F'ruit 

generally  a  pepo  (like  the  melon,  squash,  and  pumpkin),  but 

sometimes  dry.  Seeds  commonly  large  and  flat.  A  large  family, 

mostly  of  tropical  plants,  many  with  eatable  fruit,  but  some 

species  poisonous. 

I.   CUCURBITA    L. 

Annual  or  perennial  herbs  ;  stem  trailing  or  climbing^  2-20 
ft.  long.  Leaves  angular-lobed ;  tendrils  branching.  Flowers 
monoecious,  solitary  or  in  small  clusters.  Calyx  5-toothed,  the 
limb  deciduous.  Corolla  bell-shaped,  5-lobed.  Staminate  flowers 
with  3  stamens  and  no  pistil ;  pistillate  flowers  with  1  pistil  and 
3  imperfect  stamens.  Style  short ;  stigmas  3-5,  each  2-lobed. 
Fruit  1-celled,  with  numerous  seeds  on  the  3  parietal  placentae.* 


CAMPANULA  FA:MILY  237 

1.  C.  foetidissima  IIBK.  ^Missouri  Gourd.  Stem  stout,  rough 
and  hairy.  Root  very  large,  carrot-shaped.  Leaves  thick,  triangular 
heart-shaped.  Flowers  3-4  in.  long.  Fruit  globose  or  somewhat 
obovoid,  2-3  in.  in  diameter.    Dry  soil  W.  and  S.W, 

2.  C.  Melopepo  L.  Summer  Squash.  Stem  rougli-hairy.  angled, 
2-5  ft.  long.  Leaves  broadly  heart-shaped,  angularly  3-r)-l{)l)ed, 
rough.  Flowers  yellow,  short-peduncled.  Fruit  roundish,  longitudi- 
nally compressed,  the  margin  smooth,  wavy,  or  tubercular.  Com- 
mon in  cultivation.* 

3.  C.  verrucosa  L.  Crookneck  Squash.  Stem  rough-hairy,  angled 
and  striate,  5-10  ft.  long.  Leaves  cordate,  deeply  5-lobed,  very  rough, 
long-petioled.  Flowers  light  yellow,  long-peduncled.  Fruit  clavate, 
the  base  often  slender  and  curved,  smooth  or  tuberculate,  very  variable. 
(Common  in  cultivation.* 

II.   CUCUMIS    L. 

Annual  herbs ;  stems  trailing,  usually  shorter  and  more 
slender  than  in  the  preceding  genus ;  tendrils  not  forked. 
Leaves  varying  from  entire  or  nearly  so  to  deeply  cut.  Sterile 
flowers  in  clusters,  fertile  ones  solitary  in  the  leaf  axils. 
Corolla  of  5  acute  petals,  which  are  but  little  joined  at  the 
base.  Stamens  not  evidently  united.  Style  short ;  stigmas  3, 
each  2-lobed.  Fruit  rather  long.  Seeds  not  large,  lance-oblong, 
not  margined. 

1.  C.  sativus  L.  Cucumber.  Leaves  somewhat  lobed,  the  middle 
lobe  largest.  Fruit  more  or  less  covered  when  young  with  rather 
brittle,  blackish  prickles,  which  fall  off  as  it  ripens.  Cultivated  from 
S.  Asia.  [Other  varieties  of  the  genus  Cucumis  are  the  musknklon, 
cantaloupe,  and  nutmeg  melon.  Other  commonly  cultivated  genera 
are  Citrullus,  the  watermelon,  and  Lar/enaria,  the  bottle  gourd.  Two 
wild  genera,  Echinoci/sfis,  the  wild  cucumber,  and  Sici/i>.<,  the  star 
cucumber,  which  blossom  through  the  summer  and  autunni,  are 
common  in  the  northern  states  and  the  ^Middle  AVest.] 

99.  CAMPANULACEiE.    Campanula  Family 

Herbs,  with  milky  juice.  Leaves  alternate,  without  stipules. 
Flowers  epigynous,  actinomorphic,  not  clustered.  Calyx  5- 
lobed.  Corolla  regular,  bell-shaped,  5-lobed.  Stamens  5,  usu- 
ally free  from  the  corolla  and  not  united.  Style  1,  usually 
hairy  above  ;  stigmas  2  or  more.  Fruit  a  capsule,  2  or  more 
celled,  many-seeded. 


238  KEY  AND  FLORA 


I.  SPECULARIA    Fabiicius 


Annual ;  stems  slender,  angled.  Leaves  entire  or  toothed. 
Flowers  axillary,  regular,  solitary  or  in  small  clusters,  ses- 
sile, bracted.  Calyx  tube  slender,  3-5-parted.  Corolla  wheel- 
shaped,  5-lobed.  Stamens  with  the  filaments  flattened  and 
shorter  than  the  anthers.  Ovary  3-celled,  many-ovuled ;  stig- 
mas 3.    Fruit  a  prismatic,  3-celled,  many-seeded  capsule.* 

1.  S.  perfoliata  A.  DC.  Specularia.  Stem  erect,  simple  or 
branched  from  the  base,  angles  roughened,  10-20  in.  high.  Leaves 
ovate  to  lanceolate,  acute  at  the  apex,  sessile,  crenate  or  entire,  the 
upper  bract-like.  Flowers  solitary  or  in  pairs.  Corolla  blue,  often 
wanting.    Capsule  cylindrical,  smaller  above.    In  waste  places.* 


II.   CAMPANULA    L. 


J  > 


Annual,  biennial,  or  perennial  herbs.  Flowers  solitary 
racemed  or  spiked,  regular,  blue  or  white.  Calyx  5-lobed  or 
parted.  Corolla  wheel-shaped  to  bell-shaped,  5-lobed.  Stamens 
5,  free  from  the  corolla,  distinct ;  filaments  dilated  at  the  base. 
Ovary  3-5-celled,  many-ovuled  ;  style  3-parted.  Capsule  short, 
bearing  the  persistent  calyx  lobes  at  its  apex,  many-seeded, 
splitting  open  on  the  sides.* 

1.  C.  americana  L.  Tall  Bellflower.  Annual  or  biennial. 
Stem  erect,  usually  unbranched,  3-6  ft.  high.  Leaves  varying  from 
ovate  to  lanceolate,  serrate,  '2i-6  in.  long.  Spike  1-2  ft.  long.  Corolla 
wheel-shaped,  light  blue,  about  1  in.  in  diameter.  Moist,  rich  soil, 
especially  in  thickets. 

2.  C.  rotundifolia  L.  Harebell.  A  slender,  smooth,  branching 
perennial,  5-12  in.  high.  Root  leaves  broadly  ovate-heart-shaped, 
generally  somewhat  crenate,  soon  withering  ;  stem  leaves  varying 
from  linear  to  narrowly  lanceolate,  entire.  Pedicels  slender;  flow- 
ers solitary  or  somewhat  racemed,  the  buds  erect  but  the  fully 
opened  flower  drooping.  Calyx  teeth  erect,  awl-shaped.  Corolla 
bell-shaped,  ^-1  in.  long,  its  lobes  short  and  recurved.  Rocky  hill- 
sides, especially  N. 

3.  C.  aparinoides  Pursh.  Marsh  Bellflower.  Stem  angular, 
unbranched,  slender,  weak,  and  leaning  on  the  grass  among  which  it 
usually  grows,  the  angles  clothed  with  minute,  backward-pointing 
prickles.  Leaves  lance-linear,  nearly  entire.  Flowers  terminal,  about 
I  in.  long,  white.    Corolla  bell-shaped.   Wet  meadows,  in  tall  grass. 


COMPOSITE  FAMILY  239 

100.  COMPOSITE.     CoMPosiTi:  Family 
Flowers  epigynoiis,  in  a  dense  head,  on  a  common  recepta- 
cle, surrounded   by  an   involucre   composed   of   many  bracts 
(Fig.  29),  with  usually  5  stamens   inserted  on   the  corolla, 
the   anthers   united   into   a  tube  which  surrounds  the  style. 


Fig.  29.  Flower  chister  and  flowers  of  yarrow 
A,  flower  cluster;  B,  section  of  flower  cluster;  C,  a  ray  flower ■  J)    a  disk 
flower    rt.  anthers ;  ch,  chaff  of  disk  ;  cf,  disk  flowers ;  o,  ovary  ;yr  'crolias 
of  ray  flowers ;    5,  stigmas ;  tc,  corolla  of  tubular  flower.    (A,  B,  C,  7  times 
natural  size;  D,  18  times  natural  size) 

Calyx  with  its  limb  sometimes  wanting;  when  i)resent  taking 
the  form  of  scales,  bristles,  etc.,  known  as  paj^pus  (Fig.  aO). 
Corolla  either  strap-shaped  (Fig.  29,  rr)  or  tubular  (Fig.  29,  fc); 
in  the  former  case  often  5-toothed,  in  the  latter  usually  5- 
lobed.  Style  2-cleft  above.  Fruit  an  akene,  often  provided 
Avith  means  of  transportation.  This  is  the  largest  family  of 
flowering  plants   and  among  the  most  specialized  for  insect 


240 


KEY  AND  FLORA 


pollination.  The  genera  of  the  northern  United  States  are 
divided  into  two  suborders :  I.  Tubuliflor.e,  corolla  of 
the  bisexual  flowers  tubular  and  5-lobed ;  II.  Liguliflor^, 
corollas   all   strap-shaped  and  flowers  all  bisexual. 


Fig.  30.  Akenes  with  various  types  of  pappus 

A,  Rudbeckia,  pappus  wanting;  B,  Cichorimn,  pappus  a  crown  of  fine  scales; 
C,  Coreopsis,  pappus  of  2  small  scales;  D,  Helenium,  pappus  a  crown  of 
conspicuous  scales ;  E,  Cirsium,  pappus  a  tuft  of  plumose  hairs ;  F,  Lac- 
tuca,  pappus  borne  on  a  long  beak 


I.   TUBULIFLORJE  1 

Corollas  some  or  all  of  them,  tubular. 
Rays  w^iite,  pink,  or  purplish. 

Rays  many  ;  akenes  flat ;  pappus  wanting ;  low  herbs.    Bellis,  I 
Rays   many;    akenes   cylindrical  or  winged,   grooved;    pappus 

wanting;  tall  herbs  or  shrubby.  Chrysanthemum,  X 

Rays  many ;    akenes  flat ;  pappus  of  an  outer  row  of  minute 

scales  and  an  inner  row  of  delicate  bristles.         Erigeron,  II 
Rays  many;    akenes   cylindrical   or  ribbed;    pappus   wanting; 

strong-scented,  branching  herbs.  Anthemis,  IX 

Rays  few.  Achillea,  VIII 

1  The  characters  in  this  key  are  not  necessarily  true  of  all  species  in  the 
genera  referred  to,  but  only  of  those  described  below. 


COMPOSITE  FAMILY 


241 


Rays  yellow. 

Disk  purplish-brown.  Rudlx'ckia.  IV 

Disk  gray.  Lepacliys,  V 

Disk  yellow. 

Involucre  of  2  rows  of  bracts,  the  outer  rather  leaf-like 

Coreopsis,  VI 
Involucre  of  reflexed  scales  ;  pappus  of  5-8  scales. 

Ileleniiuii,  Vll 
Involucre  of  erect  scales;  pappus  of  abundant  soft  hairs. 

Senecio,  XI 
Rays   none,   but   the   marginal  flowers  sterile  and  their  tubular 
corollas  partly  flattened  like  rays.  Centaurea,  XIII 

Rays  none,  and  marginal  flowers  like  the  others;  scales  of  the  in- 
volucre not  prickly.  Antennaria,  III 
Rays  none  and  marginal  flowers  like  the  others ;  scales  of  the  in- 
volucre overlapping  in  many  rows,  prickly-pointed. 

Cirsium,  XII 

II.    LIGULIFLORiE 


Corollas  all  strap-shaped. 

Corollas     blue     (rarely     pinkish)  ; 
akenes    not   beaked. 

Cichorium,  XIV 
Corollas  blue;  akenes  beaked. 

Lactuca,  XIX 
Corollas  yellow. 

(a)  Akenes  truncate ;  pappus  double, 
of  chaff  and  bristles. 

Krigia,  XV 
(/>)   Akenes  columnar ;   pappus   of 
tawny,  rough  bristles  ;  stem 
scape-like. 

Ilieracium,  XXII 

(c)  Akenes     spindle-shaped,     not 

beaked ;  pappus  of    plumed 

bristles.        Leontodon,  XVI 


\ 


4 


m 


if 


^^ 


ABC 

¥ui.  31.   Types  of  pappus  hairs 

.1.  smooth  hair  of  (lainiflioii :  />, 
phunosc  liairof  tall  ilandt'lion  ; 
r,  rou-h  or  barl)('<l  hair  of 
liawkweed.  (7  times  natural 
size) 


242  KEY  AXD   FLORA 

(d)  Akenes    ovoid   to    spindle-shaped,    long-beaked,    4-5-ribbed; 

pappus  white,  soft,  and  abundant.  Taraxacum,  XVII 

(e)  Akenes  nearly  as  in  XYII ;  pappus  tawny. 

Pyrrhopappus,  XXI 
(/)  Akenes  not  flattened,  with  or  without  beak,  10 -ribbed  ;  pappus 

of  abundant  stiff,  hair-like  white  bristles.  Agoseris,  XX 
(g)  Akenes  flattened,  beaked;  pappus  soft,  white,  the  hairs  soon 

falling  off  ;  leafy-stemmed  herbs.  Lactuca,  XIX 

(h)  Akenes  flattened,  not  beaked;  pappus  abundant,  soft,  white; 

leafy-stemmed,  spiny-leaved  herbs.  Sonchus,  XYIII 

I.  TUBULIFLOR^ 

I.   BELLIS    L. 

Small  herbs.  Leaves  usually  all  basal,  petioled.  Heads 
solitary,  disk  yellow,  ray  flowers  white  or  pink ;  involucre 
bell-shaped ;  bracts  in  1  or  2  rows,  green  ;  receptacle  conical. 
Kay  flowers  many,  in  a  single  row,  pistillate  ;  disk  flowers 
tubular,  bisexual,  4-5-toothed  ;  forks  of  the  style  short,  thick, 
tipped  by  roughened  cones.  Fruit  flattened,  obovate ;  pappus 
wanting. 

1.  B.  integrifolia  Michx.  American  Daisy.  A  branching  annual 
or  biennial  herb.  4-12  in.  high.  Upper  leaves  lanceolate  or  oblong, 
the  lower  ones  obovate-spatulate.  Heads  borne  on  slender  peduncles; 
rays  violet-purple.   Prairies,  especially  S.W. 

2.  B.  perennis  L.  English  Daisy,  Scotch  Daisy.  An  apparently 
stemless  perennial.  Leaves  obovate-spatulate,  smooth  or  hairy.  Heads 
3-1  in.  in  diameter,  very  pretty,  the  rays  delicate.  Cultivated  from 
Europe. 

II.   ERIGERON    L. 

Herbs.  Leaves  usually  sessile.  Heads  many-flowered,  flat 
or  nearly  hemispherical,  the  rays  numerous,  narrow,  pistillate. 
Scales  of  the  involucre  narrow  and  overlapping  but  little. 
Akenes  flattish,  crowned  with  a  single  row  of  hair-like  bristles, 
or  sometimes  with  shorter  bristles  or  scales  outside  these. 
Disk  yellow,  rays  white,  x^inkish,  or  purple. 

B.  Fl.  species  5  (Leptilon). 


COMPOSITE   FAMILY  243 

1.  E.  pulchellus  Michx.  Robin's  Plantain.  Perennial;  soft- 
hairy;  stems  sometimes  throwing  out  offsets  from  the  base;  simple, 
erect,  1-2  ft.  high.  Basal  leaves  obovate-obtuse,  somewhat  serrate  ; 
stem  leaves  few,  lance-oblong,  acute,  clasping.  Heads  rather  large, 
1-9,  on  long  peduncles,  with  50-00  long,  rather  broad,  bluish-purple 
or  reddish-pur] )le  rays.    Thickets  and  moist  banks. 

2.  E.  philadelphicus  L.  Perennial;  rather  hairy;  stems  slender, 
about  2  ft.  high.  Basal  leaves  spatulate  and  toothed ;  stem  leaves 
usually  entire  and  strongly  clasj'iing,  sometimes  with  a  heart-shaped 
or  eared  base.  Heads  several,  small,  long-petioled ;  rays  exceedingly 
numerous,  thread-like,  reddish-purple  or  flesh  color.    In  damp  soil. 

3.  E.  annuus  Pers.  Common  Fleabane.  Annual  or  biennial. 
Stem  grooved  and  stout,  branching,  2-5  ft.  high,  with  scattered 
hairs.  Lowest  leaves  petioled,  ovate,  coarsely  toothed;  those  higher 
up  the  stem  successively  narrower,  sessile.  Heads  in  a  large,  loose 
corymb;  rays  short,  white  or  purplish.    Fields  and  waste  ground. 

4.  E.  ramosus  BSP.  Daisy  Fleabane.  Annual  or  biennial. 
Considerably  resembling  the  preceding  species,  but  with  entire 
leaves,  smaller  and  less  branched  stem,  smaller  heads,  and  longer 
rays.    Fields  and  pastures. 

5.  E.  canadensis  L.  Horseweed,  Butterweed,  Colt's  Tail. 
Annual;  stem  erect,  1-5  ft.  high.  Leaves  linear,  those  of  the  stem 
entire.  Heads  very  numerous  and  small,  panicled ;  the  w^hite  rays 
hardly  longer  than  the  pappus.    A  common  and  troublesome  weed. 

III.   ANTENNARIA    Gaertu. 

Perennial  woolly  herbs.  Le'aves  partly  basal,  the  stem  leaves 
alternate.  Heads  small,  many-flowered,  dioecious  ;  the  flowers 
all  tubular.  Involucre  of  thin,  dry,  white  or  colored  bracts, 
imbricated  in  several  series.  Eeceptacle  convex  or  fiat,  with- 
out chatf.  Pistillate  flowers  with  very  slender  tubular  corollas 
and  abundant  pappus  of  hair-like,  naked  bristles,  somewhat 
united  at  the  base ;  pappus  of  the  sterile  flowers  thickened 
and  club-shaped  at  the  tips.  Akenes  small,  cylindrical  or 
flattish. 

1.  A.  Parlinii  Fernald.  Stolons  ascending,  leafy  througliout;  stems 
rather  stout,  at  length  12-20  in.  high,  they  and  the  stem  leaves  nu)re 
or  less  downy  with  i)urj)lish  glandular  hairs.  Basal  leaves  and  those 
at  the  tips  of  the  stolons  at  length  smooth  and  bright  green  above  ; 
lower  stem  leaves  abundant,  oblong  or  narrower,  obtuse  or  nearly  so. 
Heads  corymbed.  Style  at  length  crimson.  Ilicli  soil,  frequently  in 
open  woods. 


244  KEY  AND  FLORA 

2.  A.  plantaginifolia  Richards.  Common  Everlasting,  Pussy's 
Toes.  Stolons  ascending,  leafy  throughout;  stems  slender,  4-20  in. 
high.  Basal  leaves  and  those  at  the  tips  of  the  stolons  jDale  and  very- 
downy  or  covered  with  cobweb-like  hairs  above ;  stem  leaves  scat- 
tered, lanceolate,  taper-pointed.  Heads  more  or  less  closely  corymbed. 
Styles  crimson.    In  dry  soil,  very  common. 

3.  A.  solitaria  Rydb.  Stolons  when  well  developed  procumbent, 
leafy  only  at  the  tip;  stems  2-8  in.  high.  Basal  leaves  obovate- 
spatulate,  densely  downy  beneath,  covered  with  cobweb-like  hairs 
above,  but  becoming  smoothish ;  stem  leaves  few,  small,  lying  close 
to  the  stem.  Heads  solitary.  Styles  crimson.  Rich  wooded  hillsides, 
central  and  south  central  states. 

IV.   RUDBECKIA    L. 

Perennial  or  biennial.  Leaves  alternate,  entire  or  lobed. 
Heads  radiate,  long-peduncled,  many-flowered ;  bracts  imbri- 
cated in  2-3  series,  spreading ;  receptacle  convex  or  long-con- 
ical, with  concave,  chaffy  scales.  Ray  flowers  yellow,  neutral ; 
disk  flowers  purple  to  brown,  bisexual.  Akenes  smooth,  4- 
angled,  truncate.    Pappus  a  few  short  teeth  or  wanting.* 

1.  R.  hirta  L.  Cone  Flow^er,  Black-Eyed  Susan.  Annual  or 
biennial ;  stem  erect,  rough-hairy,  simple  or  branched,  2-3  ft.  high. 
Leaves  lanceolate  to  oblong,  thick,  obscurely  serrate,  rough-hairy, 
3-ribbed ;  the  low^er  petioled,  the  upper  sessile.  Heads  few,  long- 
peduncled  ;  bracts  rough-hairy,  spreading.  Ray  flow^ers  10-20,  orange- 
yellow;  disk  flowers  purplish-brown.  Chaff  acute,  hairy  at  the  apex. 
Pappus  none.    On  dry,  open  ground. 

V.   LEPACHYS    Raf.    (RATIBIDA) 

Perennial  herbs.  Leaves  alternate,  pinnately  divided.  Heads 
radiate,  long-peduncled,  many-flowered ;  bracts  few,  small, 
spreading.  Receptacle  columnar  or  slender,  the  chaff  of  con- 
cave truncate  scales.  Ray  flowers  yellow  or  with  brown  at 
the  base,  neutral ;  disk  usually  grayish. 

1.  L.  pinnata  T.  &  G.  Gray  Cone  Flower.  Stem  slender,  branch- 
ing, often  4  ft.  or  more  high,  gray  with  minute  close-lying  hairs. 
Leaves  mostly  large,  pinnately  3-7-divided  ;  the  basal  ones  with  long 
petioles,  stem  leaves  sessile,  the  uppermost  small.  Disk  oblong,  gray 
or  at  length  brown.  Rays  4-10,  light  yellow,  drooping,  often  2  in. 
long.    In  dry  prairie  soil  and  borders  of  thickets. 


COMPOSITE  FAMILY  245 

2.  L.  columnaris  T.  &  G.  Pkairie  Coxe  Flower.  Stem  rough- 
hairy,  sleii(l(M-,  usiuiUy  branching  from  the  base,  1-2  ft.  high.  Leaves 
pinnately  divided  into  oblong  to  narrowly  linear  segments.  Disk 
columnar,  sometimes  more  than  1  in.  long.  Rays  4-10,  drooping, 
yellow  or  partly  or  entirely  brownish-purple,  as  long  as  or  somewhat 
shorter  than  the  disk.    On  dry  prairies,  especially  W.  and  S.W. 

VI.    COREOPSIS    L. 

Annual  or  perennial  herbs.  Leaves  opposite  or  the  upper 
alternate,  entire  or  pinnately  divided.  Heads  radiate,  solitary 
or  corymbed,  many-flowered. ;  bracts  in  2  rows  of  about  8  each, 
the  inner  membranaceous  and  appressed,  the  outer  narrower 
and  spreading ;  receptacle  chaffy.  Eay  flowers  neutral ;  disk 
flowers  tubular,  bisexual.  Akenes  compressed,  oval  to  oblong, 
often  winged.    Pappus  of  2  scales  or  bristles,  or  wanting.* 

1.  C.  tinctoria  Nutt.  Garden  Coreopsis.  Annual;  stem  erect, 
smooth,  branched,  2-3  ft.  high.  Leaves  2-3  times  pinnately  divided, 
the  divisions  linear;  lower  leaves  petioled,  the  upper  often  sessile  and 
entire.  Heads  l-H  in.  wide,  on  slender  peduncles;  inner  bracts 
brown  with  scarious  margins,  outer  bracts  very  short.  Ray  flowers 
about  8,  yellow  with  a  brown  base,  3-lobed  at  the  apex.  Akenes 
linear.    Pappus  minute  or  none.    Common  in  gardens.* 

2;  C.  lanceolata  L.  Tickseed.  Perennial;  stem  slender,  erect  or 
ascending,  smooth  or  slightly  downy  below,  simple,  9-15  in.  high. 
Leaves  opposite,  the  lower  spatulate  to  elliptical,  sometimes  lobed,  on 
long,  hairy -fringed  petioles;  the  upper  lanceolate,  sessile.  Heads  few, 
on  long  peduncles  ;  bracts  ovate-lanceolate,  the  outer  narrower.  Ray 
flowers  G-10  ;  rays  3-5-lobed,  bright  yellow.  Akenes  oval,  broadly 
winged,  warty.    Pappus  of  2  teeth.    On  rich,  dry  soil,  S.  and  E.* 

3.  C.  grandiflora  Hogg.  Large-Floweued  Tickseed.  Usually 
perennial ;  stem  smooth,  commonly  branched  above,  1-3  ft.  high. 
Most  of  the  leaves  once  or  twice  pinnately  parted,  the  lower  some- 
times entire,  on  slender  petioles ;  segments  of  most  of  the  stem  leaves 
linear  or  thread-like.  Heads  usually  several,  l|-2  in.  in  diameter,  on 
long  peduncles ;  outer  bracts  lanceolate,  narrower  and  shorter  than 
tlie  inner  ones.  Rays  G-10,  yellow.  Akenes  oblong,  with  broad  wings 
when  ripe.    In  moist  soil,  especially  S.W. 

4.  C.  auriculata  L.  Running  Tickseed.  Perennial ;  stem  ascend- 
ing or  decumbent,  weak,  smooth,  nearly  simple,  0-15  in.  long. 
Leaves  ovate  to  oval,  entire  or  with  2-4  small  and  rounded  lobes  at 
the  base,  downy,  long  petioled.  Heads  1-1 1  in.  wide,  few  or  single; 
outer  bracts  narrower  than  the  inner.    Rays  G-10,  mostly  4-toothed 


246  KEY  AND  FLORA 

at  the  apex ;  chaff  as  long  as  the  flowers.    Akenes  oblong,  the  wings 
narrow  and  thickened ;  pappus  of  2  minute  teeth.    In  rich  woods.* 

5.  C.  palmata  Nutt.  Stiff  Tickseed.  Perennial ;  stem  stiff, 
smooth,  little  or  not  at  all  branched,  very  leafy,  1-3  ft.  high.  Leaves 
3 -cleft,  broadly  wedge-shaped,  stiff ;  the  lobes  linear-oblong,  middle 
one  often  3-lobed.  Heads  on  short  peduncles,  few  or  solitary,  1^-2  in. 
in  diameter;  bracts  of  the  outer  series  narrower  than  the  inner  ones, 
slightly  shorter.  Rays  6-10,  bright  yellow,  broad,  usually  o-toothed. 
Akenes  oblong,  with  narrow  wings.    Dry  prairies  and  thickets  W. 

6.  C.  verticillata  L.  Perennial ;  stem  smooth,  stiff,  slender,  branch- 
ing freely,  leafy,  1-2  ft.  high.  Leaves  divided  into  3  sessile  leaflets, 
the  latter  once  or  twice  pinnately  parted  into  narrowly  linear  or  thread- 
like divisions.  Heads  li-li  in.  in  diameter;  outer  bracts  much  nar- 
rower than  the  inner  ones.  Rays  6-10,  yellow.  Akenes  oblong,  with 
narrow  wings.    In  dry  or  moist  soil,  sometimes  cultivated. 

VII.  HELENIUM    L. 

Annual  or  perennial.  Leaves  alternate,  forming  wings  on 
the  stem.  Heads  radiate,  peduncled,  many-flowered;  bracts  in 
2  series,  the  outer  linear  and  spreading,  the  inner  few  and 
scale-like  ;  receptacle  naked,  convex  or  oblong.  Ray  flowers  pis- 
tillate and  fertile,  or  neutral,  the  rays  w^edge-shaped,  3-5-lobed; 
disk  flowers  bisexual,  tubular,  4-5-lobed.  Akenes  top-shaped, 
hairy,  ribbed ;  pappus  of  4-5  entire,  toothed  or  awned  scales.* 

1.  H.  nudiflorum  Nutt.  Sneezeweed.  Perennial;  stem  slender, 
erect,  downy,  branched  above,  1-2  ft.  high.  Leaves  lanceolate,  entire 
or  slightly  toothed,  the  lower  petioled,  the  upper  sessile.  Heads  nu- 
merous. Ray  flowers  10-15,  neutral,  yellow  or  yellow  and  brown; 
disk  flowers  purple.  Akenes  hairy  on  the  ribs ;  pappus  of  ovate, 
minutely  toothed,  awned  scales.    Common  on  river  banks  S.* 

VIII.  ACHILLEA    L. 

Perennial.  Leaves  alternate,  pinnately  divided.  Heads  with 
ray  flowers  in  a  terminal  corymb  ;  involucral  bracts  imbricated 
in  several  series,  the  outer  shorter ;  receptacle  chaffy.  Eay 
flowers  white  or  pink,  pistillate  and  fertile ;  disk  flowers  bi- 
sexual, tubular,  5-lobed.  Akenes  oblong,  compressed,  slightly 
margined ;  pappus  none.* 

1.  A.  Millefolium  L.  Yarrow.  Stems  often  clustered,  erect  from 
a  creeping  rootstock,  simple,  downy  or  woolly,  1-2  ft.  high.    Leaves 


COMPOSITE  FAMILY  247 

lanceolate  or  oblong,  the  segments  finely  cut  and  divided,  smooth  or 
downy,  the  lower  petioled,  the  upper  sessile.  Heads  small,  numerous, 
in  flat-topped  corymbs ;  bracts  downy.  Ray  flowers  4-5,  white  or 
pink,  rays  3-lobed  at  the  apex.    Common  in  old  fields.* 

IX.   ANTHEMIS    L. 

Aromatic  or  ill-scented  herbs.  Leaves  finely  pinnately 
divided.  Heads  many-flowered,  with  ray  flowers.  Rays  pistil- 
late or  neutral.  Involucre  of  many  small,  dry,  close-pressed 
scales.  Akenes  nearly  cylindrical,  generally  ribbed,  barely 
crowned  or  naked  at  the  summit. 

1.  A.  Cotula  L.  Mayweed,  Dog  Fennel.  Leaves  irregularly  cut 
into  very  many  narrow  segments.  Heads  small,  produced  all  summer. 
Disk  yellow.  Rays  rather  short,  white,  neutral.  A  low,  offensive- 
smelling  annual  Aveed,  by  roadsides  and  in  barnyards. 

2.  A.  arvensis  L.  Field  Chamomile.  Annual  or  biennial.  Re- 
sembling .4.  Cotula,  but  without  offensive  smell.  Leaves  less  finely 
once  or  twice  pinnately  parted.  In  fields  and  waste  ground.  Natu- 
ralized from  Europe. 

X.    CHRYSANTHEMUM    L. 

Perennials,  with  toothed,  pinnately  cut  or  divided  leaves. 
Heads  nearly  as  in  Antliemis,  except  that  the  ray  flowers  are 
pistillate. 

1.  C.  Leucanthemum  L.  Oxeye  Daisy,  Whiteweed,  Bull's-Eye. 
Sheriff  Pink.  Stem  erect,  unbranched  or  nearly  so,  1-2  ft.  high. 
Basal  leaves  oblong-si)atulate,  petioled,  deeply  and  irregularly  toothed  ; 
stem  leaves  sessile  and  clasping,  toothed  and  cut,  the  uppermost  ones 
shading  off  into  bracts.  Heads  terminal  and  solitary,  large  and  showy, 
with  a  yellow  disk  and  many  white  rays.  A  troublesome  but  hand- 
some ])erennial  weed.    Naturalized  from  Europe,  chiefly  E. 

2.  C.  frutescens  L.  INlARGrEiJiTE.  Erect,  branching,  perennial, 
woody  below,  smooth,  and  with  a  pale  bloom.  Divisions  of  the  leaves 
linear,  with  the  uppermost  leaves  often  merely  i3-cleft  bracts.  Heads 
long-peduncled,  showy,  with  a  yellow  disk  and  large,  spreading  white 
rays.    Cultivated  in  greenhouses.    From  the  Canary  Islands. 

XI.   SENECIO    L. 

Annual  or  perennial ;  stems  often  hollow.  Leaves  alternate, 
entire  or  pinnately  divided.  Heads  with  or  without  rays,  in 
terminal  corymbs ;  bracts  mostly  in  a  single  row,  often  with  a 


248  KEY  AND  FLORA 

few  shorter  ones  at  the  base;  receptacle  naked  or  pitted.  Eay 
flowers  yellow  or  orange,  pistillate  and  fertile  when  present ; 
disk  flowers  tubular,  bisexual,  Akenes  cylindrical  or  com- 
pressed, not  beaked  or  winged,  5-10-ribbed,  downy;  pappus 
of  numerous  slender  white  hairs. "^ 

1.  S.  glabellus  Poir.  Butterweed.  Annual;  stem  erect,  ridged, 
hollow,  often  woolly  when  yomig  and  becoming  smooth  with  age, 
branched  above,  1-3  ft.  high.  Leaves  lyrate-pinnatifid,  thin,  the  lower 
petioled,  the  upper  sessile.  Heads  radiate  in  a  terminal  corymb ;  bracts 
linear,  acute.  Ray  flowers  about  12,  yellow.  Akenes  slightly  rough- 
hairy  on  the  angles ;  pappus  rough,  longer  than  the  involucre.  Com- 
mon on  low  ground.* 

2.  S.  aureus  L.  Golden  Ragweed.  Perennial ;  stems  often 
tufted,  erect,  slender,  woolly  when  young,  branched  above,  18-30  in. 
high.  Lower  leaves  broadly  ovate,  obtuse  at  the  apex,  heart-shaped 
at  the  base,  creuate,  long-petioled ;  stem  leaves  lanceolate  and  often 
pinnatifid,  the  upper  small  and  sessile.  Heads  radiate,  corymbed,  on 
slender  peduncles.  Ray  flowers  8-12,  bright  yellow.  Akenes  smooth. 
In  wet  soil ;  very  variable.* 

3.  S.  tomentosus  Michx.  Woolly  Ragweed.  Perennial;  woolly 
throughout ;  stem  stout,  erect,  mostly  simple,  2-3  ft.  high.  Lower 
leaves  ovate  to  oblong,  crenate  or  entire,  obtuse,  long-petioled ;  stem 
leaves  few,  elliptical  to  oblanceolate,  serrate  or  toothed,  acute,  sessile. 
Heads  radiate,  |  in.  wide,  on  slender  peduncles;  bracts  narrow,  be- 
coming smooth.  Ray  flowers  12-15,  yellow.  Akenes  hairy.  In  damp 
soil.* 

XII.   CIRSIUM  Hill.    (CARDUUS) 

Biennial  or  perennial ;  stem  erect,  simple  or  branched. 
Leaves  alternate,  prickly,  often  forming  wings  on  the  stem. 
Heads  discoid,  terminal  and  solitary  or  corymbed,  many-flow- 
ered ;  bracts  overlapping  in  many  series,  the  outer  shorter, 
usually  spine-pointed ;  receptacle  bristly.  Corollas  purplish 
or  nearly  white,  the  tube  slender,  deeply  5-cleft.  Akenes 
oblong,  4-angled,  smooth  or  ribbed ;  pappus  of  numerous 
simple  or  plumose  bristles.  [Most  of  our  commoner  species 
blossom  in  the  late  summer  and  autumn.]* 

1.  C.  spinosissimum  Scop.  Yellow  Thistle.  Biennial  or  perennial ; 
stem  erect,  stout,  woolly  when  young,  becoming  smooth,  often  purple, 
branched,  1-3  ft.  high.  Leaves  pinnately  cut,  with  very  spiny  teeth, 
mostly  sessile  and  clasping,  smooth  and  green  on  both  sides.   Heads 


COMPOSITE   FAMILY  249 

large,  surrounded  by  a  wliorl  of  linear-oblong,  comb-like  leaves ;  in- 
volucral  bracts  linear,  ciliate,  not  spine-tipped.  Flowers  purple  or 
yellowish.    On  sandy  soil  E.  and  S.* 

2.  C.  virginianum  Miclix.  Early  AVood  Thistle.  Stem  woolly, 
slender,  little  or  not  at  all  branched,  1-3  ft.  high.  Leaves  lanceolate, 
green  above,  covered  beneath  with  dense  white  wool,  the  margins 
beset  with  prickly  bristles,  entire  or  sinuate-lobed,  the  lower  ones 
sometimes  pinnately  cut  into  triangular-lanceolate  lobes.  Heads 
small,  purple,  on  long  leafless  peduncles ;  outer  scales  of  the  involucre 
merely  bristle-pointed.    In  dry  woods  and  thickets. 

XIII.   CENTAUREA    L. 

Herbs.  Leaves  entire  or  cut,  often  spiny-toothed.  Heads 
single ;  involucre  ovoid  or  globose ;  bracts  closely  overlap- 
ping, often  fringed,  dry  and  membranaceous.  Corollas  all  tubu- 
lar, oblique  or  2-lipped,  inflated  above  ;  the  outer  ones  usually 
larger  and  neutral,  the  inner  flowers  bisexual ;  lobes  5,  slender. 
Akenes  flattened;  pappus  hairs  short,  slender,  rough. 

1.  Cyanus  L.  Bachelor's  Button.  Stem  erect,  slender,  grooved, 
1-2  ft.  high,  somewhat  branched.  Leaves  acute,  sessile,  narrow,  entire 
or  few-lobed.  Peduncles  covered  with  cottony  wool.  Heads  i-1  in. 
in  diameter,  cobwebby.  Ray-like  flowers  few,  large,  bright  blue  or 
pink  ;  those  of  the  disk  smaller.  Cultivated  from  Europe  and  escaped 
from  gardens. 

2.  C.  americana  Nutt.  Prairie  Star  Thistle.  Annual;  stem 
stout,  little  or  not  at  all  branched,  2-6  ft.  high.  Leaves  entire  or 
minutely  toothed,  the  basal  and  lower  ones  spatulate  or  oblong, 
petioled,  the  upper  narrower,  sessile  and  mucronate.  Heads  solitary 
at  the  summit  of  the  stem  or  tips  of  the  branches ;  involucre  nearly 
hemispherical,  the  bracts  ovate  or  lanceolate,  with  comb-like  aj> 
pendages.  Flowers  pink  or  purple,  the  marginal  ones  ray-like.  In  dry 
plains,  especially  S.W. 

n.  LIGULIFLORiE 
XIV.   CICHORIUM    L. 

Perennial  herbs  with  spreading  branches ;  juice  milky. 
Leaves  radical  and  alternate,  toothed  or  pinnately  cut.  Heads 
axillary;  involucre  cylindrical;  bracts  in  2  rows,  the  inner 
row  erect,  united  at  the  base,  the  outer  shorter ;  receptacle 
flattish.  Corollas  blue,  pale  pink,  or  yellow.  Upper  part  of 
the  style  and  its  slender  arms  hairy.    Akenes  crowded  on  the 


250  KEY  AND  FLOEA 

hardened  receptacle,  firmly  covered  by  the  stiff  involucre, 
obovoid  or  top-shaped,  not  beaked;  pappus  1  or  2  rows  of 
short  scales. 

1.  C.  Intybus  L.     Chicory,  Blue  Dandelion,  Blue  Sailors. 

Root  very  long,  stout,  and  fleshy;  stem  1-3  ft.  high,  angled  and 
grooved ;  branches  straight  and  stiff.  Basal  leaves  and  lower  stem 
leaves  runcinate  ;  upper  stem  leaves  oblong  or  lanceolate,  clasping, 
those  of  the  branches  reduced  to  bracts.  Flowers  very  showy,  usually 
bright  blue,  rarely  pinkish-white.  Introduced  from  Europe  ;  a  trouble- 
some weed  in  grass  lands  and  common  in  waste  places,  particularly 
in  New  England. 

XV.   KRIGIA    Schreber.    (ADOPOGON) 

Small,  annual  -*or  perennial  herbs.  Leaves  mostly  basal, 
toothed  or  lyrate.  Heads  several-many-flowered ;  scales  of 
the  involucre  about  2-rowed,  thin.  Akenes  short,  truncate  ; 
pappus  in  2  rows,  the  outer  one  of  thin,  blunt,  chaffy  scales, 
the  inner  one  of  slender  bristles.    Corollas  yellow. 

1.  K.  virginica  Willd.  Annual ;  scapes  usually  2-5  from  one  root, 
slender.  Leaves  mostly  lyrate,  smooth  and  with  a  bloom,  the  earlier 
ones  rounded  or  spatulate.  Scales  of  the  involucre  linear-lanceolate, 
nearly  equal,  spreading.  Akenes  top-shaped,  reddish-brown,  crowned 
with  5  wedge-obovate  scales  and  5  rough  white  bristles. 

2.  K.  Dandelion  Nutt.  Perennial,  from  slender  tuber-bearing 
roots ;  scapes  leafless,  6-18  in.  high.  Leaves  entire  or  nearly  so, 
varying  from  spatulate-oblong  to  linear-lanceolate.  Akenes  more 
slender  than  in  No.  1;  pappus  consisting  of  10-15  small,  oblong, 
chaffy  scales,  and  15-20  bristles.    In  moist  ground,  especially  S. 

3.  K.  amplexicaulis  Nutt.   Stem  12-18  in.  high,  often  2-3  from  the  . 
same  root,  mostly  2-forked  or  3 -forked  at  the  summit.    Basal  leaves 
3-6  in.  long,  lanceolate,  entire,  toothed  or  rarely  pinnately  cut,  clasp- 
ing at  the  base ;  stem  leaves  1-3.     Akenes  and  pappus  about  as  in 
No.  2.   Moist  banks. 

XVI.   LEONTODON    L, 

Perennial,  scape-bearing  herbs  ;  juice  milky.  Leaves  all 
basal,  toothed  or  pinnatiiid,  often  runcinate.  Heads  on  simple 
or  branched  scapes,  yellow  ;  bracts  of  the  involucre  many,  in 
several  rows,  the  anther  smaller  ;  receptacle  flat,  naked.  Arms 
of  the  style  linear,  obtuse,  hairy.  Akenes  cylindrical,  grooved, 
transversely  wrinkled;  beak  short;  pappus  hairs  stiff,  in  1 
or  2  rows. 


compositp:  family  251 

1.  L.  autumnalis  L.  Scape  usually  branching,  5-15  in.  high, 
bracted;  peduncles  enlarged  above.  Rootstock  truncate.  Heads 
1.^-1  in.  or  more  in  diameter;  involucre  top-shaped  or  bell-shaped. 
Pappus  of  a  single  row  of  tawny  hairs.  Fields  and  roadsides, 
especially  N.E.    Introduced  from  Europe. 


XVn.  TARAXACUM    Haller 

Stemless  perennial  or  biennial  herbs.  Leaves  in  a  fiattish 
tuft,  pinnately  cut  or  runcinate.  Head  many-flowered,  large, 
solitary,  yellow,  borne  on  a  hollow  scape,  which  is  short  at 
first  but  lengthens  after  flowering.  Involucre  composed  of  a 
single  row  of  long,  erect  inner  scales,  and  a  set  of  much  shorter 
ones  outside  and  at  the  base  of  the  former  ones.  Akenes  cylin- 
drical or  spindle-shaped,  with  4-5  rough,  ribs,  the  apex  taper- 
ing into  a  bristle-like  beak  which  bears  a  short,  broadly  conical 
tuft  of  soft  white  hairs. 

1.  T.  officinale  Weber.  Dandelion.  Outer  involucre  reflexed; 
inner  involucre  closing  over  the  head,  after  the  flowers  are  withered, 
and  remaining  shut  for  some  days,  then  opening  and  allowing  the 
akenes  to  form  a  globular  head.  Root  stout,  bitter,  medicinal.  Young 
leaves  eaten  as  a  pot-herb  ("  greens  ")  in  spring  —  the  plant  often  cul- 
tivated for  the  leaves  by  market-gardeners. 

XVIII.   SONCHUS    L. 

Annual  or  perennial.  Leaves  mostly  toothed  or  pinnately 
cut,  prickly  margined.  Heads  in  corymbs  or  panicles  ;  bracts 
in  several  series,  the  outer  shorter  ;  receptacle  naked.  Flowers 
yellow,  rays  truncate,  5-toothed  at  tlie  apex.  Akenes  oval  to 
oblong,  compressed,  ribbed,  truncate  at  the  apex;  pappus  of 
numerous  soft  white  hairs.* 

1.  S.  oleraceus  L.  Sow  Thistlk.  Annual;  stem  erect,  branched, 
smootli,  2-0  ft.  liigli.  Leaves  spiny-toothed,  the  lower  long-petioled, 
very  irregularly  cut  or  pinnatifid,  the  upper  clasping  by  an  eared 
base.  Involucre  downy  when  young.  Akenes  channeled  and  trans- 
versely wrinkled.    In  waste  phices  on  very  rich  soil.* 

2.  S.  asper  Vill.  Spiny  Sow  Thistle.  Annual ;  stem  erect, 
smooth,  branched  but  little,  2-G  ft.  high.  Leaves  undivided,  spatu- 
late  to  oblauceolate,  fringed  with  spiny  teeth;  the  lower  narrowed 
into  a  petiole,  the  upper  clasping  by  an  eared  base,  the  ears  rounded. 


252  KEY  AND   FLORA 

Heads  numerous  ;  involucre  glabrous.    Akenes  flattened,  margined, 
3-nerved  on  each  side,  smooth.    In  waste  places.* 


XIX.   LACTUCA    L. 

Annual,  biennial,  or  perennial ;  stems  leafy.  Leaves  entire 
to  pinnately  cut.  Heads  panicled ;  involucre  cylindrical  ;  bracts 
unequal,  overlapping  in  2  or  more  rows,  the  outer  shorter ; 
receptacle  naked.  Flowers  blue,  yellow,  or  white ;  rays  trun- 
cate, 5-toothed  at  the  apex.  Akenes  compressed,  ribl3ed,  the 
apex  contracted  into  a  slender  beak,  which  is  enlarged  into  a 
disk  bearing  the  soft,  hairy,  white  or  tawny  pappus.* 

1.  L.  canadensis  L.  Wild  Lettuce.  Biennial;  stem  erect, 
smooth,  hollow,  branched  above,  3-10  ft.  high.  Leaves  lanceolate 
to  spatulate,  pale  beneath,  the  lower  petioled  and  pinnately  cut,  the 
upper  sessile,  clasping,  and  nearly  entire.  Heads  numerous,  about 
20-flowered  ;  flowers  yellow\  Akenes  oval,  flat,  1-ribbed  on  each  side, 
minutely  roughened,  about  as  long  as  the  beak  ;  pappus  white.  In 
waste  places.* 

2.  L.  acuminata  Gray.  Blue  Lettuce.  Stem  very  leafy,  smooth, 
paniculately  branched  above,  3-6  ft.  high.  Leaves  ovate  to  lanceo- 
late, taper-pointed,  often  hairy  beneath;  the  lower  on  winged  petioles 
and  often  sinuate-lobed,  the  upper  sessile.  Heads  racemed,  on  diver- 
gent and  bracted  peduncles  ;  flowers  blue.  Akenes  slightly  com- 
pressed, beak  very  short  ;  pappus  white.    In  waste  places.* 


XX.   AGOSERIS    Raf. 

Herbs,  usually  appearing  stemless.  Basal  leaves  tufted, 
usually  sessile.  Head  solitary,  large,  yellow  or  rarely  purple, 
on  a  naked  or  bracted  scape  ;  bracts  of  the  involucre  overlap- 
ping in  2  or  3  rows  ;  receptacle  flat,  naked  or  pitted.  Akenes 
smooth,  10-ribbed,  with  or  without  a  beak ;  pappus  of  abundant 
slender  white  bristles. 

B.  Fl.  species  1  {Kothocalais). 

1.  A.  cuspidata  Steud.  Scape  1  ft.  or  more  high.  Leaves  lanceolate, 
taper-pointed,  w^oolly-margined.  Involucral  scales  lanceolate,  sharp- 
pointed.    Akenes  beakless.    Prairies  and  plains  W. 

2.  A.  glauca  Steud.  Scape  stout,  1-2  ft.  high.  Leaves  varying 
from  linear  to  oblong,  entire,  dentate  or  pinnately  cut.  Heads  1-2 
in.  in  diameter.    Akenes  beaked.    Plains  AV. 


COMPOSITE  FAMILY  253 

XXI.   PYRRHOPAPPUS    DC.    (SITILIAS) 

Annual  or  biennial ;  stem  erect,  leafy  below,  nearly  naked 
above,  smooth.  Leaves  oblong,  toothed  or  pinnatitid.  Heads 
large,  long-peduncled ;  involucre  cylindrical  or  spreading,  the 
inner  row  of  bracts  erect,  united  at  the  base,  the  outer  rows 
shorter  and  spreading ;  receptacle  naked.  Flowers  yellow  ; 
rays  truncate,  5-toothed  at  the  apex.  Akenes  oblong,  5-ribbed, 
narrowed  above  into  a  long  and  slender  beak ;  pappus  soft, 
tawny,  with  a  short,  soft-hairy  ring  at  the  base."^ 

1.  P.  carolinianus  DC.  False  Dandeliox.  Annual  or  biennial ; 
stem  glabrous,  furrowed,  branched  above,  2-3  ft.  high.  Lower  leaves 
lanceolate  to  oblong,  entire,  toothed  or  pinnatifid,  narrowed  into  a 
margined  petiole  ;  the  upper  sessile,  bract-like,  entire.  Heads  few, 
long-peduncled ;  peduncles  and  involucre  sometimes  finely  downy ; 
inner  bracts  calloused  at  the  apex,  the  outer  awl-shaped  and  spread- 
ing. Akenes  much  shorter  than  the  thread-like  beak.  Connnon  in 
fields.* 

XXII.   HIERACIUM    L. 

Perennial  herbs,  often  covered  with  glandular  or  star-shaped 
hairs  ;  juice  milky.  Leaves  alternate.  Heads  solitary,  or  in 
corymbs  or  panicles ;  bracts  of  the  involucre  many,  overlap- 
ping, unequal ;  receptacle  flattish,  naked,  pitted.  Corollas 
yellow,  rarely  orange.  Arms  of  the  style  slender  and  upper 
part  of  the  style  hairy  ;  akenes  angled  or  grooved,  not  beaked. 
Pappus  hairs  in  a  single  row,  simple,  stiff,  tawny  or  brownish, 
brittle.  []\Iost  of  our  commoner  species  bloom  in  the  late 
summer  or  autumn.] 

1.  H.  aurantiacum  L.  Orange  Hieracium,  Devil's  Paint  Brush. 

Stem  leafiess  or  occasionally  with  1  or  2  small  sessile  leaves,  clothed 
with  long  hairs.  Basal  leaves  oblanceolate,  hairy,  2^-6  in.  long. 
Scapes  8-24  in.  high.  Heads  corymbed,  about  f  in.  in  diameter, 
orange-rod.    A  common  weed,  naturalized  from  Europe. 

2.  H.  venosum  L.  Rattlesnake  Weed.  Stem  scape-like,  usually 
leafless  or  nearly  so,  smooth,  1-2  ft.  high.  Basal  leaves  2-5  in.  long, 
obovate  or  ovate-ol)long,  generally  purple-veined.  Heads  rather  large, 
yellow,  in  a  loose  panicled  corymb.  Dry  hills  and  roadsides,  and  in 
pine  woods  E. 


GLOSSARY 

OF  TECHNICAL   TERMS  USED  MAINLY  IN  THE   FLORA 


Abortive,  imperfectly  developed. 

Actinomorphic,  having  radial  sym- 
metry. 

Adventive,  partially  naturalized. 

Appressed,  lying  flat  throughout  its 
length,  used  of  such  parts  as 
bracts. 

Awl-shaped,  narrow  and  tapering 
to  a  point. 

Awned,  having  a  bristle-like  ap- 
pendage. 

Awnless,  not  awned. 

Bisexual,  having  both  stamens  and 
pistils  in  the  same  flower. 

Caducous,  falling  away  very  early. 
Capitate  :  (1)  having  a  round  head 

like  the  stigma   of   a  primrose  ; 

(2)  growing  in  heads. 
Carpellary,  relating  to  a  carpel. 
Chaff,    small   membranous   scales, 

such  as  are  found  on  disks   of 

Compositoe. 
Ciliate,  having  the  margins  fringed 

with  hairs  or  bristles. 
Clasping,  partly   surrounding   the 

stem ;  said  of  the  bases  of  leaves. 
Claw,  the  narrowed  base  of  a  petal. 
Cleft,  cut  halfway  down. 
Coated  (bulbs),   those  with   scales 

which  completely  cover  them,  as 

in  the  onion. 


Convolute 


Cone,  the  fruit  of  pines,  etc.,  with 

ovule-bearing  scales. 
Connate,  united ;  said  of  opposite 

leaves  which  appear  as  if  grown 

together  at   their 

bases. 
Convolute,  rolled  up 

lengthwise. 
Cordate,  heart-shaped. 
Corm,    a  bulb-like, 

fleshy  stem  or  base 

of  a  stem. 
Crown,  an  inner  appendage   to  a 

petal  or  to  the  throat  of  the  co- 
rolla. 

Deciduous,  falling  as  petals  do  after 
blossoming,  or  as  leaves  of  most 
trees  except  evergreens  do. 

Declined,  directed  obliquely. 

Decumbent,  reclining,  but  with  the 
summit  somewiiat  erect. 

Dehiscent,  splitting  into  definite 
parts. 

Diffuse,  spreading  widely  or  loosely. 

Dimorphous,  occurring  under  two 
forms,  as  in  flowers  with  long 
and  with  short  styles. 

Disk  :  (1)  an  outgrowth  of  the  re- 
ceptacle within  the  calyx  or 
within  the  corolla  and  stamens  ; 
(2)  the  central  part  of  the  head 
(all  but  the  rays)  in  Comjmsike. 


255 


256 


KEY  AXD   FLORA 


Dissected,   deeply   divided   or   cut 

into  many  segments. 
Drupe,  a  stone  fruit  such  as  a  peach 

or  a  plum. 

Equitant,  leaves  astride  of  those 
within  them,  thus  appearing  in  a 
cross  section   like    the   diagram. 

Even-pinnate,  abruptly  pinnate, 
i.e.  with  no  leaflet  at  the  end. 

Fascicle,  a  close  cluster  or  bundle 

of  flowers,  leaves,  stems,  or  roots. 
Fertile,  capable  of  producing  fruit ; 

fertile  flowers,  those  which  have 

pistils. 
Filiform,  thread-shaped. 
Fleshy,  succulent,  thick  and  full  of 

sap. 
Funiculus,    the   little   stalk   which 

connects  a  seed  or  ovule  with  the 

placenta. 

Gland  :  (1)  a  structure  which  secretes 
something,  as  the  knobs  on  the 
hairs  of  sundew  ;  (2)  any  knob 
or  swelling. 

Glume,  one  of  the  two  sterile, 
chaffy  bracts  at  the  base  of  a 
grass  spikelet. 

Herbaceous,  with  no  stem  above- 
ground  which  lives  through  the 
winter,  not  woody 
or  shrubby. 

Imbricate,  overlap- 
ping, as  the  seg- 
ments of  some 
perianths    in    the       Imbricate 


bud.  At  least  one  segment  must 
be  wholly  outside  and  one  wholly 
inside. 

Indefinite,  too  many  to  be  easily 
counted. 

Indehiscent,  not  splitting  open  reg- 
ularly. 

Introduced,  term  applied  to  plants 
purposely  brought  into  a  region 
by  man. 

Involucrate,  provided  with  an  in- 
volucre. 

Keel,  the  two  anterior  and  united 
petals  of  a  papilionaceous  corolla. 

Key,  a  winged  fruit  like  that  of  the 
ash  or  maple. 

Limb,  the  border  or  spreading  part 
of  a  gamopetalous  calyx  or  co- 
rolla. 

Lobed,  having  divisions,  especially 
rounded  ones. 

Lodicule,  one  of  the  very  minute 
scales  immediately  beneath  each 
flower  in  a  grass  spikelet. 

Naturalized,  term  applied  to  plants 
not  natives  of  a  region  but  thor- 
oughly established  there  in  a 
wild  condition. 

Nerved,  having  simple  or  un- 
branched  veins  or  slender  ribs. 

Ob-  (in  composition),  signifies  in- 
versely; as,  obcordate,  inversely 
heart-shaped. 

Odd-pinnate,  pinnate  with  a  sin- 
gle leaflet  at  the  end  of  the 
midrib. 


GLOSSARY 


257 


Palate,  a  projection  in  the  throat 
of  a  corolla. 

Palet,  one  of  the  bracts  which 
subtend  the  flowers  in  a  grass 
spikelet. 

Papilionaceous,  butterfly- shaped, 
like  the  corolla  of  the  sweet  pea. 

Papillose,  covered  with  papilhe  or 
minute  projections,  like  the 
human  tongue. 

Pappus,  tufts  of  hair  or  other  ob- 
jects, representing  the  limb  of  the 
calyx  in  Compositce  (Fig.  30). 


Peltate 

Peltate,  shield-shaped,  that  is  with 
the  stalk  attached  somewhere 
within  the  circumference  of  the 
leaf  or  other  organ. 

Perfoliate,  with  the  stem  appar- 
ently growing  up  through  a  leaf, 
as  in  some  honeysuckles. 

Persistent,  not  deciduous. 

Pinnatifid,  pinnately  cleft. 

Pistillate,  having  pistils  but  not 
stamens. 


Plumose,  feathered,  as  the  pappus 
of  thistles  (Fig.  31). 

Pubescent,  clothed  with  soft  hair, 
downy. 

Punctate,  marked  with  dots,  de- 
pressions, or  translucent  glands. 

Reflexed,  bent  or  turned  abruptly 
downward  or  backward. 

Root  parasite,  a  plant  parasitic  on 
the  roots  of  another. 

Sagittate,  arrow-shaped. 

Scape,  a  leafless  flower  stalk  aris- 
ing from  the  ground,  as  in  the 
dandelion  and  cyclamen. 

Scarious,  thin,  dry,  and  membra- 
nous, not  green. 

Sessile,  without  a  stalk. 

Simple  (stem),  unbranched. 

Spadix,  a  spike  with  a  fleshy  axis, 
like  that  of  the  Indian  turnip  or 
the  "calla." 

Spathe,  a  large  bract  which  incloses 
a  flower  cluster,  often  a  spadix. 

Staminate,  having  stamens  only. 

Standard,  the  posterior  petal  of  a 
papilionaceous  corolla. 

Sterile  :  (1)  barren,  as  a  flower  with- 
out a  pistil  or  an  antherless  sta- 
men ;  (2)  staminate  or  male,  said 
of  flowers. 

Striate,  marked  with  fine  longitudi- 
nal parallel  lines. 

Sub-  (in  composition),  somewhat, 
as  subglobose. 

Subtend,  to  extend  beneath  as  a 
bract  in  the  axil  of  which  a 
flower  is  borne. 

Succulent,  fleshy  or  juicy. 


258 


KEY  AND   FLORA 


Three-ranked,  with   three  vertical 

rows  on  a  stem  or  axis. 
Throat,  the   top  of 

the    tubular   part 

of  a  sympetalous 

corolla. 
Truncate,  appearing 

as  if  cut  squarely 

off,  as  the  leaves 

of  the  tulip  tree. 
Tubercled,    covered 

v^  i  t  h       warty 

growths. 
Tubercular,    having 
like 


Two-lipped 


Utricle 


tubercles,  or 
a  tubercle. 

Two-lipped,  having 
the  limb  of  the 
calyx  or  corolla 
divided  into  two 
lip-like  portions, 
as  in  the  LabiatcE. 

Two -ranked,  with 
two  vertical  rows 
on  a  stem  or  axis. 


Unisexual,  having  in  each  flower 
only  stamens  or  only  pistils,  not 
both. 


Utricle,  a  small  bladdery  ovary 
wall. 

Versatile,  turning  freely  on  its 
support,  as  an  anther  on  its 
filament. 

Whorled,  arranged  in  a  circle 
around  an  axis,  as  the  leaves  of 
some  lilies. 

Wings,  the  side  petals  of  a  papilio- 
naceous flower. 


Zygomorphic 

Zygomorphic,  having  bilateral  sym- 
metry, as  the  corollas  of  many 
Legiuninosoe. 


INDEX 


All  names  in  italics  are  synonyms, — the  preferred  names  are  in  Roman  type 


Abies,  17 
Abutilon,  158 
Acanthacete.  224 
Acanthus  Family,  224 
Acer,  151,  152 
Aceracese,  151 
Achillea,  240 
Aconitum,  90 
Acorus,  25 
ActcTsa,  90 
Acuan,  129 
Adder 's-Tongue,  37 
Adlumia,  98 
Adopogon,  250 
vEsculus,  153 
Agrosteninia,  79 
Aizoaceffi,  70 
Alder,  58 
Alfalfa,  135 
Alisma,  21 
Alismace?e,  21 
Allegheny  Vine,  98 
Allium,  34 
Alnus,  58 
Alshie,  78 
Alum  Root,  110 
Alyssum,  101 
Amaranth,  74 
Amaranth  Family,  74 
Amaranthacefe,  74 
Amaryllidacete,  43 
Amaryllis  P'amily,  43 
Amelanchier,  117 
Amiant Ilium,  33 
Amorpha,  136 
Amsonia,  193 
Anacardiacea%  148 
Anagallis,  187 
Androsace,  185 
Anemone,  87 


Anemone,  Rue,  80 
Ane'monella,  80 
Angiosperms,  20 
Anonacea3,  94 
Anthemis,  247 
Antirrhinum,  218 
Apocynacete,  192 
Apocynum,  193 
Apple,  117 
Aquifoliacefe,  149 
Aquilegia,  89 
Arabis,  100 
Arace?e  24, 
Aralia,  170 
Araliacete,  169 
Arbor  Viti^,  18 
Arbutus,  Trailing,  182 
Arctostaphylos,  182 
Argentina,  119 
Aris8enia,  25 
Aristolochia,  69 
Aristolochiacese,  68 
Aronia,  116 
Arrowhead.  21 
Arrowwood,  234 
Arum  Family,  24 
Asarum,  08 
Asclepiadacere,  194 
Aselepias,  195,  190 
Asclepiodora,  195 
Ash,  189,  190 
Ash,  Mountain,  117 
Asimina,  93 
Asp.  Quaking,  51 
Asparagus,  39 
Aspen,  American,  51 
Astragalus,  137 
Atamasco  Lily,  44 
Ataniosco,  44 
Avens,  121 

259 


Babies'  Toes,  145 
Bachelor's  Button,  249 
Bald  Cypress,  18 
Balsam,  153,  154 
Balsam  Family,  153 
Balsam  Fir,  17 
Balsaminace;e.  153 
Bamboo  Vine,  43 
Baneberry,  90 
Baptisia,  131 
Barbarea,  105 
Barberry,  92 
Barberry  Family.  91 
Barren  Strawberry,  119 
Bass  wood,  158 
Bastard  Toadflax,  07 
Batodendron,  183 
Bay  berry,  52 
Bayberry  Family,  51 
Beach  Pea,  139  ^ 
Beaked  Hazelnut,  55 
Beau,  140 
Bear  Grass,  39 
Bearberry,  182 
Bedstraw,  228 
Beech,  59 
Beech  Family,  58 
Beggar's  Lice,  204 
Begonia,  104-10(5 
Begonia  Family,  104 
Begoniacene,  104 
Bell  Flower,  238 
Bellis,  242 
Bellwort,  34 
Benjamin,  42 
Benzoin,  95 
Berberidacea?,  91 
Berberis,  92 
Berchemia,  154 
Betula,  56 


260 


KEY  AND  FLORA 


Betulace?e,  54 
Bicuculla,  98 
Bignonia,  223 
Bignonia  Family,  222 
Bignoniacese,  222 
Bindweed,  199 
Birch,  oQ.  57 
Birch  Family,  54 
Bird's  Pepper,  102 
Bishop's  Cap,  111 
Bitter  Cress,  106 
Bittersweet,  150,  214 
Black  Alder,  149 
Black  Gum,  177 
Black  Haw,  234 
Black  Locust,  137 
Black  Walnut,  53 
Bladder  Nut,  151 
Bladder  Nut  Family,  151 
Blackberry,  122,  123 
Bladder  Pod,  102 
Bleeding  Heart,  99 
Bloodroot,  96 
Blue  Beech,  56 
Blue  Cohosh,  91 
Blue  Dandelion,  250 
Blue  Devils,  207 
Blue  Flag,  45,  47 
Blue  Sailors,  250 
Blue  Thistle,  207 
Blue  Valerian,  201 
Bluebell,  201,  205 
Blueberry,  183,  184 
Blue-Eyed  Grass,  47 
Bluets,  229,  230 
Blueweed,  207 
Borage  Family,  203 
Boraginacese,  203 
Boston  Ivy,  156 
Bouvardia,  229 
Box  Elder,  152 
Bradleya,  137 
Brassica,  103 
Breeches  Flower,  99 
Bridal  Wreath,  115 
Brooklime,  220 
Broom  Rape  Family,  223 
Broussonetia,  65 
Buck  Bean,  192 
Buckeye,  153 


Buckeye  Family,  152 
Buckthorn,  155 
Buckthorn  Family,  154 
Buckwheat,  72 
Buckwheat  Family,  69 
Buffalo  Apple,  138 
Buffalo  Bur,  215 
Buffalo  Pea,  139 
Bull  Nut,  53 
Bull's-Eye,  247 
Bulrush,  24 
Bunchberry,  176 
Bur,  Sand,  215 
Bursa,  103 
Butnerla,  94 
Butter  and  Eggs,  218 
Buttercup,  84,  85 
Buttercup  Family,  83 
Butterfly  Weed,  195,  196 
Butternut,  53 
Butterweed,  243 
Button  Snakeroot,  171 
Button  wood,  113 

Cactace?e,  166 
Cactus,  166,  167 
Cactus  Family,  166 
Calamus,  26 
Calico  Bush,  181 
Callicarpa,  208 
Callirhoe,  159 
Caltha,  88 
Calycanthace?e,  94 
Calycanthus,  94 
Calycanthus  Family,  94 
Camassia,  38 
Campanula,  238 
Campanula  Family,  237 
Campanulacese,  237 
Cancer  Root,  224 
Cannabis,  66 
Cantaloupe,  237 
Caper  Family,  107 
Capnokles,  99 
Capparidace?e,  107 
Caprifoliacefe,  230 
Capsella,  103 
Caraway,  173 
Cardamine,  106 
Cardiiiis,  248 


Carnation,  81 
Carpenter  Weed,  211 
Carpet  Weed,  76 
Carpinus,  55 
Carrion  Flower,  43 
Carrot,  175 
Carum,  173 
Carya,  53 

Caryophyllaceae,  77 
Castalia,  82 
Castanea,  59 
Castilleja,  221 
Catalpa,  222,  223 
Cat-Brier,  43 
Catchfly,  80 
Catnip,  211 
Cat-Tail,  20 
Cat-Tail  Family,  20 
Caulophyllum,  91 
Ceanothus,  155 
Cedar,  18 
Celandine,  97 
CelastracePB,  150 
Celastrus,  150 
Celtis,  64 
Centaurea,  249 
Centunculus,  188 
Cerastium,  78 
Cercis,  130 
Cereus,  167 
Chaff  weed,  188 
Chamfelirium,  32 
Charlock,  103,  104 
Cheeses,  159 
Chelidonium,  97 
Chenopodlacese,  72 
Chenopodium,  73 
Cherry,  124,  125 
Chestnut,  59 
Chickweed,  78,  79 
Chickweed  Wintergreen, 

187 
Chicory,  250 
Chimaphila,  178 
Chinese  Sacred  Lily,  44 
Chinquapin,  59 
Chinquapin,  Water,  83 
Chionanthus,  191 
Chocolate  Root,  121 
Choke  Pear,  117 


INDEX 


261 


Chokeberry,  117 
ChokecheiTy,  125 
Chrusperma,  33 
Chrysantlieimim,  247 
Cichoriuni,  249 
Ciiiquefoil,  119,  120 
CirccTea,  169 
Cirsium,  248 
Citrullus,  237 
Citrus,  144 
Cladrastis,  131 
Claytonia,  70 
Clematis,  88 
Cleome,  107 
Clove  rink,  81 
Clover,  133,  134 
Coffee  Tree,  130 
Cohosh,  91 
Columbine,  89 
Comandra,  67 
Comfrey,  204 
Commelina,  27 
Commelinacecie,  26 
CompositiB,  239 
Composite  Family,  239 
Cone  Flower,  244 
Conopholis,  223 
Convallaria,  41 
Convolvulacese,  197 
Convolvulus,  199 
Convolvulus    Family, 

197 
Coptis,  89 
Coreopsis,  245 
Corn  Cockle,  79 
Corn  Gromwell,  206 
Corn  Salad,  236 
Cornacese,  175 
Cornel,  176 
Cornus,  17(5 
Corydalis.  99 
Corylus,  54 
Cottonwood,  51 
Cow  Lily,  82 
Cow  Parsnip,  175 
Cowslip,  88 
Crab  Apple,  117 
Cranberry,  184 
Cranberrv  Tree,  234 
Cranesbill,  141 


Creepers,  199 
Creeping  Charley,  211 
Cress,  102,  105,  106 
Crinkle  Root,  106 
Crocus,  45 
Cross  Vine,  223 
Crow  Victuals,  211 
Crowfoot,  84 
Crown  Imperial,  37 
Crown  of  Thorns,  147 
Crow's-Foot,  106 
Cruciferffi,  99 
Cucumber,  237 
Cucumber  Tree,  93 
Cucumis,  237 
Cucurbita,  236 
Cucurbitacese,  236 
Currant,  112 
Cydonia,  116 
Cynoglossum,  204 
Cyperacese,  23 
Cypress,  18 
Cypress  Spurge,  148 
Cypress  Vine,  198 
Cypripedium,  48 
Cytisus,  133 

Daffodil,  44 
Daffy,  44 
Daisy,  242 
Dakota  Turnip,  136 
Dandelion,  251 
Dangleberry,  182 
Datura,  216 
Daucus,  175 
Day  Lily,  36 
Dayflower,  Virginia,  28 
Dead  Nettle,  2i2 
Deerberry,  183 
Delphinium,  89 
Dentaria,  105 
Deptford  Pink,  81 
Desmanthus,  129 
Desmodium,  138 
Deutzia,  111 
Devil's  Bit,  33 
Dewberry,  123 
Dianthera,  224 
Dianthus,  81 


Dicentra,  98 
Diervilla,  230 
Diospyros,  189 
Dock,  70 
])odecatheon,  188 
Dog  Bur,  204 
Dog  Fennel,  247 
Dogbane,  194 
Dogbane  Family,  192 
Dogberry,  117 
Dog-Brier,  43 
Dogtooth  Violet,  37 
Dogwood,  176,  177 
Dogwood,  Poison,  148 
Dogwood  Family,  175 
Dragon  Root,  25 
Dutchman's  Breeches,  99 
Dutchman's  Pipe,  69 
Dutchman's  Pipe  Family, 
68 

Ear  Drops,  99 

Easter  Flower,  44 

Ebenaceas,  188 

Ebony  Family,  188 

Echinocystis,  237 

Echium,  207 

Elder,  235 

Ellisia,  202 

Elm,  62-64 

Elm  Family,  62 

Enchanter's  Nightshade, 
169 

English  Ivy,  170 

English  Walnut,  53 

Epig;^a,  182 

Ericaceae  179 

Erigenia,  172 

Erigeron,  242 

Eryngium,  171 

Erythronium,  37 

Eschscholtzia.  9() 

Euphorbia,  146-148 

Euphorbiacea^  145 

Eutoca,  203 

Evening  Primrose,  168 

Evening  Prinu'ose  Fam- 
ily, lV)8 

Evonymus,  150 

Eyebright,  229 


262 


KEY  AND  FLORA 


Fagaceae,  58 
Fagopyrum,  72 
Fagus,  59 
Fairy  Cup,  111 
False  Buckwheat,  72 
False  Dandelion,  253 
False  Indigo,  136 
False  Miterwort,  110 
False  Spikenard,  40 
Farkleberry,  183 
Feverwort,  233 
Field  Cress,  102 
Figwort  Family,  217 
Fitipendula,  120 
Fir,  17 
Fire  Pink,  81 
Flag,  26,  45-47 
Flax,  143 
Flax  Family,  143 
Fleabane,  243 
Fleur-de-Lis,  47 
Flowering  Maple,  158 
Flowering  Moss,  201 
Fly  Poison,  33 
Forget-Me-Not,  205 
Forsythia,  190 
Fragaria,  118 
Fraxinus,  189 
French  Mulberry,  209 
Fringe  Cup,  111 
Fringe  Tree,  191 
Fritillaria,  36 
Fuchsia,  169 

Galium,  227 
Garget  Root,  76 
Garlic,  35 
Gaylussacia,  182 
Gentian  Family,  191 
Gentianaceae,  191 
Geraniacese,  140 
Geranium,  140,  141 
Geranium  Family,  140 
Geum,  121 

Gill-over-the-Ground,  211 
Gillyflower,  102 
Ginseng  Family,  169 
Gleditsia,  130 
Gold  Thread,  89 
Golden  Alexanders,  174 


Golden  Chain,  133 
Goose  Grass,  228 
Gooseberry,  112 
Goosefoot,  73 
Goosefoot  Family,  72 
Gourd  Family,  236 
Graminese,  22 
Grape,  156,  157 
Grape  Family,  155 
Grass  Family,  22 
Grass  Pink,  81 
Gratiola,  219 
Graveyard  Moss,  148 
Green-Brier,  43 
Green  Dragon,  25 
Gromwell,  Corn,  206 
Ground  Ivy,  211 
Ground  Pink,  201 
Ground  Plum,  138 
Guinea-Hen  Flower,  37 
Gum,  Black,  177 
Gymnocladus,  129 
Gymnosperms,  13-19 
Gypsy  Weed,  220 

Hackberry,  64 
Hackmatack,  18 
Harbinger  of  Spring,  172 
Hardback,  115 
Harebell,  238 
Hartmannia,  168 
Haw,  234 
Hazelnut,  55,  56 
Healall,  211 
Heath  Family,  179 
Hedge  ^Mustard,  104 
Helenium,  246 
Heliotrope,  204 
Heliotropium,  203 
Hellebore,  White,  33 
Hemerocallis,  35 
Hemlock,  17 
Hemp,  66 
Henbit,  212 
Hepatica,  86 
Heracleum,  175 
Herb  Robert,  141 
Heuchera,  110 
Hickory,  53 
Hicoria,  53 


Hieracium,  253 
High-Bush   Cranberry, 

234 
Hippocastanacese,  152 
Hobblebush,  233 
Holly,  149 
Holly  Family,  149 
Honey  Locust,  130 
Honeysuckle,  180,  230- 

232 
Honeysuckle  Family,  230 
Hop  Clover,  134 
Hop  Tree,  144 
Horehound,  210 
Hornbeam,  56 
Horse  Gentian,  233 
Horse  Nettle,  215 
Horse-Brier,  43 
Horse-Chestnut,  153 
Horse-Radish,  105 
Hound's-Tongue,  204 
Houstonia,  229 
Hoya,  197 
Huckleberry,  182 
Hyacinth,  38 
Hyacinthus,  38 
Hydrophyllacepe,  201 
Hydrophyllum,  202 
Hypericacete,  160 
Hypericum,  160 
Hypopitys,  179 
Hypoxis,  44 

Ice  Plant,  76 
Ice  Plant  Family,  76 
Ilex,  149 
Impatiens,  153 
Indian  Chief,  188 
Indian  Cress  Family,  142 
Indian  Hemp,  194 
Indian  Paint,  206 
Indian  Pink,  221 
Indian  Pipe,  179 
Indian  Poke,  33 
Indian  Turnip,  25 
Indigo,  131 
Indigo,  False,  136 
Innocence,  229 
Ipomoea,  198 
Iridacese,  45 


INDEX 


263 


Iris,  45 

Iris  Family,  45 
Irish  Potato,  215 
Ironwood,  55 
Isopyruni,  88 
Ivy,  156 

Jack-in-the-Pulpit,  25 
Jacob's  Ladder,  201 
Japanese  Ivy,  15(3 
Jatropha,  146 
Jerusalem  Oak,  73 
Jewelvveed,  154 
Jimson  "Weed,  216 
Jointed  Charlock,  103 
Juglandaceae,  52 
Juglans,  52 
Juncace?e,  30 
Juueberry.  118 
Juniper,  19 
Juniperus,  19 

Kalmia,  181 
Kicking  Colt,  154 
King  Nut,  53 
Kinnikinnik,  176 
Kneiffia,  168 
Knotgrass,  71 
Koniga,  101 
Krigia,  250 

Labiatse,  209 
Laburnum,  132,  133 
Lactuca,  252 
Lady's    Slipper,    153, 

154 
Lady's  Thumb,  71 
Lady's  Tresses,  48 
Lagenaria,  237 
Lamb  Lettuce,  236 
Lamb's  (Quarters,  73 
Lambkill,  181 
Lamium,  211 
Lappula,  204 
Larch,  18 
Larix,  17 
Larkspur,  90 
Lathy  rus,  139 
Lauracefe,  95 
Laurel,  181,  182 


Laurel  Family,  95 
Lead  Plant,  136 
Leather  Flower,  88 
Leguminosffi,  126 
Lemon,  144 
Leontodon,  250 
Leonurus,  212 
Lepidium,  102 
Leptilon^  242 
Lesquerella,  102 
Lettuce,  252 
Leverwood,  55 
Ligustrum,  li)l 
Lilac,  190,  191 
Liliaceae,  30 
Liliura,  36 
Lily,  36 

Lily  Family,' 30 
Lily  of  the  Valley,  41 
Lime,  158 
Linaceae,  143 
Linaria,  218 
Linden,  158 
Linden  Family,  157 
Linnsea,  232 
Linum,  143 
Liriodendron,  93 
Lithospermum,  206 
Liver  Berry,  40 
Liverleaf,  ^(S 
Liverwort,  86 
Lobularia,  101 
Locust,  137 
Lomatium,  174 
London  Pride,  80 
Lonicera,  231 
Loosestrife,  186,  187 
Loranthacese,  68 
Lotus,  83 
Louse  wort,  221 
Lungwort,  205 
Lupinus,  132 
Lychnis,  79 
Lycium,  215 
Lycopersicum,  215 
Lyonia,  181 
Lysimachia,  186 

Madura,  65 
Macrocalyz,  202 


Madder  Family,  227 
Magnolia,  92 
Magnolia  Family,  92 
Magnoliaceae,  92 
Maianthemum,  40 
Male  Berry,  181 
Mallow,  159 
Mallow  Family,  158 
Malus,  116 
Malva,  159 
Malvaceae,  158 
Malvastrum,  159 
Maple,  151,  152 
Maple  Family,  151 
Marguerite,  247 
Marigold,  Marsh,  88 
Marrubium,  210 
Marsh  Bellflower,  238 
Marsh  Marigold,  88 
Marsh  Trefoil,  192 
Matrimony  Vine,  216 
Matthiola,  102 
May  Apple,  91 
May  Wings,  145 
Mayflower,  110,  182 
Mayweed,  247 
INIeadow  Parsnip,  174 
Meadow  Rue,  86 
Meadowsweet,  120 
Medicago,  135 
Medick,  135 
Megapterium,  168 
Meibomia^  138 
Melilotus,  134 
Melon,  237 
Menyanthes,  192 
]\[ercury,  149 
Mertensia,  205 
Mignonette,  108 
Mignonette  Familv,  108 
Milkweed,  196,  197 
Milkweed  Familv,  194 
Mint  Family,  20i) 
Mistletoe,  68 
Mistletoe  Family,  68 
Mitchella,  228 
Mitella,  111 
Miterwort.  110 
Mollugo,  7(5 
Moneywort,  186 


264 


KEY  AND  FLORA 


Monkshood,  90 
Monotropa,  179 
Moracese,  64 
Morning-Glory,  198 
Morning-Glory  Family, 

197 
Morongia,  129 
Morns,  64 
Moss  Pink,  201 
Motherwort,  212 
Monntain  Ash,  117 
Mountain  Fringe,  98 
Mouse-Ear  Chick  weed, 

79 
Mulberry,  65 
Mulberry,  French,  209 
Mulberry,  Mexican,  209 
Mulberry  Family,  64 
Mullein,  Moth,  217 
Mullein  Pink,  79 
Muskmelon,  237 
Mustard,  104 
Mustard  Family,  99 
Myosotis,  205 
Myrica,  51 
Myricace?e,  51 

Narcissus,  44 
Nasturtium,  143 
Nelumbo,  83 
Nepeta,  211 
Nerium,  194 
Nettle,  67 
Nettle  Family,  66 
New  Jersey  Tea,  155 
Nightshade,  214 
Nightshade  Family,  214 
Ninebark,  115 
Noble  Liverwort,  86 
None-so-Pretty,  80 
Nonesuch,  135 
Nothocalais,  252 
Nothoscordum,  35 
Nutmeg  Meloii,  237 
Nymph  sea,  82 
Nymphfeacese,  82 
Nyssa,  177 

Oak,  60-62 
Oakesia,  34 


Obolaria,  192 
(Enothera,  168 
Oleaceffi,  189 
Oleander,  194 
Olive  Family,  189 
Onagra,  168 
Onagraceae,  168 
Onion,  35 
Onosmodiura,  206 
Opulaster,  115 
Opuntia,  166 
Orange,  144 
Orange,  Osage,  65 
Orange  Grass,  160 
Orchidacese,  47 
Orchis  Family,  47 
Ornithogalum,  38 
Orobanchacese,  223 
Osage  Orange,  65 
Osmorhiza,  173 
Ostrya,  55 
Oxalidacese,  142 
Oxalis,  142 
Oxy  coccus,  183 

Pseonia,  89 
Paint  Brush,  221,  253 
Painted  Cup,  221 
Pansy,  163 
Papaver,  97 
Papaveraceae,  96 
Papaw,  94 
Papaw  Family,  93 
Paper  Mulberry,  66 
Pappoose  Root,  91 
Parsley,  174 
Parsley  Family,  170 
Parsnip,  175 
Parthenocissus,  156 
Partridge  Berry.  229 
Pasque  Flower,  87 
Passiflora,  164 
Passifloraceae,  163 
Passion  Flower,  164 
Passion  Flower  Family, 

163 
Pastinaca,  175 
Pea,  139,  140 
Pea  Family,  126 
Peach, 126 


Pear,  116 
Pecan,  53 
Pedicularis,  221 
Pelargonium,  141 
Pennywort,  192 
Pentstemon,  219 
Peony,  89 
Pepper  Root,  106 
Pepper-and-Salt,  172 
Peppergrass,  102 
Periwinkle,  193 
Persimmon,  189 
Petunia,  217 
Phacelia,  203 
Phaseolus,  140 
Philadelphus,  111 
Phlox,  200,  201 
Phlox  Family,  199 
Phoradendron,  68 
Phyllocactus.  167 
Physocarpus.  115 
Phytolacca,  75 
Phytolaccace?e,  75 
Picea,  16 

Pickerel  Weed,  30 
Pickerel-AYeed  Family, 

28 
Pieri.%  181 
Pignut,  54 
Pigweed,  73,  75 
Pimpernel,  188 
Pine,  14 
Pine  Family,  13 
Pinesap,  179 
Pineweed,  160 
Pink,  81,  180 
Pink  Family,  77 
Pinus,  14 
Pipe  Vine,  69 
Pipsissewa,  178 
Pisum,  139 
Pitcher  Plant  Family, 

108 
Plantaginacefe,  225 
Planta'go,  226 
Plantain,  226 
Plantain,  AYater,  22 
Plantain  Family,  225 
Platanaceae,  113 
Platanus,  113 


IXDEX 


265 


Pleurisy  Root,  195 
Plum,  125 
Podophyllum,  91 
Poet's  Narcissus,  4-4 
Poison  Dogwood,  148 
Poison  Ivy,  149 
Poison  Vine,  140 
Poke,  Indian,  oo 
Poke  weed,  75 
Pokeweed  Family,  75 
Polanisia,  107 
PolemoniacefB,  199 
Polemonium,  201 
Polycodiuin,  183 
Poly  gala,  145 
Polygala  Family,  145 
Polygalacese,  145 
Polygonacefe,  69 
Polygonatum,  40 
Polygonum,  70 
Pomme  Blanche,  136 
Pontederia,  28 
Pontederiaceaj,  28 
Poor    Man's   Weather- 
glass, 188 
Poplar,  50,  51,  93 
Poppy,  97 
Poppy  Family,  96 
Poppy  Mallow,  159,  160 
Populus,  50 
Portulaca,  77 
Portulaca  Family,  76 
Portulacacete,  76 
Potato,  215 
Potato  Vine,  198 
Potentilla,  119 
Prairie  Apple,  138 
Prairie  Fire,  221 
Prickly  Ash,  144 
Prickly  Pear,  166 
Primrose,  185 
Primrose  Family,  184 
Prinmla,  185 
Primulacene,  184 
Prince's  Pine,  178 
Privet,  191 
Prunella,  211 
Prunus,  124 
Psedera,  156 
Psoralea,  135 


Ptelea,  144 
Puccoon,  206 
Pudding  Berry,  176 
Pulse  Family,  126 
Purslane,  77 
Purslane  Family,  76 
Pyrola,  178 
Pyrola  Family,  177 
Pyrolacete,  177 
Pyrrhopappus,  253 
Pyrus,  116 

Quaker  Ladies,  229 
Quaking  Asp,  51 
Quamasla,  38 
Qaamoclit,  198 
Queen   of  the   Prairie, 

120 
Quercus,  60 
Quince,  116 

Radicula,  104 
Radish,  103 
Radish,  Wild,  103 
Ragweed,  248 
Ranunculacese,  83 
Ranunculus,  84 
Raphanus,  103 
Raspberry,  122 
Ratihida,  244 
Rattan  Vine,  154 
Rattlebox,  81 
Rattlesnake  Master,  171 
Rattlesnake  Weed,  253 
Red  Cedar,  19 
Red  Root,  155 
Redbud,  130 
Reseda,  108 
Resedacefe,  108 
RhamnaceiB,  154 
Rhamnus,  154 
Rhododendron,  180 
Rhus,  148 
Rib  Grass,  226 
Ribes,  112 

Robin  Runaway,  211 
Robinia,  136 
Robin's  Plantain,  243 
Rocky   IVIountaiu  Bee 
Plant,  108 


Roripa,  104 
Rosa,  123 
Rosaceic,  113 
Rose,  123,  124 
Rose  Family,  113 
Rowan  Tree,  117 
Rubiacete,  227 
Rubus,  121 
Rudbeckia,  244 
Rue  Anemone,  86 
Rue  Family,  144 
Ruellia,  225 
Rumex,  70 
Rush  Family,  30 
Rutacese,  144 
Rutland  Beauty,  199 

Sage,  213 
Sagittaria,  21 
St.  John's-wort,  160 
St.  John's-wort  Family, 

160 
Salicaceae,  48 
Salix,  48 
Salomonia,  40 


Sah 


113 


Sambucus,  234 
Sand  Bur,  215 
Sandalwood  Family,  67 
Sauguinaria,  96 
Sanicle,  172 
Sanicula,  172 
Santalacete,  67 
Sarothra,  160 
Sarracenia,  109 
Sarraceniacese,  108 
Sarsaparilla,  170 
Sassafras.  95 
Savin,  19 
Saxifraga.  109 
Saxifragace;e,  109 
Saxifrage,  109.  110 
Saxifrage  Family,  109 
Schrankia,  129 
Scilla,  37 

ScrophulariacetTe,  217 
Scutellaria,  210 
Sedge  Family,  23 
Self-IIeal,  211 
Seneca  Snakeroot.  145 


266 


KEY  AXD  FLORA 


Senecio,  247 
Sensitive  Brier,  129 
Sensitive  Rose,  129 
Service  Berry,  118 
Shad  Bush,  118 
Shame  Vine,  129 
Sheep  Lice,  204 
Sheep  Sorrel,  70 
Shellbark,  53 
Shepherd's  Purse,  103 
Sheriff  Pink,  247 
Shin  Leaf,  178 
Shoe  Strings,  136 
Shooting  Star,  188 
Shrub,  94 
Sickle  Pod,  107 
Sicyos,  237 

Sidesaddle  Flower,  109 
S  levers  la,  121 
Silene,  80 
Silverweed,  120 
Sisymbrium,  104 
Sisj'rinchium,  47 
Sltlllas,  253 
Skullcap,  210 
Skunk  Cabbage,  25 
Smartweed,  71 
Smilacese,  32 
Smilacina,  39 
Smilax,  42 

Snakeroot,  Black,  173 
Snakeroot,      Samson's, 

135 
Snakeroot,  Seneca,  145 
Snapdragon,  218 
Snappers,  81 
Snapweed,  154 
Sneezeweed,  246 
Snow  on  the  Mountain, 

147 
Snowball,  234 
Snowberry,  232 
Solanacese,  214 
Solanum,  214 
Solomon's  Seal,  41 
Sonchus,  251 
Sophora,  132 
Sorlms,  116 
Sorrel,  Sheep,  70 
Spanish  Dagger,  39 


Spathyema,  25 
Spatter-Dock,  82 
Spearwort,  84 
Specularia,  238 
Speedwell,  220 
Spice  Bush,  96 
Spiderwort,  27 
Spiderwort  Family,  26 
Spikenard,  False,  40 
Spinach,  73 
Spinacia,  73 
Spir?ea,  115 
Spiranthes,  48 
Spring  Beauty,  77 
Spruce,  16,  17 
Spurge,  147,  148 
Spurge  Family,  145 
Spurge  Nettle,  146 
Squash,  237 
Squaw  Vine,  229 
Squawroot,  42 
Squill,  37 
Squirrel  Corn,  99 
Stachys,  212 
Staggerbush,  181 
Stapiiylea,  151 
Staphyleacese,  151 
Star  Flower,  187 
Star  Grass,  45 
Star  of  Bethlehem,  38 
Steironema,  186 
Stellaria,  78 
Stick-Tights,  204 
Stitchwort,  78 
Stock,  102 
Straw  Lilies,  34 
Strawberry,  118,  119 
Strawberry    Bush,    94, 

150 
Streptopus,  40 
Sugar  Pear,  118 
Sumac,  148 
Sumac  Family,  148 
Sundrops,  168 
Supple  Jack,  154 
Sweet  Alyssum,  101 
Sweet  Bay,  92 
Sweet  Cicely,  173 
Sweet  Clover,  135 
Sweet  Fern,  52 


Sweet  Flag,  26 
Sweet  Pea,  139 
Sweet  Potato,  198 
Sweet  William,  81 
Sweetbrier,  124 
Sweet-Scented  Shrub,  94 
Sycamore,  113 
Sycamore  Family,  113 
Symphoricarpus,  232 
Symplocarpus,  25 
Syndesmon,  86 
Syringa,  111,  190 

Tamarack,  18 
Tangleberry,  182 
Tansy  Mustard,  104 
Taraxacum,  251 
Tassel  Tree,  158 
Taxodium,  18 
Tecoma,  222 
Thalesla,  224 
Thalictrum,  85 
Thaspium,  174 
Thistle,  248,  249,  251 
Thuja,  18 
Thyme,  213 
Thymus,  213 
Tiarella,  110 
Tickseed,  245,  246 
Tilia,  157 
Tiliacese,  157 
Tinker  Weed,  233 
Tipsin,  136 
Toadflax,  218 
Toadflax,  Bastard,  67 
Tomato,  215 
Tongue  Grass,  102 
Toothache  Tree,  144 
Tooth  wort,  106 
Toxylon,  65 
Tradescantia,  27 
Trailing  Arbutus,  182 
Trefoil,  Marsh,  192 
Trientalis,  187 
Trifolium,  133 
Trillium,  41 
Triosteum,  233 
Tropseolacese,  142 
Tropffiolum,  143 
Tropseolum  Family,  142 


INDEX 


26T 


Trumpet  Creeper,  222 
Trumpet  Flower,  222 
Tsu2:a,  17 
Tulip,  37 
Tulip  Tree,  93 
Tulipa,  37 
Tumbleweed,  74 
Tupelo,  177 
Turkey  Pea,  172 
Twin  Flower,  233 
Two-Eye  Berry,  229 
Typha,  20 
Typhacea?,  20 

Ulmace?e,  62 
Ulmaria,  120 
Ulraus,  62 
Umbellifera^,  170 
Umbrella  Tree,  93 
Unicorn  Koot,  33 
Urtica,  6(j 
Urticaceae,  66 
Uvularia,  33 

Vaccinium,  183 
Vagnera,  39 
Valerian,  235 
Valerian  Family,  235 
Valeriana,  235 
Valerianacete,  235 
Valerianella,  236 
Veratrum,  33 
Verbascum,  217 
Verbena,  207,  208 
Verbena  Family,  207 
Verbenacete,  207 
Veronica,  220 
Vervain,  208 
Vetch,  139 
Viburnum,  233 


Viola,  138 
Vinca,  193 
Vine  Family,  155 
Viola,  161 
A'iolacese,  161 
Violet,  161-163 
Violet  Family,  161 
Virginia  Creeper,  156 
Virginia  Dayflower,  28 
Vitaceae,  155 
Vitis,  156 

Wafer  Ash,  144 
Wahoo,  150 
Wait-a-Bit,  43 
Wake-Kobin,  42 
AValdsteinia,  119 
Walnut,  53 
"Walnut  Family,  52 
Wandering  Jew,  28 
Washingtonia,  173 
Water  Chinquapin,  83 
Water  Lily,  82 
Water  Lily  Family,  82 
Water  Pepper,  71 
Water  Plantain,  22 
Water  Plantain  Family, 

21 
Water  Willow,  225 
Watercress,  105 
Waterleaf  Family,  "201 
Wax  Plant,  197 
Waxberry,  52 
Waxwork,  150 
Weigela,  231 
Whi^e  Hellebore,  33 
Whiteweed,  247 
Whitewood,  93,  158 
Whitlavia,  203 
Wickakee,  221 


Wild  Coffee,  233 
Wild  Flax,  218 
Wild  Ginger,  69 
Wild  Hyacinth,  38 
Wild  Licorice,  228 
Wild  Lily  of  the  Valley, 

40 
Wild  Oats,  34 
AVild  Pear,  118 
Wild  Pink,  81 
Wild  Potato  Vine,  198 
AVild  Sw^eet  William,  200 
AVillow,  49,  50 
Willow  Family,  48 
Wind  Flower,  87 
Winter  Cress,  105 
Winterberry,  149 
Wintergreen,  178 
Wisteria,  137 
Witch  Hobble,  233 
Withe-Rod,  234 
Wood  Sorrel,  142 
Wood  Sorrel  Family,  142 
Woodbine,  156 

Xanthoxylum,  144 
Xolisma,  181 

Yarrow,  246 
Yellow  Cress,  105 
Yellow  Flag,  47 
Yellow  Pond  Lily.  82 
Yellow  Sweet  Clover,  135 
Yellow  Wood,  132 
Yucca,  39 

Zebrina,  28 
Zephyranthes,  44 
Zizia,  173 


